舟山市东极大黄鱼养殖系统能值评估

以能值理论为基础,选择浙江省舟山市东极大黄鱼养殖系统为研究对象,在定量分析大黄鱼养殖系统的物流和能流基础上,通过建立能值评价指标体系,综合评价了东极大黄鱼养殖系统对环境的影响及其可持续性.结果表明:东极大黄鱼养殖系统的太阳能值转换率TR为1.46× 106 sej/J,环境承载力ELR为91.10,能值投入的生产效率PEEl为6.91× 10-7,能值持续性指数ESI为0.011.东极大黄鱼养殖系统虽然生产效率较高,但是过分依赖于外部购买资源,并且系统对环境的压力较大,环境的持续性也较差.另外,与广东珠江口3个不同鱼种养殖系统的有关指标进行了对比,提出了大黄鱼养殖系统的可持续性发展建议.     

基于能值的天山北坡经济带农牧系统可持续性评估

应用能值分析理论和方法,对新疆天山北坡经济带农牧业生态经济系统进行了分析和评价,通过一系列的能值指标定量分析了该地区的农牧业系统的能值流动。结果表明:环境资源对农牧业系统的贡献很大,环境资源能值占总能值利用的79.2%,高于全国农业系统平均值(13%);净能值产出率为4.81,高于我国平均值(0.27),说明该区域农牧系统生产有一定的竞争优势;农牧业产品的宏观经济价值大于市场价值,这是由于农牧业生产中有相当大一部分环境资源无偿投入所致;环境负载率指标为0.373,低于我国农业系统的环境负载率(2.8),环境压力较小;可持续发展指数为12.90,有较好的发展潜力,据此,提出了一系列促进区域农业可持续发展的产业结构调整措施。     

基于能值理论的循环复合农业生态系统发展评价——以福建省福清星源循环农业产业示范基地为例

循环农业是当前农业可持续发展理念的具体运作模式。对能值分析方法优化,使其更适合循环复合生态系统的应用上进行优化,并以福建省福清星源循环农业产业示范基地为例验证,评价复合生态系统的可持续发展程度和经济效益。结果表明改进的能值分析方法对循环复合农业生态系统的可持续发展评价更科学,复合系统的可持续发展指数比单纯的生猪养殖提高23.44%—33.86%,在4种组合的循环模式中以"生猪养殖-沼气工程-有机肥生产-种植业"循环复合生态系统整体效益最佳,其可持续发展指数最高,环境负载率最低,净能值产出率仅略低于"生猪养殖-沼气工程-种植业"复合系统。     

甘肃景电灌区枸杞与玉米生产模式的能值分析

灌区由于不合理的生产以及不完善的灌排设施,土地盐碱化成为普遍存在的现象,景电灌区治理盐碱地的典型代表村-红跃村在盐碱地种植枸杞取得了良好的生态效益和经济效益.应用能值分析法,对该村枸杞生产模式与原有的玉米生产模式进行了系统分析.枸杞生产模式与玉米生产模式的各项能值指标的比值是:能值投资率3.78 ,净能值产出率2.24 、环境负载率0.27 、能值可持续性指数8.19 .结果表明:枸杞生产模式使得红跃村落后、封闭的生态经济系统变得开放、活跃,增强了可持续发展的潜力.为进一步完善绿洲经济生态系统,应优化生产结构,加强绿洲防护林体系建设.     

基于能值分析的无公害设施蔬菜生产系统效率和可持续性评价

发展无公害蔬菜是提高我国蔬菜品质和安全性、增强蔬菜产业竞争力的重要举措。针对蔬菜生产高投入、高产出的特点,采用能值分析方法对无公害设施蔬菜生产系统两种蔬菜栽培模式进行系统效率和可持续性评价,并与一般蔬菜生产模式进行对比。结果表明,无公害蔬菜生产模式能值利用效率、可更新比例、净能值产出率、食品安全性和可持续发展能力分别比一般蔬菜生产系统平均提高24.3%、24.9%、36.0%、98.2%和3.87倍,环境负载率平均下降64.7%,系统投入的能值货币价值平均降低20.0%。在此基础上,通过情景分析表明,如果进一步综合采用收集降雨用于棚内蔬菜灌溉、沼气发电供给蔬菜灌溉利用、通过标准化管理降低人力投入,可以使现有的无公害生产方式的能值利用效率提高3.4%—10.8%,可持续性提高1.2%—31.7%。该研究也表明,将无公害蔬菜生产纳入我国以沼气为纽带的循环农业发展模式中,实现适度的产业结合与规模化经营,能够较好的提高无公害蔬菜生产的生态经济效益和可持续发展能力。     

