柑橘黄龙病罹病植株显症差异组织内生细菌群落结构分析

【目的】分离鉴定同株罹病柑橘黄龙病植株不同显症状况组织的内生细菌,寻找与黄龙病菌[‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’(Ca.Las)]相互作用的优势菌株。【方法】利用基于16S rDNA的PCRDGGE(Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis)分析同一柑橘黄龙病罹病植株的显症和未显症组织内生细菌多样性,并用定量PCR方法,对果、枝、叶3种组织黄龙病菌、优势菌株及细菌总数进行检测。【结果】结果显示显症和无症组织所带黄龙病菌差异很大,显症部位病菌量明显高于无症部位。分析显症和无症组织内生细菌DGGE图谱显示,同一组织内生菌群结构基本相同;对图谱中17条明显条带回收克隆测序,发现其中8个条带均属于沙雷氏菌属(Serratia),占总条带数的47.06%。序列分析显示这8条序列为粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)不同的菌株(序列相似性为99.63%)。定量分析各差异显症部位单位组织内的粘质沙雷氏菌和细菌总数,发现相同部位的总细菌量差异不显著,但粘质沙雷氏菌与黄龙病菌的量呈负相关。【结论】柑橘黄龙病病株中,各部位所带病菌量不均匀,是否显症与组织内柑橘黄龙病菌的量呈正相关,内生菌群总量与显症无相关性,但粘质沙雷氏菌与黄龙病菌的量呈负相关。粘质沙雷氏菌与黄龙病菌在韧皮部细胞内增殖过程中的相互作用值得深入研究。     

长春花内生细菌多样性与柑橘黄龙病菌的相关性

【目的】分析感柑橘黄龙病长春花植株与健康长春花植株不同部位内生细菌菌群结构变化,为柑橘黄龙病菌与长春花内生细菌的相关性研究提供理论基础。【方法】本研究利用兼性厌氧可培养技术、16S rDNA限制性片段长度多态性分析(Restriction fragment length polymorphism,RFLP)以及16S rDNA序列分析相结合的方法。【结果】分别从感病和健康长春花叶、茎、根的组织中分离获得67株内生细菌,与GenBank中29种细菌的相似性达到97%-100%。其中短小杆菌属(Curtobacterium sp.)、欧文氏菌属(Erwinia sp.)、蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus)为感病长春花内生细菌的优势菌群,鞘胺醇单胞菌属(Brevundimonas sp.)、芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)为健康长春花内生细菌的优势菌群;马胃葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus equorum)为两者的共同优势菌群。通过RFLP方法分析,感病株得到16个、健株得到23个操作分类单元(Operational TaxonomicUnits,OTUs),感病植株中除柑橘黄龙病菌Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus外,还有丰富的CandidatusLiberibacter sp.存在。【结论】感病与健康长春花植株中均含有丰富的内生细菌,黄龙病菌的存在改变了长春花原有内生细菌的菌群结构,且菌群多样性下降。可见长春花内生细菌在一定程度上受到柑橘黄龙病菌的抑制。     

柑橘黄龙病寄主长春花内生细菌的分离及功能鉴定

【目的】感柑橘黄龙病长春花植株与健康长春花植株不同部位内生细菌菌群结构及功能对柑橘黄龙病菌与长春花内生细菌的相关性研究提供理论基础。【方法】利用兼性厌氧可培养技术以及植物内生菌功能特性分析相结合的方法。【结果】分别从感病和健康长春花叶、茎、根的组织中分离获得67株内生细菌,与GenBank中29种细菌的相似性达到97%-100%。其中短小杆菌属(Curtobacterium sp.)、欧文氏菌属(Erwinia sp.)、蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus)为感病长春花内生细菌的优势菌群,鞘胺醇单胞菌属(Brevundimonas sp.)、芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)为健康长春花内生细菌的优势菌群;马胃葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus equorum)为两者的共同优势菌群。29种内生细菌进行功能分析,其中6株内生细菌至少具有4种功能特性,分属于马胃葡萄球菌、苏云金芽孢杆菌、巨大芽孢杆菌、短小杆菌属、摩氏摩根菌(Morganella morganii)及溶杆菌属(Lysobacter sp.)5个属。【结论】感病与健康长春花植株中均含有丰富的内生细菌且差异较大,黄龙病菌的存在改变了长春花原有内生细菌的菌群结构。通过分析菌群的差异,有望找到与柑橘黄龙病菌生长相关的菌种。     

