模拟秋季酸雨对三角枫叶片光合生理特性的影响

以三角枫幼苗为材料,采用盆栽方法,研究了pH 5.6、pH 4.0、pH 3.0和pH 2.0酸度模拟酸雨胁迫对三角枫叶片光合生理特性的影响,以探讨酸雨胁迫下三角枫的光合生理响应机制。结果显示:(1)随着酸雨浓度的增加和胁迫时间的延长,三角枫叶片相对叶绿素含量下降幅度逐步增大;叶片丙二醛含量呈逐渐上升的趋势,且各处理均显著高于对照;叶片质膜透性和脯氨酸含量均呈先升高后降低的趋势,且pH 2.0处理的叶片质膜透性在试验20d时迅速增大,升高幅度最大(146.3%)。(2)叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、表观光能利用效率以及表观CO2利用效率在胁迫下也均呈显著下降趋势,且以pH 3.0和pH 2.0处理降幅最大。研究表明,pH 4.0的模拟酸雨对三角枫叶片的光合生理指标无显著影响,而pH≤3.0的强酸雨胁迫使三角枫叶片叶绿素含量显著下降、膜保护系统受损、光合作用效率显著下降;三角枫能适应弱酸雨(pH≥4.0)环境,可作为酸雨地区的园林绿化树种。     

铜胁迫条件下AMF对海州香薷光合色素含量、抗氧化能力和膜脂过氧化的影响

以盆栽海州香薷为研究对象,模拟Cu胁迫条件下,接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)对海州香薷叶片光合色素含量、抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂含量、膜脂过氧化程度的影响。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,Cu胁迫使海州香薷叶片叶绿素a(Chl a)、叶绿素b(Chl b)、总叶绿素(Chl(a+b))、类胡萝卜素(Car)含量以及叶绿素a/b(Chl a/b)均显著降低,抗氧化酶活性和抗氧化剂含量也显著下降,质膜相对透性(MRP)和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增大。(2)与Cu胁迫相比,Cu胁迫下接种AMF可使海州香薷叶片叶绿素含量显著增加;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性显著提高;还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、抗坏血酸(As A)含量显著增加;MDA含量、MRP显著下降。总之,接种AMF可提高Cu胁迫下海州香薷叶片光合色素含量和抗氧化能力,降低膜脂过氧化水平,从而缓解Cu胁迫对植株造成的伤害,增强海州香薷对Cu胁迫的适应性,提高了植株的生物量。     

O3浓度升高和UV-B辐射增强对大豆叶片叶绿素含量和活性氧代谢的影响

以大豆栽培品种铁丰29为试验材料,利用开顶式气室研究O₃浓度升高和UV-B辐射增强复合胁迫对大豆叶片叶绿素（Chl）含量、膜脂过氧化程度、活性氧产生速率、抗氧化酶活性和籽粒产量的影响.结果表明:在大豆整个生育期内,与对照相比,O₃和UV-B单一胁迫及其复合胁迫下的大豆叶片Chl（a+b）、Chl a和Chl b含量均呈下降趋势;相对电导率、丙二醛含量增大,活性氧产生速率和H₂O₂含量增加,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性下降,产量降低.O₂和UV-B复合胁迫加剧了大豆叶片膜脂过氧化程度,促进大豆体内活性氧自由基的产生,使大豆抗氧化能力减弱,叶绿素含量降低,对大豆表现为协同效应.O₃胁迫对大豆叶片的影响与复合胁迫更相近,其原因可能是在复合胁迫中臭氧起主要作用.     

低硫氮比酸雨对亚热带典型树种气体交换和质膜的影响

通过对我国亚热带典型树种香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)、木荷(Schima superba)和枫香(Liquidambar formosana)1年生幼苗为期4个月的模拟酸雨处理,以当地水库水为对照,研究硫氮比(摩尔比)为1.58的酸雨胁迫(中度酸雨pH3.5、重度酸雨pH2.5)下植物气体交换参数、光合色素含量、质膜透性和丙二醛含量等生理指标的变化规律。结果表明:中度酸雨对植物的气体交换和质膜没有造成明显影响。重度酸雨导致叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率下降;植物叶片的质膜透性和丙二醛含量显著上升;重度酸雨的氮肥效应虽提高了叶片叶绿素含量,但单位叶绿素的净光合速率仍下降明显。与以往高硫氮比(摩尔比>6)酸雨胁迫研究相比,低硫氮比可能会减缓中度酸雨(pH3.5)对植物气体交换和质膜的负面影响;但是当pH值降至2.5时,酸雨仍然会造成植物气孔部分关闭,膜系统损伤,叶绿素光合活性下降,并最终抑制植物光合作用。     