黄土高原典型流域种植业发展模式的能值分析

为客观评估和比较退耕还林后黄土高原典型小流域不同种植业发展模式的稳定性和可持续性,本研究通过能值分析方法,定量分析了粮食和果树兼作、粮食生产为主和果树种植为主3种典型流域种植业系统的能值投入和产出情况,建立能值分析指标体系,在自然资源压力、社会和经济发展水平方面进行比较,进而对3种模式的系统可持续性进行评估.结果表明: 黄土高原典型流域不同类型种植业系统外部辅助能值均占总能值投入的75%以上,且其中不可更新能值所占比例远大于可更新能值,由此造成了能值自给率低而环境承载率高的特点;流域粮食种植业生产具有高投入、低产出的特点,而水果种植和粮果兼作具有高投入、高产出的特点,3种模式能值密度均达到全国农业经济系统平均水平2倍以上,其中,粮食生产为主的模式净能值产出率最低而粮果兼作型最高;流域种植业能值可持续发展指数均<1,能值/环境可持续指标均远低于全国农业系统平均水平,可持续发展能力较低,以粮食和果树兼作的模式可持续发展指数最高.3种模式比较发现,粮果兼作发展模式在流域种植业发展中具有相对较好的发展能力和较高的系统稳定性,能值生产效率适中且可持续性最高,因此黄土高原地区以流域为单元的农业发展应该更加偏向于考虑多产业综合的复合结构生产方式.     

纳版河自然保护区橡胶和农作物种植对畜禽养殖数量的影响

为评价纳版河流域国家级自然保护区橡胶和农作物种植对畜禽养殖数量的影响,选取13个村寨、207户农户为调查对象,从种植业和养殖业两个方面进行了系统调查.结果表明:纳版河保护区饲养的畜禽主要是本地水牛、黄牛、滇南小耳猪、茶花鸡和少量版纳斗鸡,外来品种极少.1991-2008年,纳版河保护区橡胶种植面积逐年上升,影响了玉米、水稻和其他经济作物的种植和畜禽养殖数量.橡胶种植对水牛和滇南小耳猪养殖数量影响显著,未种植橡胶的家庭水牛和滇南小耳猪养殖数量显著高于种植橡胶的家庭;玉米、水稻和其他经济作物种植面积对水牛、黄牛和滇南小耳猪养殖数量产生积极影响;总种植面积对水牛和茶花鸡养殖数量有着积极的影响.橡胶的发展导致纳版河保护区土地利用方式发生明显改变,种植模式对畜禽养殖数量产生显著影响,随着橡胶种植面积的逐年上升,当地的畜牧业受到抑制.     

稻鸭共作有机农业模式的能值评估

应用能值分析方法对稻鸭共作有机农业模式（模式Ⅰ）和对应的稻麦常规生产模式（模式Ⅱ）进行比较研究,并比较了两种模式的生态经济效益.结果表明,模式Ⅰ的能值效益高,自组织能力、可持续发展能力强,产品安全性高,净能值产出率（EYR）、系统产出能值反馈率（FYE）、能值可持续指标（ESI）分别是模式Ⅱ的1.57、14.1和8.71倍;基于能值的产品安全性指标（EIPS）模式Ⅰ为0,模式Ⅱ为-0.66;模式Ⅰ对环境的压力小于模式Ⅱ,能值投资率（EIR）,环境负载率（ELR）分别是模式Ⅱ的40.1%和18.3%;但模式Ⅰ的经济效益低于模式Ⅱ,其产出、毛收入和净效益分别低于模式Ⅱ15.7%、9.6%和29.6%;以能值 货币价值计算,模式Ⅰ的产投比、毛收入和净收入分别高于模式Ⅱ50%、102.6%和136.4%.随着生产系统的优化和市场对有机食品认知程度的提高,模式Ⅰ的经济效益具有提高的潜力.     

