人胚胎干细胞和拟胚体基因表达谱的初步分析

利用人类全基因组Affymetrix芯片检测人胚胎干细胞与其自发分化7d的拟胚体之间的差异表达基因.结果显示:与未分化的人胚胎干细胞相比.在分化7d的拟胚体中表达下调2倍及以上的已知和未知基因共有1100个,表达上调2倍及以上的已知或未知基因共有2283个.利用Gostat对这些差异表达基因进行功能分析,发现它们分别与细胞的生物代谢过程、信号传导通路、系统发育、细胞分化、分子功能及亚细胞组分相关.胚胎干细胞具有自我更新能力,是研究早期胚胎发育理想的细胞模型,因此对差异表达基因的功能研究有助于了解维持人胚胎干细胞自我更新的分子机制以及胚胎发育早期的分子事件.     

bFGF激活PI3K信号通路调控大鼠胚胎干细胞自我更新

碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(basic fi broblast growth factor,b FGF)在小鼠和人胚胎干细胞自我更新和分化过程中起着重要的调控作用,但目前关于bFGF在大鼠胚胎干细胞中的调控作用并不是很清楚。该文在无饲养层细胞的条件下,通过碱性磷酸酶染色、免疫荧光、RT-PCR等方法对大鼠胚胎干细胞在激活b FGF相关信号通路后自我更新、细胞分化潜能等进行了分析。结果显示,在白血病抑制因子(leukemia inhibitory factor,LIF)加GSK3抑制剂(CHIR99021)和ERK抑制剂(PD0325901)(简称L/2I)基础上,b FGF能明显促进大鼠胚胎干细胞的增殖。L/2I/b(L/2I+b FGF)条件下培养的大鼠胚胎干细胞能维持干性标志基因Oct-4、Nanog的表达,同时也保持了向不同胚层细胞分化的能力。另外,L/2I/b也能支持从大鼠囊胚原代分离胚胎干细胞。Western blot结果显示,b FGF能促进PI3K下游分子AKT的磷酸化。小分子化合物SU5402或LY294002分别抑制FGF受体及PI3K均能阻断b FGF激活的AKT磷酸化,并抑制b FGF对大鼠胚胎干细胞自我更新的促进作用。这些结果表明,b FGF通过激活大鼠胚胎干细胞PI3K/AKT相关的信号通路促进大鼠胚胎干细胞自我更新。     

Zfx基因与干细胞自我更新

干细胞具有自我更新保持不分化状态的特性,不同的干细胞具有不同的自我更新机制. Zfx基因(zinc fin ger-X gene)在部分胚胎干细胞和造血干细胞中高表达,该基因高表达有利于胚胎干细胞和造血干细胞自我更新; Zfx基因表达不足或缺乏的胚胎干细胞和造血干细胞自我更新的能力下降,细胞凋亡明显增加.在胚胎干细胞和造血干细胞中发现一些Zfx基因直接调控的靶基因,Zfx 基因可能是控制各种干细胞自我更新的共同的分子机制. Zfx基因表达不足不影响胚胎干细胞和造血干细胞的分化,缺乏 Zfx基因的胚胎干细胞和造血干细胞能够正常分化为各自的功能细胞.     

FGF信号通路在内耳发育调控和毛细胞再生中的作用

内耳是感受听觉和平衡觉的复杂器官。在内耳发育过程中,成纤维生长因子(fibroblast growth factor, FGF)信号通路参与了听基板的诱导、螺旋神经节(statoacoustic ganglion, SAG)的发育以及Corti器感觉上皮的分化。FGF信号开启了内耳早期发育的基因调控网络,诱导前基板区域以及听基板的形成。正常表达的FGF信号分子可促进听囊腹侧成神经细胞的特化,但成熟SAG神经元释放的过量FGF5可抑制此过程,形成负反馈环路使SAG在稳定状态下发育。FGF20在Notch信号通路的调控下参与了前感觉上皮区域向毛细胞和支持细胞的分化过程,而内毛细胞分泌的FGF8可调控局部支持细胞分化为柱细胞。人类FGF信号通路异常可导致多种耳聋相关遗传病。此外,FGF信号通路在低等脊椎动物毛细胞自发再生以及干细胞向内耳毛细胞诱导过程中都起到了关键作用。本文综述了FGF信号通路在内耳发育调控以及毛细胞再生中的作用及其相关研究进展,以期为毛细胞再生中FGF信号通路调控机制的阐明奠定理论基础。     

