花期减少施钙量对不同钙效率番茄果实钙形态和含量的影响

花期降低施钙量后,钙低效番茄品种L-402果实中钙含量显著降低,高效品种江蔬一号降低不显著,镁含量显著增加,钾含量有增加趋势。果实底端的钙含量高于顶端,降低施钙量后果实水溶性钙含量和比例显著提高,果胶酸钙含量和比例降低,磷酸钙含量也降低。钙低效品种L-402水溶性钙含量的增加,以及果胶酸钙和磷酸钙的降低程度,都大于高效品种江蔬一号,且降钙后果实顶端的革酸钙含量和比例增加。     

乙烯产生、离区纤维素酶活力与菜豆叶柄脱落的关系

IAA处理菜豆叶柄外植体的远端或近端均显著刺激乙烯产生,但对离区纤维素酶活力和叶柄脱落的影响不同,处理远端时抑制而处理近端时促进纤维素酶的活力和脱落。GA_3处理远端或近端刺激乙烯产生的作用虽没有IAA强,但对离区纤维素酶活力和叶柄脱落却都起促进作用。 1000ppm CoCl_2明显抑制了脱落,而对乙烯产生的抑制作用不很明显;16 ppm AVG已显著抑制了乙烯的产生,但对脱落几乎没有抑制效应,二者对由GA_3所诱导增加的离区纤维素酶活力和脱落均没有明显的抑制作用。     

与番茄花柄脱落相关的多聚半乳糖醛酸酶的分离纯化和特性

为弄清番茄花柄脱落相关酶—哆聚半乳糖醛酸酶（polygalacturonase,PG）的性质,采用离体培养条件下经乙烯处理的番茄花柄,分离和纯化了多聚半乳糖醛酸酶并测定其性质。结果表明：用Sephadex G-75凝胶过滤层析和CM Sepharose CL-6B阳离子交换层析方法可分离纯化得到分子量约为30．2kDa的多聚半乳糖醛酸酶,纯化倍数为30．85;纯化的PG活性最适pH值为5．0,最适反应温度为40℃;Km值为26．14mg·mL^-1;1mmol·L^-1Ca^2＋、Cu^2＋、Ba^2＋、Co^2＋和Mn^2＋可抑制PG活性,而1mmol·L^-1的Mg^2＋、K^＋、Fe^2＋、Zn^2＋、Fe^2＋促进PG活性,20mmol·L^-1的Fe^2＋和Fe^3＋促进效果尤为显著。     

石灰土和酸性土生境下金花茶组植物叶片钙形态差异

为探究不同生境下金花茶组植物的叶片钙形态特征，该研究以10种石灰土生境和4种酸性土生境的金花茶为对象，测定了其生境土壤的钙含量和pH值，以及该生境下金花茶组植物叶中的硝酸钙和氯化钙、水溶性有机酸钙、果胶酸钙、磷酸钙和碳酸钙、草酸钙、硅酸钙和总钙的含量。结果表明：(1)石灰土生境的土壤钙含量和土壤pH均极显著(P<0.01)高于酸性土。(2)在石灰土生境中，金花茶组植物的叶钙形态以草酸钙(41.17%)为主，而在酸性土生境中则以果胶酸钙(43.10%)为主，除硝酸钙和氯化钙、果胶酸钙外，石灰土金花茶的各叶钙形态和总钙含量均极显著(P<0.01)高于酸性土金花茶。(3)相关性分析结果显示，大部分叶钙形态含量与土壤pH和土壤钙含量呈极显著(P<0.01)正相关，表明土壤环境对金花茶组植物叶钙形态特征具有重要影响。(4)单因素方差分析结果显示，各叶钙形态含量在物种间存在极显著(P<0.01)差异，表明金花茶组植物在物种分化过程中叶钙形态特征具有多样性。(5)基于叶钙形态特征的聚类分析显示，14种金花茶可归为3大类。总体而言，不同生境背景下金花茶组植物的叶钙形态差异可能是...     