不同玉米与大豆栽培模式的能值效益分析

合理的田间配置是农田生态系统可持续发展的前提。本研究采用能值理论与方法,分析2∶2玉米-大豆带状套作(M/S1)、1∶1玉米-大豆传统套作(M/S2)、玉米单作(M)、大豆单作(S)4种栽培模式下系统能值投入产出、环境负载率及可持续发展指数等指标,为优化农田配置提供依据。结果表明:4种栽培模式下能值投入表现为M/S2M/S1MS,工业辅助能以肥料为主,可更新有机能以人工投入为主,能值产出表现为M/S1M/S2SM;与玉米相比,大豆具有能值产出高、能值投入低、环境负载率小、可持续发展程度高等特点;经济效益表现为M/S1、M/S2、M显著高于S;可通过降低化肥投入,特别是磷、钾肥,减少耕作次数或深度,适当提高大豆密度,降低玉米种植密度,降低环境负载率,提高能值可持续发展指数,以优化M/S1栽培模式。     

基于能值及系统动力学的中新天津生态城可持续发展模式情景分析

可持续发展动态评价是确保我国第一个国际合作建设的中新天津生态城项目成功的关键基础之一.在对中新天津生态城自然经济状况、功能结构和规划建设指标体系等分析基础上,将能值分析和系统动力学方法相结合,基于功能流视角将生态城系统划分为能物流、货币流及人口流子系统,构建了中新天津生态城可持续发展的能值评价指标体系及系统动力学模型,设计了惯性情景、科技情景、经济情景、环保情景及协调发展情景等5种生态城发展情景,并对各情景下的可持续发展状况进行了仿真和动态评价分析.结果表明：在经济与环境协调发展情景下,中新天津生态城的GDP、能值积累量、货币积累量均呈稳步增长趋势,能值废弃率、废弃物能值比、环境负载率等较小,能值可持续指标(ESI)和生态效率指数(UEI)均处于较低水平,但比其他几种方案更具活力,是中新天津生态城的最佳发展模式.     

Emergy analysis of cassava chips-suitable feedstock for fuel ethanol in China

The theory and indices of Odum's concept of emergy are explained. The environmental and economic inputs and sustainability of cassava chips production system are evaluated by emergy methodology. The emergy indices of cassava chips production system were calculated as follows: Tr (transformity) was 6.85E + 11 sej/kg, EYR (emergy yield ratio) was 1.11, ELR (environmental loading ratio) was 1.75, EIR (emergy investment ratio) was 9.33, and ESI (emergy sustainability indice) was 0.63. The emergy indices of four kinds of feedstock for fuel ethanol—corn, wheat, sugarcane, and cassava chips—were compared. Least solar energy was consumed when taking cassava chips as feedstock for fuel ethanol. According to the emergy indices, using cassava chips as the feedstock of fuel ethanol is helpful for sustainable development in China.     

基于生态能量视角的我国小水电可持续性分析

我国的小水电开发经历了以解决农村地区用电短缺到当前以促进节能减排、清洁能源建设为目的的转变。运用生态能量分析的方法之一——能值分析方法,选取贵州省安龙县红岩二级水电站为案例,对其建设与运行的可持续性进行了系统分析,并与国内外大水电的相关指标进行了平行对比。结果表明:该水电站2010年电力产出的能值转换率为1.03×105sej/J,其可再生性比例为52.01%,在能值产出率、环境负载率和可持续能力等方面的表现均好于大水电。但其能值交换率为0.58,表明2010年水电上网价格偏低。小水电的不稳定运行也使其系统能值指标呈现波动变化,当实际发电量为设计发电量的50%时,水电的能值转换率接近于湄公河上大坝生产水电的能值转换率,可持续性指标的值从6.12急剧降到3.01。系统评估水电资源,作好流域小水电总体开发规划,保证小水电系统稳定运行是提高其可持续性的关键之一。     

基于能值分析的我国小水电生态影响研究

如何系统定量地评价小水电开发过程所引起的景观变化、河流局部断流等生态影响,是平息争议、进行合理规划与开发小水电前提之一。运用能值分析方法,以贵州省赤水市观音岩水电站为例,将小水电建设、运行的资源投入,以及河道中水流的时空改变所导致生态服务功能的损失纳入核算体系,对其生态影响进行综合定量评估。从2010年的实际结果来看,由于河流断流,导致水坝下游生态系统服务功能的能值损失为2.77×1018sej,占到了系统建设运行总投入的44.84%,其中重点保护鱼种在影响河段的生境破坏是最大的能值损失。若不考虑下游生态系统服务功能损失,系统的环境负载率为1.92,可持续性指标为1.22;而考虑下游生态影响之后,系统环境负载率增大至4.26,可持续性指标减小为0.34。研究表明,小水电的开发必须遵循适度开发、规划优先,保障河流最基本的生态需水底线,是协调小水电开发和河流健康矛盾、追求小水电持续发展的刚性要求。     

Emergy synthesis of a combined food and energy production system compared to a conventional wheat (Triticum aestivum) production system