亚洲韧皮杆菌兼性厌氧型伴生细菌鉴定及优势菌群分析

以定向分离培养和基于16S rDNA的PCR-DGGE (Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, DGGE)方法, 分析感黄龙病柑橘与健康柑橘植株不同部位的内生细菌多样性, 分离柑橘组织共获得19株可培养的兼性厌氧型内生细菌, 经形态、生理生化结合16S rDNA分子方法鉴定其隶属于12个属, 其中短小杆菌属Curtobacterium sp. (IF: 29.07%)、芽孢杆菌属Bacillus sp. (IF: 23.12%)和微杆菌属Microbacterium sp. (IF: 21.09%)为罹病植株的优势菌群, 芽孢杆菌属Bacillus sp. (IF: 21.03%)、动性球菌属Planococcus sp. (IF: 20.69%)和假单胞菌属Pseudomonas sp. (IF: 17.44%)为无症健株的优势菌群。对DGGE方法得到的50条16S rDNA目标条带进行序列比对, 共鉴定出9个属的细菌, 结果表明沙雷氏菌属Serrations sp. (IF: 28%)是优势菌属, 泛菌属Pantoea sp. (IF: 14%)是次优势菌属; 病果桔络中黄龙病菌含量最高(>1%), 而罹病植株其他部位的黄龙病菌丰度较低。PCR-DGGE 图谱也显示感病和健康柑橘组织的内生细菌存在差异。     

不同生境下五唇兰根部可培养内生细菌多样性研究

兰科植物内生细菌与菌根真菌的协作对宿主植物的生长、抗病、抗逆及植物修复环境能力等具有重要意义,揭示其内生细菌多样性及与生境之间的关系有助于阐明兰科植物的适应与进化机制。本研究基于16SrDNA序列分析探讨了不同生境下东南亚特有种五唇兰根部可培养内生细菌多样性及其空间异质性。结果表明:从不同生境下五唇兰根部共分离出内生细菌59株,其中从土生型五唇兰根部分离出内生细菌45株(76.27%),从石生型五唇兰根部分离出内生细菌14株(23.73%);基于内生细菌16SrDNA序列同源性分析及构建的系统发育树显示,五唇兰根部内生细菌分属于7属,即芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、伯克氏菌属(Burkholderia)、草酸菌属(Pandoraea)、土壤杆菌属(Agrobacterium)、类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)、泛菌属(Pantoea)、欧文氏菌属(Erwinia),其中优势属为芽孢杆菌属,次优势属为泛菌属和伯克氏菌属;多样性分析显示,土生型五唇兰根部内生细菌群落的Shannon多样性指数大于石生型五唇兰,不同生境下五唇兰根部内生细菌群落结构差异极显著(P0.01)。土生型五唇兰根部内生细菌群落优势属为芽孢杆菌属和泛菌属,石生型五唇兰根部内生细菌群落优势属为芽孢杆菌属和伯克氏菌属。     

柑橘黄龙病赣南脐橙内生菌种群结构分析

【目的】分析赣南脐橙黄龙病植株和健康植株叶片内生菌,对比不同培养条件下培养出的内生菌,为筛选出对柑橘黄龙病原菌有影响的伴生菌奠定理论基础。【方法】通过PCR方法对脐橙中黄龙病菌进行验证,并基于16S r RNA基因高通量测序技术对患病与健康赣南脐橙叶片内生菌以及不同培养基富集培养后的内生菌进行多样性分析。【结果】所采集样品中有5株患病株,5株健康株。5株病株中共同含有的细菌属有13个,其中7个在5株健株中也共同存在。Defluviicoccus属和Granulicella属在病健株植物中都是优势菌属,且在健株中的平均含量高于病株。病株与健株的样品相似度存在明显界线。富集培养后不同样本和不同培养基中菌属分布不同。肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、短小杆菌属(Curtobacterium)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)和泛菌属(Pantoea)得到了大量富集,不动杆菌属和沙雷氏菌属等9个菌属富集量较少。另外,培养和未培养各样本间未分类菌(Unclassified)含量差异也较大。【结论】赣南脐橙患病植株和健康植株叶片内生菌有着明显差异,黄龙病菌的存在改变了脐橙叶片原有内生细菌的菌群结构。从活体植物组织内直接检测才能得到真正的植物内生菌群落分布情况。通过分析菌群的差异,有望找到与柑橘黄龙病菌生长相关的伴生菌。     

小麦土霉素抗性内生细菌分离、鉴定及分布

研究通过培养的方法研究了小麦根际土壤、根、茎、叶各部位的土霉素抗性内生菌数量、种类和分布特征.结果表明,小麦内生菌数目在1×104cfu g-1～1.95×106 cfu g-1 之间,土霉素抗性内生菌数目介于6.9×103cfu g-1和5.67×105 cfu g-1,从中分离出22株土霉素抗性内生菌,包括15株G+和7株G-,经16s rRNA基因序列分析,它们与Bacillaceae,Alphaproteobacteria 和Gammaproteobacteria 三大类微生物聚在一起,其中Bacillaceae类细菌最多,占59.1%.土霉素抗性的Bacillus licheniformis在小麦根际土壤、根、茎等器官中都分离得到表明该抗性菌种在小麦内生系统中具有较高的传播性;具有土霉素抗性的人类机会致病菌Bacillus cereus和Stenotrophomonas属的细菌在小麦的根际土壤、根以及叶子中也均分离到,但是在小麦种子中没有分离到任何土霉素抗性的内生菌.     