乙烯利对菜豆叶枕外植体脱落和离区纤维素酶合成的影响

以乙烯利处理菜豆叶枕外植体,能显著提高对抗的脱落及其离区纤维酶的活力。蛋白质和核酸合成的抑创剂环己酰亚胺和放线菌素Ｄ,对乙烯利促进的脱落与离区纤维素酶活力不仅有明显的抑制作用,而且具有严格的时间顺序。提示乙烯利促进脱落的生理效应与其诱导高区纤维素酶合成时基因表达的转录和翻译过程有密切关系。此外,外植体经乙烯利处理后再分别不同时间加ＩＡＡ,并根据测定其抑制乙烯利诱导的纤维素酶活力变化,与不同时间加放线菌素Ｄ的实验结果相同,推断ＩＡＡ对乙烯利促进脱落的拮抗作用可能是在乙烯利诱导纤维素酶合成的转录过程。     

番茄离体花柄脱落区多聚半乳糖醛酸酶提取纯化体系的优化

多聚半乳糖醛酸酶是植物器官脱落过程中的重要水解酶,实验以20μL.L-1乙烯处理的离体番茄花柄为试材,建立了与脱落相关的多聚半乳糖醛酸酶提取与纯化体系:以50 mmol.L-1乙酸缓冲液(pH=5.5)为提取液,加入0.1 mol.L-1NaCl、1 mmol.L-1DTT提取效果较好;将酶的粗提液低温浓缩后,经Sephadex G-75凝胶层析分离纯化,最佳流速为0.2 mL.min-1,适宜上样量为3.5 mL;再将凝胶层析分离的活性部分低温浓缩后,经CM Sepharose CL-6B离子交换层析再次纯化,流速为0.3 mL.min-1、洗脱液pH值5.5纯化效果最好。经上述提取纯化过程,得到了分子质量为30.2 kD的多聚半乳糖醛酸酶蛋白。该提取纯化体系为探讨与脱落相关酶的性质及其活性调控提供了参考。     

采后钙处理对梨果实钙的形态和果胶及相关代谢酶类影响的研究

研究了黄花梨经浸钙处理后,果实钙形态转变及果胶含量、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）和果胶甲酯酶（PME）活力的变化,以及果实硬度的变化。结果表明：浸钙处理的果实总钙含量显著提高,其硬度明显高于对照,且有利于细胞膜透性的保持;梨果实中的NaCl溶性钙最多,其次是水溶性钙,醋酸溶性钙和HCl溶性钙含量较少。在果实贮藏21d时,水溶性钙含量有一个上升的过程,而NaCl溶性钙则有一个下降的过程。浸钙处理后,除醋酸溶性钙外,果实中的水、NaCl和HCl溶性钙含量均有显著的提高。浸钙处理明显抑制了果胶的降解进程与PG的活力,但对PME抑制作用不明显。浸钙处理能提高果实硬度可能与浸钙处理抑制了PG活力有关。     

乙烯利对菜豆叶枕外植体脱落和离区纤维素酶合成的影响

以乙烯利处理菜豆叶枕外植体,能显著提高叶枕的脱落及其离区纤维酶的活力。蛋白质和核酸合成的抑制剂环已酰亚胺和放线菌素Ｄ,对乙烯促进的脱落与离区纤维素酶活力不仅有明显的抑制作用,而且具有严格的时间顺序,提示乙烯利促进脱落的生理效应与其诱导离区纤维素酶合成时基因表达的转录和翻译过程有密切关系。     

转反义LeETR2基因番茄的表型

转反义LeETR2基因番茄植株的表型与普通番茄有所不同。用乙烯25μL／L处理,转基因番茄能够表现出正常的“三重反应”,但根的伸长和根毛形成受到显著抑制。同时,转基因番茄植株对乙烯处理的偏上生长反应敏感度不及普通番茄,叶柄和花柄的脱落被延迟。这几方面的表型特点并不完全一致,我们推测LeETR2在番茄发育的不同阶段可能发挥不同的功能。     

外源Ca^2＋对离体菠菜叶片衰老的影响

以叶绿素、蛋白质含量为衰老指标,研究了Ca~(2+)在离体菠菜叶片衰老过程的效应。同时,采用同位素示踪技术研究了光照对离体菠菜叶片吸收,累积Ca~(2+)的影响;实验结果表明,0—10mmol/L Ca~(2+)能使菠菜叶片维持较高含量的叶绿素及各种蛋白质组分。在光、暗条件下,叶片均能吸收外源Ca~(2+),而光照能促进叶片对Ca~(2+)的吸收,暗处理3天的叶片,尚能在分离的叶绿体组分中发现~(45)Ca~(2+),占叶片总放射强度的0.5%。     

The Effect of Calcium Nutrition of Ethylene-induced Abscission

The influence of calcium nutrition on ethylene-induced abscission was studied by growing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Stoneville 213) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Resistant Black Valentine) plants for several weeks in nutrient solutions containing 2, 10 (normal level), 15, or 20 meq/l of calcium, and then treating the plants with ethylene. Increasing the calcium level of cotton from 2 to 20 meq/l resulted in a 9-fold increase in the calcium content of the abscission zone and a maximum reduction of 25% in the amount of leaf abscission induced by ethylene (9 μl/l). Bean plants grown on 10, 15, or 20 meq/l calcium solutions showed corresponding increases in the calcium content of the abscission zone but showed no significant differences in the rate of ethyleneinduced abscission. Only at the lowest calcium level of 2 meq/l, where deficiency symptoms became apparent, was a significant effect observed. These results suggest that under normal cultural practices calcium nutrition has little influence on the rate of ethylene-induced abscission.     