It is a major challenge to produce food and energy sustainably for the ever increasing world population as today's conventional food production and energy needs are met by the fossil based resources, causing enormous environmental load. A novel, combined food and energy (CFE) agro-ecosystem, was designed for sustainable production of food, fodder and energy without chemical inputs (fertiliser, herbicide and fungicide). The objective was an emergy synthesis of the CFE system compared to a conventional wheat (Triticum aestivum) production system to assess resource use efficiency. The emergy indices, used to assess the environmental performance and sustainability, exhibited contrasting differences between the two production systems in terms of outputs (Y), total emergy use, solar transformity, relative use of local renewable resources, environmental loading ratio (ELR), emergy yield ratio (EYR) and emergy sustainability index (ESI). The Y in the CFE consisted of grain, straw, fodder and woodchip production of 4020, 3580, 6100 and 10,000 kg/ha/yr respectively whereas Y in the conventional wheat consisted of 7250 and 3770 kg grain and straw/ha/yr respectively. The Y in the CFE was 81% (2.80E+11 J/ha/yr) higher with 13.5 times (6.40E+03 seJ/J) lower solar transformity compared to the Y (1.54E+11 J/ha/yr) and solar transformity (8.63E+04 seJ/J) in the conventional wheat, exhibiting highly resource intensive production in conventional wheat. The local renewables constituted 19.2% and 2.6% of the total emergy input in the CFE and the conventional wheat respectively with a corresponding lower ELR (4.21) and 22.5% higher EYR (1.26) in CFE compared to conventional wheat. CFE was more reliant on local renewable emergy flows and compatible with the local environment with higher ESI (0.30) compared to conventional wheat (0.03), where 64.5% of the total emergy input constituted chemical inputs. The study demonstrated that the innovative agro-ecosystem, exemplified by CFE, is considerably less resource demanding and more amenable to sustainable production, whether defined in terms of outputs, solar transformity, relative use of local renewable resources, EYR, ELR or ESI.     

Emergy analysis of biogas production and electricity generation from small-scale agricultural digesters

An emergy analysis was performed to assess the relative sustainability and environmental impact of small-scale energy production using Taiwanese model plug-flow anaerobic digesters to treat livestock manure in Costa Rica. Emergy analysis quantifies all inputs to a system by converting them to solar energy equivalents, thus allowing for direct comparison of the diverse inputs of renewable energies, human labor and economic goods needed to construct and maintain anaerobic digestion systems. The digesters were located on the campus of EARTH University, Costa Rica, and the biogas was utilized to power a 40 kW generator that supplies electricity for farm operations. Separate emergy analyses were performed for the biogas production and the combination of biogas production and generation of electricity. Manure was the largest input in both analyses, accounting for 85.3% of the annual emergy input for biogas production and 66.9% for electricity generation from the biogas. The fraction of emergy inputs from renewable sources (ΦR) was 66% for biogas production and 52% for electricity generation from the biogas. The transformities of biogas and electricity generation from the biogas were 5.23E+04 sej/J and 1.01E+06 sej/J respectively. The emergy yield ratios (EYR) were 2.93 for biogas production and 2.07 for electricity generation indicating that these digesters efficiently match purchased resources and renewable energies to produce energy from livestock manure. The generation of electricity from the biogas resulted in a decrease in the emergy sustainability index (ESI) from 5.67 to 2.22 and an increase in the environmental loading ratio (ELR) from 0.52 to 0.93. Using a generator to convert the biogas to electricity does decrease the sustainability of the system, largely due to the high emergy value associated with the electrical generation equipment and machinery, but these results demonstrate that the production of biogas and the generation of electricity from Taiwanese model digesters in Costa Rica are environmentally sustainable processes that result in the production of energy that is largely dependent on renewable and recycled energies.     

An environmental sustainability assessment of China’s cement industry based on emergy

As one of important building materials, the sustainability of cement production is widely concerned in the world. This research evaluated the sustainability of China’s cement industry in 2010 using emergy analysis. Several emergy based indicators were adopted to describe the comprehensive performance of this system from different angles, including Percentage of renewability (%R), Unit emergy value (UEV), Emergy yield ratio (EYR), Emergy exchange ratio (EER), Environmental load ratio (ELR) and Emergy sustainable index (ESI). The research results show that (1) Mineral resources have absolute contribution to China’s cement production; (2) Coal is the main energy source for China’s cement industry; (3) China’s cement industry has relatively weak competition ability due to relatively high ratio of purchased inputs; (4) China’s other industries have benefited greatly from this industry by exchanges; (5) China’s cement industry cannot keep sustainable in the long run due to its high environmental load; (6) the UEV of Chinese cement in 2010 is 3.64E15 sej/t (based on the emergy baseline 15.83E24 sej/yr). Finally, the related policy implications are proposed from four aspects, including (1) Accelerating the adjustment of process structure and technical innovation; (2) Promoting the substitution of raw materials or fuels; (3) Raising the price of cement products; (4) Decreasing the export of cement products.     