蕙兰根部内生细菌多样性及季节动态变化

为了研究蕙兰（Cymbidium faberi）根部内生细菌群落结构在不同季节里的变化,于不同季节从蕙兰根部分离出内生细菌207株,采用核糖体DNA扩增片段限制性分析（ARDRA）研究了蕙兰根部内生细菌群落组成的季节动态变化。将内生细菌纯培养物扩增近全长的16SrDNA,并用ARDRA对所分离的菌株进行分型,根据酶切图谱的差异,将其分成25个ARDRA型,并选取代表性菌株进行16SrDNA序列测定。结果表明,分离出来的内生细菌分为9个属,包括芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）、伯克氏属（Burkholderia）、类芽孢杆菌属（Paenibacillus）、假单胞属（Pseudomonas）、微杆菌属（Microbacterium）、根瘤菌属（Rhizobium）、Lysinibacillus、Cohnella和短杆菌属（Bre—vibacterium）,其中优势种群为Bacillus,次优势种群为Paenibacillus和Burkholderia。秋季分离出的内生细菌种类最多,夏季分离出的种类最少。在不同季节蕙兰内生细菌群落结构差异极显著（P〈O．001）,但在不同季节里蕙兰根部内生细菌优势种群没有差异。     

柑橘黄龙病隐症寄主九里香内生细菌分离及功能鉴定

【目的】分析黄龙病高发区的九里香植株叶及茎干中内生细菌,为寻找具有抗柑橘黄龙病的内生细菌奠定基础。【方法】利用平板培养法及基于16S rDNA的限制性酶切长度多态性(Restriction fragment length polymorphism,RFLP)序列分子鉴定法,对九里香植物内生细菌进行多样性分析。【结果】在兼性厌氧的生长环境下,从九里香植株中分离获得可培养内生细菌26株,分属于9个细菌属的14个种,其中肠杆菌属(Enterobacter sp.)(IF=19.23%)、芽胞杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)(IF=38.46%)为九里香可培养内生细菌的优势菌属。茎干中内生细菌丰度高于叶中内生菌丰度。建立了九里香内生细菌16S rDNA文库,对文库质量检测显示,该克隆文库的覆盖度(Coverage C)为94.97%,结合Rarefaction曲线分析,表明所构建的克隆文库是相对充分的。对文库中179个阳性克隆进行HaeШ、MspⅠ、RsaⅠ3种限制性内切酶分析,得到20个不同的操作分类单元(Operational taxonomic units,OTUs),其中沙雷氏菌属(Serratia sp.)为九里香植株中内生细菌的绝对优势菌属。测定了14株内生细菌的功能,其中9株菌能产生吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA);具有抗生素(phlD)合成能力的内生细菌有4株;结合nifH和NFb固氮培养基确定有3株内生细菌具有固氮能力;1株内生细菌具有ACC脱氨酶合成能力;8株内生细菌具有铁细胞合成能力;3株内生细菌具有淀粉水解能力;2株内生细菌显示强阳性的蛋白酶合成能力,4株内生细菌具有以上4种功能。【结论】九里香植株中内生细菌具有丰富的多样性,并且可能对九里香植株生长发育及抗生物和非生物胁迫有着重要的生理功能。     

福矛高温大曲中芽孢杆菌16S rDNA-RFLP及系统发育分析

目的:从福建建瓯黄华山酿酒有限公司高温大曲中分离出89株芽孢杆菌,通过初步筛选鉴定并进行微生物多样性研究.方法:对其16S rDNA进行PCR - RFLP分析和系统发育研究.结果:初步筛选得到的18株芽孢杆菌被HhaⅠ和MspⅠ酶切聚类分为四大组.通过系统发育分析样品中有6株Bacillus subtilis,4株Bacillus cereus,2株Bacillus sonorensis,2株Bacillus licheniformis,以及Bacillus pumilus、Bacillus oleronius、Bacillus coagulans和Bacillus thuringiensis各1株.结论:研究显示该高温大曲中可培养芽孢杆菌具有微生物多样性.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。