Patterns of Ethylene and Carbon Dioxide Evolution during Cotton Explant Abscission

The relationship between abscission and the evolution of ethylene and CO₂ was examined in explants and explant segments of cotton seedlings (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Acala SJ-1) under both static and flow system conditions, and in the presence and absence of mercuric perchlorate. Explant excision was immediately followed by increased ethylene evolution (wound ethylene); senescence was also accompanied by increased ethylene evolution (senescence ethylene). One or two ethylene peaks were found to interrupt the low background rate of ethylene evolution during the period between excision and senescence. The first intermediate ethylene peak coincided with a rise in CO₂ evolution; however, precedence could not be established. No statistical correlations were discovered between either intermediate ethylene peak and abscission. The best statistical correlation was found between wound ethylene and abscission at 12 hr after excision. No positive correlations were found between senescence ethylene and abscission. Implications of these results for the understanding of the role of ethylene in explant abscission are discussed.     

Abscission: potentiating action of auxin transport inhibitors

Reduction in petiolar auxin transport has been proposed as one of the functional actions of endogenous or exogenous ethylene as it regulates intact leaf abscission. If this hypothesis is correct, auxin-transport inhibitors should hasten the rate or amount of abscission achieved with a given level of ethylene. Evidence presented here indicates that the hypothesis is correct. Three auxin transport inhibitors promoted ethylene-induced intact leaf abscission when applied to specific petioles or the entire cotton plant (Gossypium hirsutum L., cv. Stoneville 213). In addition, the transport inhibitors caused rapid abscission of leaves which usually do not abscise under the conditions employed. No stimulation of abscission occurred during the initial 3 to 5 days after plants were treated with transport inhibitors unless such treatments were coupled with exogenous ethylene or that derived from 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid. However, vegetative cotton plants did abscise some of their youngest true leaves during the 2nd and 3rd weeks of exposure to transport inhibitor alone. Taken as a whole, the results indicate that reducing the auxin supply to the abscission zone materially increases sensitivity to ethylene, a condition which favors a role of endogenous ethylene in abscission regulation. Such a role of ethylene indicates the importance of auxin-ethylene interactions in the over-all hormone balance of plants and specific tissues.     

Peroxidase Activity in the Abscission Zone of Bean Leaves during Abscission

Peroxidase activity and localization in the abscission zone of bean leaves were studied histochemically and by gel electrophoresis. Deblading of bean leaves resulted in an increase in peroxidase activity in the abscission zone 2 to 4 days after deblading with highest activity just prior to separation. In debladed plants, the cell division in six to eight layers of cells preceded separation. An ethylene treatment (8 microliters per liter) induced separation of debladed petioles in approximately 24 hours and of intact plants in 36 to 48 hours. Ethylene treatment produced similar results in both debladed and intact plants. In ethylene-treated plants, whether debladed or not, enzyme localization was restricted to only two to three layers of cells with no cell division apparent prior to separation. Infrequent cell divisions were observed after treatment with 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (1000 micrograms per liter) (Ethephon); however, other changes were similar to those observed with ethylene. Deblading and ethylene treatment resulted in changes in the six peroxidase isozymes observed in the abscission zone. Only four were observed in samples collected 2 centimeters below the abscission zone. Peroxidase bands IV and V increased significantly in debladed and ethylene-treated plants and peroxidase VI decreased only in debladed plants. The changes in peroxidase activity were invariably observed prior to separation in all treatments.     

Abscisic Acid Reduces Leaf Abscission and Increases Salt Tolerance in Citrus Plants

This paper describes the physiological effects of abscisic acid (ABA) and 100 mM NaCl on citrus plants. Water potential, leaf abscission, ethylene production, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and chloride accumulation in roots and leaves were measured in plants of Salustiana scion [Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck] grafted onto Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck × Poncirus trifoliata [L.] Raf) rootstock. Plants under salt stress accumulated high amounts of chloride, increased ethylene production, and induced leaf abscission. Stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rates rapidly dropped after salinization. The addition of 10 mM ABA to the nutrient solution 10 days before the exposure to salt stress reduced ethylene release and leaf abscission. These effects were probably due to a decrease in the accumulation of toxic Cl- ions in leaves. In non-salinized plants, ABA reduced stomatal conductance and CO2 assimilation, whereas in salinized plants the treatment slightly increased these two parameters. The results suggest a protective role for ABA in citrus under salinity.     