An emergy evaluation of the sustainability of Chinese crop production system during 2000–2010

Crop production systems are the basis of human survival and development because they can produce grain and industrial raw materials. As one of the largest agricultural countries in the world, the sustainability of China's crop production system is being concerned widely with its economic development and increasing population. This study adopted emergy analysis to explore the comprehensive performance of this system. A set of emergy based indicator system was used to investigate its economic benefit, environmental pressure and sustainability from 2000 to 2010. The study results show that the purchased nonrenewable input makes the largest contribution to the total input (average value 60.73% of the total input), which mainly derived from agricultural mechanic equipments and chemical fertilizer; on the average, beans has the largest share (20.20%) to the total emergy output, next from rape seed (18.36%), then from peanuts (15.85%), fruits (15.74%), wheat (8.26%), rice (8.07%), corn (7.66%) and cotton (4.60%) accordingly, and the other four categories crops just have a contribution of 1.28%; the production efficiency of China's crop production system has been raised by 11.54% with decrease of the indicator unit emergy value of product (UEVP) from 1.82E09 sej/g to 1.61E09 sej/g, the dependence of this system on economic market has increased by 24.92% with growth of the indicator EIR from 6.22 to 7.77, its economic benefit has been reduced by 0.59% with decline of the indicator EYR from 1.69 to 1.68, and its environmental loading has raised by 57.89% with growth of the indicator ELR from 1.33 to 2.10; the sustainability of China's crop production system is reduced by 37.01% with decrease of the index ESI from 1.27 to 0.80, during this study period. Based on these study results, the following measures should be emphasized in future, including raising the efficiency of purchased non-renewable resources (especially agricultural mechanical equipments and chemical fertilizer), using other methods of cultivation inherently more sustainable (e.g. replacing chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer, recycling organic wastes, biological control of agricultural pests, use of local renewable energy, and more), strengthening supervision of the related industrial processes and further promoting agricultural environmental protection.     

A semantic study of the Emergy Sustainability Index in the hybrid lifecycle-emergy framework

Emergy-based indicators are claimed to be useful outcomes of the emergy evaluation framework, which aims at guiding decision-makers toward environmental sustainability. The calculation of the Emergy Sustainability Index (ESI), in particular, seems widely consensual among emergy scholars, but several variants actually exist in the scientific literature, which may lead to different interpretations or misunderstanding of the ESI result. This paper proposes a semantic study of two variants in both components of the ESI (the Emergy Yield Ratio and the Environmental Loading Ratio, respectively EYR and ELR), to enhance standardization and reproducibility in the calculation of emergy indicators. It is shown that ESI can be consistently defined at the level of the production site as well as from a lifecycle perspective, although several case studies in the literature use an intermediary version with inconsistent system boundaries. A recent definition of lifecycle-oriented EYR is made operational by the development of an algorithm to be implemented in the emergy accounting software SCALE. However, the classification of foreground inputs needs further precision. ESI is also decomposed using partial derivatives, in order to analyze the influence of each input category and retrieve generic recommendations. These multiple outcomes demonstrate the added value of hybrid lifecycle-emergy evaluation to identify specific potential actions toward enhancing ESI of human activities.     

Improved emergy indices for the evaluation of industrial systems incorporating waste management

Emergy analysis is able to account for ecosystems’ contribution to industrial activity. Accordingly, it is an ecologically conscious tool useful for assessing the environmental impact and sustainability of industrial systems. The emergy-based approach requires proper system boundary definitions and uses several standard indices. In this article some perspectives on the deficiencies of three standard emergy indicators - environmental loading ratio (ELR), emergy yield ratio (EYR) and emergy index of sustainability (EIS) - when applied to industrial systems involving waste management are put forward and suggestions for overcoming them given. In addition, in order to account for the impact of waste emissions on the environment, a simple impact amplification factor is proposed for inclusion in the improved emergy indicators. To demonstrate their usefulness and highlight their superiority over standard indices, the improved emergy indicators are used to evaluate the interaction between a commercial polyethylene production process incorporating waste management and its surrounding environment.