基于能值分析的我国小水电生态影响研究

如何系统定量地评价小水电开发过程所引起的景观变化、河流局部断流等生态影响,是平息争议、进行合理规划与开发小水电前提之一。运用能值分析方法,以贵州省赤水市观音岩水电站为例,将小水电建设、运行的资源投入,以及河道中水流的时空改变所导致生态服务功能的损失纳入核算体系,对其生态影响进行综合定量评估。从2010年的实际结果来看,由于河流断流,导致水坝下游生态系统服务功能的能值损失为2.77×1018sej,占到了系统建设运行总投入的44.84%,其中重点保护鱼种在影响河段的生境破坏是最大的能值损失。若不考虑下游生态系统服务功能损失,系统的环境负载率为1.92,可持续性指标为1.22;而考虑下游生态影响之后,系统环境负载率增大至4.26,可持续性指标减小为0.34。研究表明,小水电的开发必须遵循适度开发、规划优先,保障河流最基本的生态需水底线,是协调小水电开发和河流健康矛盾、追求小水电持续发展的刚性要求。     

基于能值分析的中国潮汐能发电可持续性研究——以浙江省江厦潮汐试验电站为例

虽然中国拥有丰富的潮汐资源,但是潮汐发电产业在很大程度上落后于水力、光伏、风力和生物质直燃等可再生能源发电产业。本文运用能值分析法,选取中国装机容量最大的浙江省江厦潮汐试验电站(4.1 MW)为案例,对其建设与运行的可持续性进行分析,并与其他可再生能源发电系统的相关指标进行平行对比。结果表明:2014年该发电系统投入的能值总量为5.08×1019sej,电力产出为2.61×1013J,其中可更新资源投入比例为17.77%,能值转换率为1.95×106sej·J~(-1);环境负载率(ELR)和能值可持续性指标(ESI)分别为4.63和0.12,可持续性表现较差;究其原因,潮汐能是一种更为分散的、低品质能量,其捕获、收集和品质提升需要投入较多的外部资源。研究结果也表明,在现有开发模式下,不鼓励潮汐能发电的大规模扩张与发展,强化技术研发、更新开发模式,将是未来实现高效、可持续利用丰富潮汐资源的必由之路。     

基于能值分析的厦门城市代谢可持续性评估

生态城市建设是中国城市转型发展的关键节点,对中国生态文明和新型城镇化发展具有推动作用。研究以中国典型的生态城市厦门市为例,基于城市代谢框架结合能值分析法,对厦门市代谢系统进行各项能值流的核算,构建2010-2017年厦门市能值指标评估体系,选用可持续发展指数、可持续发展能值指标、城市健康水平能值指数3项指标综合评价其生态可持续性,选取部分能值指标与珠海市、深圳市进行对比分析,以期为中国生态城市的可持续发展提供科学参考。结果表明：（1）2010-2017年,厦门市总能值呈上升趋势,2017年的总能值为2.51×10²⁴ sej,是2010年总能值的1.65倍,货币流能值显著增加,废弃物流能值下降。能值自给率由98.30%逐渐递增至99.20%,能值产出率由8.30%逐渐递增至15.20%,环境承载率小于3,属于环境低负荷状态。（2）厦门市可持续发展指标处于1-10之间,表明其生态经济系统具有活力和发展潜力,可持续发展能值指标由2010年的3.67增加至2017年的7.76,表明厦门市的可持续发展性能愈来愈好,城市健康水平能值指数由2010年的6.21上升至2017年的25.80,表明厦门市生态系统处于健康可持续发展的状态。（3）厦门市与珠海市、深圳市的能值指标对比分析表明,厦门市与珠海市均处于富有经济活力与生态可持续发展潜力阶段,且厦门市代谢系统的可持续发展水平整体优于珠海市与深圳市。（4）总体来看,厦门城市代谢系统处于可持续发展阶段,生态城市的建设有利于厦门市实现生态经济的可持续发展,研究对同类型生态城市的建设与可持续发展具有理论参考价值。     

基于能值分析的辽宁省生态经济系统可持续发展评价

基于能值分析构建了包括能值流量、能值来源指标、社会亚系统评价指标、经济亚系统评价指标、自然亚系统评价指标和综合指数等的辽宁省生态经济系统评价体系,全面评估了2000—2010年辽宁省生态经济系统的发展趋势以及可持续性.结果表明:2000—2010年,辽宁省总能值用量从3440.12×1020sej增长到7636.33×1020sej,其中,2010年不可更新资源能值所占比重(68.6%)最大;人均能值从8.32×1015sej增长到17.96×1015sej;能值自给率虽然较高,却从2000年的91.1%下降到2010年的79.9%;环境负荷率从3.22提升到7.80;可持续发展指数由3.47降低到0.64;系统可持续发展性能由6.73降低到1.56.表明辽宁省生态经济系统呈现出不可持续发展的态势.2010年的辽宁省生态经济水平仅达到美国和日本20世纪80年代的水平.     

舟山市东极大黄鱼养殖系统能值评估

以能值理论为基础,选择浙江省舟山市东极大黄鱼养殖系统为研究对象,在定量分析大黄鱼养殖系统的物流和能流基础上,通过建立能值评价指标体系,综合评价了东极大黄鱼养殖系统对环境的影响及其可持续性.结果表明:东极大黄鱼养殖系统的太阳能值转换率TR为1.46× 106 sej/J,环境承载力ELR为91.10,能值投入的生产效率PEEl为6.91× 10-7,能值持续性指数ESI为0.011.东极大黄鱼养殖系统虽然生产效率较高,但是过分依赖于外部购买资源,并且系统对环境的压力较大,环境的持续性也较差.另外,与广东珠江口3个不同鱼种养殖系统的有关指标进行了对比,提出了大黄鱼养殖系统的可持续性发展建议.     