Abscission: role of cellulase

Cellulase (β-1,4-glucan-glucanohydrolase EC 3.2.1.4) activity increased during abscission and was localized in the cell separation layer of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Red Kidney (bean), Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Acala 4-42 (Cotton) and Coleus blumei Benth. Princeton strain (Coleus) abscission zone explants. Cellulase activity was optimum at pH 7, was reduced by one-half after heating to 55° for 10 min, and was associated with the soluble components of the cell. Explants treated with aging retardants (indoleacetic acid, ⁶N-benzyladenine, and coumarin), CO₂, actinomycin D or cycloheximide had less cellulase activity than untreated controls. Ethylene increased cellulase activity of aged explants after a 3-hr lag period but had no effect on cellulase activity of freshly excised explants. It was concluded that 1 of the roles of ethylene in abscission is to regulate the production of cellulase which in turn is required for cell separation.     

Leaf Age and Ethylene-induced Abscission

Ethylene has been generally credited with promoting the abscission of the oldest leaves on a plant first. Vegetative cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedlings are an exception to this generalization. Under some conditions the younger, apical, unexpanded, or partially expanded leaves abscise before the less young, basal leaves or cotyledons. The degree or extent of apical leaf abscission increases with ethylene concentration and with plant age from 2 to 5 weeks. The response is promoted by auxin transport inhibitors. Usually the leaves which abscise first are those which have just unfolded and ones apical to the opened but unexpanded leaves. With plants with eight or nine leaves and macroscopic leaf buds, after the initial loss of unexpanded leaves, abscission tends to progress downward from the youngest remaining leaves and upward from the oldest leaves. The findings indicate that some characteristic(s) of apical leaves increases their sensitivity to ethylene. The characteristic may be differences in the abscission process between expanded and unexpanded leaves or differences in the hormone complement of the different leaves. Work is under way to modify this young leaf abscission response in an effort to determine its cause.     

Water Stress Enhances Ethylene-mediated Leaf Abscission in Cotton

Abscission of cotyledonary leaves from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Stoneville 213) seedlings occurred following relief from water stress. The amount of abscission was related to the magnitude of the plant water deficit. Leaf abscission promoted by exogenous ethylene was enhanced in seedlings subjected to water stress. Treatment with ethylene (2.0 to 3.2 microliters of ethylene per liter of air for 24 hours) raised the threshold plant water potential required to induce abscission from —17 to —7 bar, indicating that the stress caused the tissue to become predisposed to ethylene action. Based on the abscission response curve for seedlings treated with ethylene while under water stress, this apparent predisposition was developed as the plant water potentials reached the —7 to —10 bar range. The abscission-promoting effects of ethylene in combination with water stress were reversed with 15% CO₂ at plant water potentials above —12 bar, but the CO₂ reversal was lost at lower water potentials. These results are compatible with the concept that ethylene plays a regulatory role in leaf abscission induced by water stress.     

Ethylene-induced Leaf Abscission Is Promoted by Gibberellic Acid

Gibberellic acid (GA₃) promoted leaf abscission from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants exposed to ethylene. With mature plants, only the rate of abscission was increased, but when vegetative plants were exposed to ethylene for 4 days or less, the amount of abscission was increased markedly. Promotion of abscission occurred at near saturating ethylene levels (10 μl/liter), over a wide range of GA₃ concentrations, and with both GA₃ and GA₇.     

Abscission of mango fruitlets as influenced by enhanced ethylene biosynthesis

Experiments were conducted on developing fruitlet explants of two mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars to establish the source and dynamics of ethylene production prior to and during fruitlet abscission. Abscission of all fruits in the samples occurred at approximately 86 and 74 hours postharvest in `Keitt' and `Tommy Atkins,' respectively. Increased abscission began 26 hours from harvest and was preceded by enhanced ethylene synthesis. Enhanced ethylene production initiated approximately 48 hours prior to abscission and increased to a maximum near the time of fruitlet abscission. The seed produced the highest amount of ethylene on a per gram fresh weight basis. The pericarp, however, was the main source of ethylene on an absolute basis, since it represented more than 85% of total fruitlet weight. Pedicels containing the abscission zone produced no detectable ethylene prior to or at the moment of abscission. Fumigation of `Tommy Atkins' fruitlets with 1, 15, or 100 microliters per liter ethylene accelerated abscission by 24 to 36 hours in comparison with unfumigated controls. Diffusion of ethylene from distal fruitlet tissues to the abscission zone triggers the events leading to separation of the fruit from the tree.