臭氧对冬小麦叶片膜保护系统的影响

通过开顶式气室（ＯＴＣｓ）研究臭氧对冬小麦不同发育时期（抗节期、抽穗期、灌浆期）的叶片膜保护系统的影响。实验结果表明,在自氧胁迫下,小麦叶片叶绿素ａ、ｂ含量明显下降,膜透性增加、丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量上升,过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活性开始上升后转为逐渐下降,过氧化特（ＰＯＤ）活性逐渐或急剧上升。臭氧诱导了活怀氧生成,影响了抗氧化酶的活性,造成活性氧产生和清除之间的不平衡,促进了膜脂过氧化,对叶片膜保护系     

O3浓度升高和UV-B辐射增强对大豆叶片叶绿素含量和活性氧代谢的影响

以大豆栽培品种铁丰29为试验材料,利用开顶式气室研究O₃浓度升高和UV B辐射增强复合胁迫对大豆叶片叶绿素(Chl)含量、膜脂过氧化程度、活性氧产生速率、抗氧化酶活性和籽粒产量的影响.结果表明： 在大豆整个生育期内,与对照相比,O₃和UV-B单一胁迫及其复合胁迫下的大豆叶片Chl(a+b)、Chl a和Chl b含量均呈下降趋势;相对电导率、丙二醛含量增大,活性氧产生速率和H₂O₂含量增加,超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性下降,产量降低.O₃和UV-B复合胁迫加剧了大豆叶片膜脂过氧化程度,促进大豆体内活性氧自由基的产生,使大豆抗氧化能力减弱,叶绿素含量降低,对大豆表现为协同效应.O₃胁迫对大豆叶片的影响与复合胁迫更相近,其原因可能是在复合胁迫中臭氧起主要作用.     

NaCl胁迫抑制玉米幼苗光合作用的可能机理

用NaCl 100mmol/L处理玉米幼苗,216h内不同时间分别测叶片光合速率及其安生理指标,结果表明：随处理时间的延长,光合速率下降,气孔导度减小,细胞间隙CO2浓度先降低后高（图1）;叶片MDA（图5a）、L^-、Pi（图4）及可溶性糖（图2b）含量增加;质膜透性增大（图2a）;Chl a/Chl b（图3b）及Fv/Fm（图5b）减小;MDH、PEPC酶活性降低（图6）。细胞间隙CO2浓度的变化。说明光合速率下降的原因短时间内以渗透胁迫产生的气孔限制因素为主,长时间时以非气孔因素为主。Cl^-多对细胞产生离子毒害,Pi的增多可干着急性地抑制RuBP羧化酶的活性。MDA的增加表明活性氧增多,活性氧通过使酶失活和膜伤害抑制细胞生长,使细胞内糖利用减少,可溶性糖含量增加,进而反馈性地抑制光合作用。活性氧还可以漂白叶绿素、增强光抑制及使与光合作用有关的酶失活,而抑制光合作用。因此,NaCl胁迫下光合作用降低的原因是多因素共同作用的结果,短时间内以气孔限制因素为主,长时间时以非气孔因素为主,在非气孔因素中活性氧的增加是主导因素。     

矮壮素缓解杨梅酸雨胁迫效应

试验对7年生东魁杨梅先进行模拟酸雨(pH3.5)胁迫处理,1周后喷施矮壮素溶液,研究东魁杨梅花芽孕育期间,矮壮素缓解酸雨胁迫的生理效应。结果表明:酸雨胁迫下喷施低浓度矮壮素有利于提高杨梅叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性,增强细胞清除活性氧能力,缓解膜脂过氧化程度,降低丙二醛含量和质膜相对透性,提高叶片抗酸雨能力;同时,矮壮素可以缓解酸雨胁迫对叶绿体的破坏,低浓度矮壮素显著提高叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量,增强叶片光合机能,显著提高净光合速率,从而增加花芽分化前期可溶性糖和蛋白质的累积,升高花芽分化后期C/N比值,促进杨梅的成花诱导,提高枝条成花率和座果数。     

糙草对水分胁迫的生理适应性研究

用PEG-6000模拟水分胁迫处理糙草(Asperugo procumbensL.)幼苗,测定生理指标,研究其对水分胁迫的生理适应性。结果表明:5%PEG和20%PEG胁迫处理1d后,叶片RWC、CHL含量,MDA和膜相对透性及脯氨酸含量变化不大,抗氧化酶活性升高;5%PEG和20%PEG胁迫处理5d后叶片RWC下降为对照65%、43%,CHL含量下降为对照的53%、46%,MDA和膜相对透性及脯氨酸含量显著升高,抗氧化酶活性显著降低,并低于处理前水平。实验表明糙草幼苗在水分胁迫下叶片持水力较低,在短时间水分胁迫下可通过抗氧化酶之间的相互协调在一定时期能维持活性氧代谢平衡,并阻止或减弱膜脂过氧化的伤害,但随着处理时间的延长,抗氧化酶活性显著降低,膜脂过氧化作用增加,且叶绿素合成遭到破坏。     

水淹对水麦幼苗ABA和膜特性的影响

水淹导致小麦叶片叶绿素含量下降,膜透性升高,膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量上升;在水淹胁迫下２４ｈ,超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性未见明显变化;脱落酸（ＡＢＡ）于２１ｈ出现一个高峰。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.