杂色山雀的繁殖成功率

2004～2006年的3～7月,在辽宁省白石砬子国家级自然保护区,对杂色山雀(Parus varius)的繁殖及繁殖成功率进行了初步研究。结果显示,杂色山雀主要营巢于海拔400～900m的阔叶杂木林、针叶林及林缘地带;繁殖期在3～7月,其洞巢种类多样,筑巢期约15d;巢为碗状,巢结构的2/3由苔藓构成;窝卵数为6～8枚,平均(6·92±0·92)枚(n=13);雌鸟单独孵卵,孵化期为(14·00±0·00)d(n=10);育雏由雌雄鸟共同承担,育雏期为(17·50±0·58)d(n=4)。杂色山雀繁殖成功率为50·95%,繁殖力为2·22。人为干扰是造成卵和雏鸟损失的主要原因,占总损失的74·19%。     

湖北兴山县龙门河地区灰林（即鸟）繁殖习性

2004年5月~2005年7月,在湖北省兴山县龙门河村,对灰林(Saxicola ferrea)的繁殖习性进行了初步研究。研究结果显示,灰林在湖北兴山龙门河地区的繁殖时间为4月中旬至7月下旬。主要在农田边、公路旁、河岸边、山间小路旁等山坡草丛中营巢,巢址选择在牲畜较少光顾的、较陡的土坡上,上方往往有茅草等遮挡,较为隐蔽。筑巢工作全部由雌鸟承担,一般需要5~7 d即可完成。雌鸟每天产一枚卵,产卵时间一般在清晨。窝卵数5枚(n=15),第4枚卵产出后即开始孵化,孵卵工作全部由雌鸟承担。雌鸟的孵卵行为有明显的节律性。孵化期13~14 d。雏鸟晚成性,雌雄共同育雏,育雏期12~13 d。雏鸟离巢前体重有所下降。     

广西防城港黑翅长脚鹬的繁殖行为

本研究于2021年3～9月,采用目标观察和全事件记录法,对广西防城港市钦州湾八路水湿地黑翅长脚鹬（Himantopus himantopus）的繁殖习性进行全过程观察记录。黑翅长脚鹬的栖息生境主要在盐田、虾塘和鱼塘,而巢主要分布在盐田生境。共发现39巢,雌雄共同营巢,按照主要巢材将其巢分为干草巢、碎石巢、泥皮巢和牛毛毡草巢4种;巢材包括禾本科（Gramineae）和莎草科（Cyperaceae）植物以及碎石、贝壳等;巢外径为（23.3±10.7）cm,巢内径为（11.2±1.9）cm,巢深为（1.6±0.5）cm,巢高为（6.5±4.3）cm(n=39);筑巢需（3±2）d(n=6)。窝卵数2～4枚,1～2 d产1枚卵,7 d内产完满窝卵（n=6）。雌雄均参与孵卵,雄性孵卵时间比雌性长,但二者差异不显著（P> 0.05）,雄性（8 550±245.9）min,雌性（7 530±263.3）min,孵卵期为（25±2）d(n=6)。育雏期（26±3）d(n=6),雌雄轮流育雏,育雏前、中期（雏鸟1～20d日龄）,雌性育雏时间比雄性长,是雄性的2倍,育雏后期（雏鸟大于20 d日龄）,...     

杂色山雀的繁殖生态

2004—2006年3—7月在辽宁省白石砬子国家级自然保护区对杂色山雀的繁殖生态进行了观察研究。结果表明:该鸟繁殖期为3—7月,筑巢地除了树洞之外,还见在墙缝、石缝、金腰燕旧巢及电柱孔洞中筑巢,筑巢主要由雌鸟完成,雄鸟从旁协助;产卵期为5～8d,日产1枚,窝卵数为(6.92±0.92)枚(n=13);产满窝卵数后即开始孵化;孵化由雌鸟单独完成,孵化期(14.00±0.00)d(n=10),坐巢时间(570.00±11.02)min.d-1(n=9)(不含夜间),平均坐巢时间(57.00±6.75)min.次-1(n=9),雄鸟担任警卫任务,孵化期较为敏感,受到干扰易弃巢;育雏期(17.50±0.58)d(n=4),由雌雄鸟共同喂雏,雏鸟出飞后先是在亲鸟的带领下在巢周活动,之后活动范围逐渐扩展,2～3d后基本离开巢区。     

广西防城发现黄嘴白鹭的繁殖种群

20 0 2年 3～ 8月 ,在广西防城万鹤山首次发现国家Ⅱ级重点保护动物黄嘴白鹭的繁殖种群 ,约 4巢 ,8只成鸟 1 4只雏鸟。黄嘴白鹭于该年 3月底 4月初迁来筑巢繁殖。巢材多为常绿、落叶阔叶树枯枝和松枝。窝卵数 4枚 ,卵为淡蓝青色。雌雄鸟轮流交替孵卵 ,孵化期 2 4 5 0± 1 5 0 ( 2 3～ 2 6)d ,孵化率1 0 0 %。育雏期 41± 2 ( 3 9～ 43 )d ,窝雏数 3 5 0± 0 2 9( 3～ 4)只 ,雏鸟成活率 87 5 0 %。食性主要为鱼( 77 84% )、虾 ( 1 6 76% )和青蛙 ( 5 40 % )。     