单细胞因子支持人胚胎干细胞生长的培养体系

[目的]为2株中国人胚胎干细胞系建立培养液中仅添加1种细胞因子的培养体系。[方法]两株人胚胎干细胞h ES-846XX和h ES-18 46XY分别使用含有成纤维细胞生长因子(b FGF)160ng/ml、转化生长因子(TGFβ1)20ng/ml和noggin 200ng/ml的培养液进行无饲养层培养,观察细胞的生长情况并对所得细胞进行鉴定。[结果]培养液中添加b FGF 160ng/ml可以有效地支持人胚胎干细胞的长期增殖,传代8次的细胞仍然保持胚胎干细胞的特性。添加TGFβ1或noggin的培养基无法维持人胚胎干细胞的长期增殖,3代以后细胞完全分化。[结论]证明培养液单独添加高浓度b FGF 160ng/ml支持2株中国人胚胎干细胞长期保持未分化状态增殖,实际未分化率为68.2±1.08%。     

胚胎干细胞向肝实质细胞体外定向诱导分化过程中的肝卵圆细胞

如果肝脏严重受损致使肝细胞大部分坏死,或由于某些原因 ( 肝毒性物质、致癌物质的作用 ) 抑制残存肝细胞增殖时,肝内前体／干细胞———肝卵圆细胞便被激活并分化生成肝细胞和胆管细胞等以参与肝修复 . 基于此理论,人们建立了啮齿类动物肝卵圆细胞诱导实验模型 . 但显然上述模型不适用于人类,所以有必要开发一种适用于人类的、高效的肝卵圆细胞的新诱导模型 . 选用小鼠胚胎干细胞,转成拟胚体分化 3 天后分组,诱导组添加肝细胞生长因子 (HGF) 、表皮生长因子 (EGF) 作定向诱导分化 . 其间用免疫细胞化学 (ICC) 检测肝卵圆细胞标志物 A6 等的表达,用流式细胞仪筛选肝卵圆细胞并行 RT-PCR 、透射电镜检测 . 所筛选的肝卵圆细胞进一步体外培养并进行 ICC 和 RT-PCR ,检测其分化生成成熟的肝细胞和胆管细胞的能力 . 研究证实胚胎干细胞体外定向诱导生成肝实质细胞的过程中,存在着有双向分化能力的肝卵圆细胞这个中间分化阶段 . 诱导组肝卵圆细胞分化率均显著地高于对照组,最高时可达 6.11% 左右 . HGF 和 EGF 能显著性诱导胚胎干细胞源性卵圆细胞的生成 . 流式细胞仪筛选 Sca-1+/CD34+ 细胞占总细胞数的 4.59% ,其中 A6 阳性肝卵圆细胞占 90.81% 左右 . 使用流式细胞仪可获得高富集的 A6+/Sca-1+/CD34+ 肝卵圆细胞 . 提供了一种可适用于人类的肝卵圆细胞的新诱导模型 .     

诱导胚胎干细胞向神经细胞分化方法的研究与探讨

胚胎干细胞(ES细胞)是一种能够在体外进行不断自我更新,并具有多种分化潜能的细胞。胚胎干细胞向神经细胞诱导分化的研究进展迅速,相关实验技术和理论也不断发展。总结了近年来各国研究者诱导小鼠和人胚胎干细胞向神经细胞分化的方法,分析了一些方法的原理并初步探讨其相关的分子机制,并提出一些可行性新方法。胚胎干细胞向神经细胞诱导分化因其体外的可操作性、来源的广泛性及质量可控性将有可能成为临床上治疗神经系统疾病的有效方法。     

胚胎干细胞分化为肝细胞的研究进展

目前 ,细胞移植作为终末期肝病的辅助治疗方法 ,移植的细胞必须满足在受体肝脏中存活、增殖并可分化为成熟肝细胞两个重要条件 ,但目前应用的肝细胞来源有限 ,其功能随着培养时间的延长而逐渐下降等问题限制了这一治疗策略的广泛开展。作为具有发育全能性和无限增殖能力的细胞 ,胚胎干细胞向肝细胞的分化研究近年来引起了广泛的关注 ,并取得了较大的进展 ,寻找合适、高效的分化诱导方法是目前研究的热点之一。胚胎干细胞向肝细胞的分化研究既可以为临床细胞替代治疗提供合适的细胞来源 ,也可以在药物评估和肝脏发育分化基础研究方面起到重要的作用。通过概括肝脏和拟胚体分化发育的分子机制 ,对体外胚胎干细胞向肝细胞分化的几种诱导体系作了介绍 ,并对分化肝细胞的应用前景和存在的问题进行了讨论。     

猕猴胚胎干细胞的诱导分化和凋亡

采用单层培养法研究维生素A酸(RA)、神经生长因子(NGF)、上皮生长因子(EGF)和碱性成纤维生长因子(bFGF)对猕猴胚胎干细胞系R366．4的诱导分化和凋亡的作用。结果表明：①不添加任何生长因子的条件下,细胞分化不定向,各种细胞所占的比例表现出明显的随机性;②添加单一生长因子能促进细胞的分化进程,并使某一类或某几类的分化细胞比例上升,RA和NGF均能促进神经样细胞的形成,EGF促进内皮样细胞的形成,bFGF提高成纤维样细胞的比例;③在分化的过程中伴有细胞早期和晚期凋亡的发生,RA和NGF可增加细胞凋亡的数量。这种由生长因子诱导的动物胚胎干细胞的分化可能存在种间差异。     

肝脏发育相关信号通路

肝脏发育从肝芽的出现开始,到肝祖细胞的形成,接着肝祖细胞的增殖、分化和迁移,直至最后器官的形成,经历了复杂的细胞信号调控过程。本文综述了肝脏发育过程中常见的信号调控作用,包括成纤维生长因子(fibroblast growth factor,FGF)、骨形态发生蛋白(bone morphogenetic protein,BMP)、β-转化生长因子(transforming growth factor-β,TGF-β)、肝细胞生长因子(hepatocyte growth factor,HGF)和Wnt等信号通路,并重点讨论了在胚胎阶段调控肝脏发育的信号途径以及肝细胞和胆管细胞发育成熟过程中的信号因子作用,最后对肝脏再生相关的信号调控进行了简要介绍。     

Early homing behavior of Stro-1 mesenchyme-like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells in an immunocompetent xenogeneic animal model

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been induced to differentiate successfully from human embryonic stem cells (hES-MSCs), which could serve as an in vitro source of MSCs. However, the homing behaviors of such cells and their potential utility for liver regeneration in vivo have not been reported. We investigated factors that influenced early homing and the hepatic-directed differentiation potency of hES-MSCs in a mouse model of acute liver injury. The hES-MSCs could be detected 36 h after cell infusion and this was unaffected by the number of cell passages in culture. Pretreatment of hES-MSCs with TNF-α resulted in higher rates of homing of these cells to the injured liver. Interestingly most of the cells homing at an early stage expressed alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), indicating hepatic differentiation. Thus, hES-MSCs can home to the acutely injured liver at high efficiency and undergo hepatic differentiation, suggesting that these cells could be useful for treating acute human liver injury.     

Derivation and Characterization of Hepatic Progenitor Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The derivation of hepatic progenitor cells from human embryonic stem (hES) cells is of value both in the study of early human liver organogenesis and in the creation of an unlimited source of donor cells for hepatocyte transplantation therapy. Here, we report for the first time the generation of hepatic progenitor cells derived from hES cells. Hepatic endoderm cells were generated by activating FGF and BMP pathways and were then purified by fluorescence activated cell sorting using a newly identified surface marker, N-cadherin. After co-culture with STO feeder cells, these purified hepatic endoderm cells yielded hepatic progenitor colonies, which possessed the proliferation potential to be cultured for an extended period of more than 100 days. With extensive expansion, they co-expressed the hepatic marker AFP and the biliary lineage marker KRT7 and maintained bipotential differentiation capacity. They were able to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells, which expressed ALB and AAT, and into cholangiocyte-like cells, which formed duct-like cyst structures, expressed KRT19 and KRT7, and acquired epithelial polarity. In conclusion, this is the first report of the generation of proliferative and bipotential hepatic progenitor cells from hES cells. These hES cell–derived hepatic progenitor cells could be effectively used as an in vitro model for studying the mechanisms of hepatic stem/progenitor cell origin, self-renewal and differentiation.     