赛罕乌拉国家级自然保护区红角鸮(Otus scops)的繁殖生态观察

为了解红角鸮(Otus scops)的繁殖状态,2009年5～8月,在内蒙古赛罕乌拉国家级自然保护区,以直接观察法对红角鸮的繁殖生态进行了研究。结果表明,所观察的4个巢址全部是以柳树为主干的树洞巢,巢内铺垫物较少或无铺垫,巢距地面的平均高度为91.3cm,巢内径平均为13.5cm,巢外径平均为15.0cm,巢深平均32.0cm(n=4)。平均窝卵数为3.75,对其中一窝进行测量,4枚卵平均量度是28.9mm×24.6mm,重量9.5g。雏鸟孵出后,雌性亲鸟承担主要育雏任务,雄性亲鸟日间停歇于离巢不远的树上负责警戒工作,夜间与雌鸟共同哺育雏鸟。小型鼬科动物的捕食可能是干扰红角鸮繁殖成功率的主要因素。     

四川南充市区火斑鸠的繁殖生态

20 0 2年 5～ 1 1月、2 0 0 3年 4～ 9月对南充市火斑鸠的繁殖生态进行了研究。结果表明 :4月下旬迁到 ,5月下旬开始繁殖 ;影响巢址选择的主要因素 6种 ;两性参与筑巢 ,营巢期 7～ 8d ;隔 2～ 3日产枚卵 ,窝卵数 ( 2 2 1± 0 0 9)枚 (n =1 9) ;雌雄轮流昼夜孵卵 ,日换孵两次 ,孵卵期 1 1～ 1 2d ,孵化率 92 86%;育雏可分三个时期 ,育雏高峰期每日 7:0 0、1 3 :0 0、1 8:0 0时左右 ,育雏期 1 7～ 1 8d ,雏离巢率 1 0 0 %,繁殖生产力1 86,种群育雏高峰期 7月和 8月上中旬 ;雏鸟于 1 7或 1 8日后离巢迁到郊外 ,9月下旬集群 ,1 0月中下旬迁飞。     

湖北兴山红嘴相思鸟繁殖生态初报

2005年4月～2007年8月,在湖北省兴山县龙门河地区,对红嘴相思鸟(Leiothrix lutea)的繁殖生态进行了初步研究。研究结果显示,红嘴相思鸟在此地区的繁殖时间为4月中旬至7月下旬。巢多营于山坡上、山谷中的乔木林、灌木林遮蔽下的箬竹(Indocalamus wilsoni)和小灌木上,也营巢于农田边、山间小路旁、林间空地的箬竹丛或灌丛中。巢材主要有细树枝、细树根、细藤、箬竹叶、茅草叶、细草茎、青苔等。雌雄鸟共同筑巢,筑巢过程较为迅速,一般5～7d即可完成。雌鸟每天产一枚卵,产卵时间一般在清晨。窝卵数3.41±0.80(n=61)。孵卵期11～13d(n=6)。雏鸟晚成性,雌雄共同育雏,育雏期9～10d。雏鸟发育十分迅速,但离巢时身体发育尚未完善。红嘴相思鸟在此地区的繁殖成功率约为22.95%(n=61)。     

一对人工巢箱内繁殖的白眉姬鹟育雏习性研究

2011年6月10～24日,在北京松山自然保护区采用全日观察法,对在游览道路旁的人工巢箱内繁殖的1对白眉姬鹟的育雏行为及其栖息地环境条件进行了系统观察与数据采集.结果显示育雏前期和后期雌雄鸟日喂食次数及各时段雌雄鸟进出巢的平均次数均有一定差异,白眉姬鹟在育雏过程中雌鸟喂食次数随雏鸟生长而增加,雄鸟则无明显变化.游客及人为干扰对雌雄鸟出入巢穴均有一定影响,雌鸟较之雄鸟更为胆怯和谨慎.表明白眉姬鹟雌雄鸟在育雏中的行为存在分工和差异.     

四川瓦屋山金色林鸲的繁殖生态及孵卵节律

20 0 3年 4～ 7月 ,在四川省瓦屋山自然保护区对金色林鸲 (Tarsigerchrysaeus)的繁殖生态和孵卵节律进行了较为深入的研究。金色林鸲营巢期从 4月下旬～ 6月中旬 ,孵卵期一般为 1 6～ 1 7d,育雏期为1 6d。窝卵数一般为 3～ 4枚 ,平均为 (3 . 75± 0. 45 )枚 (n =1 2 ) ,孵化率为 60 0 % ,育雏成功率为 85 2 %。仅雌鸟孵卵 ,根据对 3巢的监测 ,发现雌鸟早晨 6:0 0时左右首次离巢 ,晚上 2 0 :0 0时左右回到巢中 ,每天出巢次数 1 8～ 1 9次。孵卵雌鸟每次出巢时间一般少于 2 0min ,异常离巢时最长达到 65 6min。雌鸟出巢时间的长度和环境温度呈明显的正相关 (Spearman,r=0 . 1 1 8,P =0 . 0 0 7,n =5 3 1 )。金色林鸲雄鸟存在羽毛延迟成熟现象 ,亚成体雄鸟可以繁殖。     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒研究进展

传染性法氏囊病(Infection bursal disease, IBD)是由鸡传染性法氏囊病毒(Infectious bursal disease virus, IBDV)引起的鸡和火鸡的一种高度接触性传染病,给世界各国的禽养殖业带来了巨大损失.自IBDV发现至今新的变异株不断出现,分子结构的改变导致病毒致病力的改变及宿主对疫苗应答的改变,使得传统的疫苗已不能控制其流行,因此各国学者对其基因组结构和功能进行了广泛深入的研究,并积极研制新型有效的疫苗以达到防治的目的.     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.