Hepatic maturation in differentiating embryonic stem cells in vitro

We investigated the potential of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells to differentiate into hepatocytes in vitro. Differentiating ES cells expressed endodermal-specific genes, such as alpha-fetoprotein, transthyretin, alpha 1-anti-trypsin and albumin, when cultured without additional growth factors and late differential markers of hepatic development, such as tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT) and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P), when cultured in the presence of growth factors critical for late embryonic liver development. Further, induction of TAT and G6P expression was induced regardless of expression of the functional SEK1 gene, which is thought to provide a survival signal for hepatocytes during an early stage of liver morphogenesis. The data indicate that the in vitro ES differentiation system has a potential to generate mature hepatocytes. The system has also been found useful in analyzing the role of growth factors and intracellular signaling molecules in hepatic development.     

Factors from Human Embryonic Stem Cell-derived Fibroblast-like Cells Promote Topology-dependent Hepatic Differentiation in Primate Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The future clinical use of embryonic stem cell (ESC)-based hepatocyte replacement therapy depends on the development of an efficient procedure for differentiation of hepatocytes from ESCs. Here we report that a high density of human ESC-derived fibroblast-like cells (hESdFs) supported the efficient generation of hepatocyte-like cells with functional and mature hepatic phenotypes from primate ESCs and human induced pluripotent stem cells. Molecular and immunocytochemistry analyses revealed that hESdFs caused a rapid loss of pluripotency and induced a sequential endoderm-to-hepatocyte differentiation in the central area of ESC colonies. Knockdown experiments demonstrated that pluripotent stem cells were directed toward endodermal and hepatic lineages by FGF2 and activin A secreted from hESdFs. Furthermore, we found that the central region of ESC colonies was essential for the hepatic endoderm-specific differentiation, because its removal caused a complete disruption of endodermal differentiation. In conclusion, we describe a novel in vitro differentiation model and show that hESdF-secreted factors act in concert with regional features of ESC colonies to induce robust hepatic endoderm differentiation in primate pluripotent stem cells.     

Evidence for mesenchymal-epithelial transition associated with mouse hepatic stem cell differentiation

Mesenchymal-epithelial transition events are related to embryonic development, tissue construction, and wound healing. Stem cells are involved in all of these processes, at least in part. However, the direct evidence of mesenchymal-epithelial transition associated with stem cells is unclear. To determine whether mesenchymal-epithelial transition occurs in liver development and/or the differentiation process of hepatic stem cells in vitro, we analyzed a variety of murine liver tissues from embryonic day 11.5 to adults and the colonies derived from hepatic stem/progenitor cells isolated with flow cytometry. The results of gene expression, immunohistochemistry and Western blot showed that as liver develops, the expression of epithelial markers such as Cytokeratin18 and E-cadherin increase, while expression of mesenchymal markers such as vimentin and N-cadherin decreased. On the other hand, in freshly isolated hepatic stem cells, the majority of cells (65.0%) co-express epithelial and mesenchymal markers; this proportion is significantly higher than observed in hematopoietic cells, non-hematopoietic cells and non-stem cell fractions. Likewise, in stem cell-derived colonies cultured over time, upregulation of epithelial genes (Cytokeratin-18 and E-cadherin) occurred simultaneously with downregulation of mesenchymal genes (vimentin and Snail1). Furthermore, in the fetal liver, vimentin-positive cells in the non-hematopoietic fraction had distinct proliferative activity and expressed early the hepatic lineage marker alpha-fetoprotein. CONCLUSION: Hepatic stem cells co-express mesenchymal and epithelial markers; the mesenchymal-epithelial transition occurred in both liver development and differentiation of hepatic stem/progenitor cells in vitro. Besides as a mesenchymal marker, vimentin is a novel indicator for cell proliferative activity and undifferentiated status in liver cells.     

Embryonic Stem Cells: Spontaneous and Directed Differentiation

The specific structural features of embryonic stem cells and embryoid bodies and mechanisms of their differentiation in different cell types are considered. The mouse embryonic stem cells (line R1) formed multilayer colonies which enlarged as a result of fast cell division. Embryoid bodies that derived from embryonic stem cells consisted of an outer layer, an inner layer, and an internal cavity. The structure of cells of the outer and inner layers markedly differed. Spontaneous and directed differentiation of embryoid bodies is determined by some unspecific and specific factors (growth and differentiation factors and extracellular matrix proteins). Retinoic acid, the most commonly used inducer of differentiation of the embryonic stem cells, induces different types of differentiation when applied at different concentrations. The sequence of expression of tissue specific genes and proteins during differentiation of the embryonic stem cells in vitrois similar to that in vivo.