煤电生产系统的能值分析及新指标体系的构建

煤电生产是我国废弃物粉尘和酸性气体的排放最主要来源.以某2×600MW超临界燃煤发电机组为案例,按传统能值指标体系分别对简单发电系统、发电加除尘系统和发电加除尘脱硫系统进行能值分析.结果表明,投入废物循环利用系统后可持续性指标反而下降.因此,传统的能值指标已不适合废弃物产生较大的煤电生产系统的可持续性评价.针对这一特点,提出了能反映煤电生产系统的相应指标体系,即有效能值产出率(EEYR)、能值环境影响率(EEIR)、有效能值可持续指数(EESI),计算得出简单发电系统、发电加除尘系统和发电加除尘脱硫系统的EESI分别为2.249、2.628、2.642.随着废物处理程度的提高,系统的可持续性更好,显示出环保系统投入的积极意义.     

黄土高原典型流域种植业发展模式的能值分析

为客观评估和比较退耕还林后黄土高原典型小流域不同种植业发展模式的稳定性和可持续性,本研究通过能值分析方法,定量分析了粮食和果树兼作、粮食生产为主和果树种植为主3种典型流域种植业系统的能值投入和产出情况,建立能值分析指标体系,在自然资源压力、社会和经济发展水平方面进行比较,进而对3种模式的系统可持续性进行评估.结果表明: 黄土高原典型流域不同类型种植业系统外部辅助能值均占总能值投入的75%以上,且其中不可更新能值所占比例远大于可更新能值,由此造成了能值自给率低而环境承载率高的特点;流域粮食种植业生产具有高投入、低产出的特点,而水果种植和粮果兼作具有高投入、高产出的特点,3种模式能值密度均达到全国农业经济系统平均水平2倍以上,其中,粮食生产为主的模式净能值产出率最低而粮果兼作型最高;流域种植业能值可持续发展指数均<1,能值/环境可持续指标均远低于全国农业系统平均水平,可持续发展能力较低,以粮食和果树兼作的模式可持续发展指数最高.3种模式比较发现,粮果兼作发展模式在流域种植业发展中具有相对较好的发展能力和较高的系统稳定性,能值生产效率适中且可持续性最高,因此黄土高原地区以流域为单元的农业发展应该更加偏向于考虑多产业综合的复合结构生产方式.     

两个污水处理系统的能值与经济综合分析

运用改进的能值评价指标和经济指标对构建的两个污水处理综合系统("污水处理厂处理+脱水污泥填埋"及"污水处理厂处理+脱水污泥填埋+中水回用")进行了环境可持续性和经济竞争力的综合分析。改进的能值指标(能值产出率SEYR、环境负载率SELR、环境可持续发展指数SESI和能值受益率SEBR)是在考虑研究对象废物及产物能值对环境影响的基础上提出的,更好地反映了系统的特征。结果表明,中水回用系统的增加有利于提升系统的环境可持续发展能力;"污水处理厂处理+脱水污泥填埋+中水回用"系统较"污水厂处理+脱水污泥填埋"系统的经济竞争力差,但却拥有更强的可持续发展能力,有利的经济政策能够刺激其更好的推广运用。     

基于能值的污水处理系统环境影响分析

污水处理厂及其“产物”(处理水和脱水污泥)的处理处置系统共同构成了污水处理综合系统,它从整体上涵盖了污水处理的全过程.污水处理综合系统在构建和运行的过程中主要包括两方面的环境影响:1)物质资源的消耗;2)排放污染物对环境的危害,而后者在既往有关的污水处理系统分析中往往被忽略.为了更全面地了解污水处理过程的环境影响状况,本文以能值分析理论为基础对污水处理综合系统进行分析,同时,结合生态足迹理论对系统的可持续性进行分析.结果表明:水体污染物的环境影响能值远大于大气污染物,且主要受氨氮排放量的影响;污水处理综合系统的能值消耗主要为废物流能值和本地可更新资源能值;“处理厂系统+填埋系统”的能值利用效率最高,“处理厂系统+中水回用系统+焚烧系统”的能值利用效率最低;“处理厂系统+中水回用系统+填埋系统”的环境可持续性最好,而“处理厂系统+焚烧系统”的可持续性最差.     

阿德福韦酯治疗乙型肝炎的疗效及安全性分析

目的探讨阿德福韦酯治疗慢性乙型病毒性肝炎患者的临床疗效及安全性。方法将我院2010年2月~2014年4月收治的90例慢性乙型肝炎患者给予阿德福韦酯治疗,并定期监测(丙氨酸氨基酸转移酶)ALT,HBV DNA,HBeAg和抗-HBe,观察其病毒学应答率、血清学转换率、病毒学突破率和复发率;分析抗病毒治疗基线ALT(u/L)与血清学转换率。结果 (1)6个月累计病毒学应答率91.11%(82/90),1年为100%;(2)HBeAg阳性者1、2、3年累计HBeAg血清学转换率分别为27.91%、34.69%、40.33%;(3)基线ALT≥5×正常值上限(u/L)的患者3年发生HBeAg血清学转换率高于基线ALT5×正常值上限(u/L)的患者(50.00%、42.22%,χ2=5.527,P=0.013)。结论基线ALT水平可作为3年HBeAg血清学转换率预测指标;抗病毒治疗达我国《指南》终点标准仅仅是基本的停药标准,部分病人达标后仍有复发风险;阿德福韦酯治疗慢性乙型肝炎疗效确切,安全性高,值得临床推广应用。     

两种典型养鸡模式的能值分析

畜禽养殖的有机化过程被认为是实现养殖业持续发展与保障食品安全的重要途径.运用能值分析方法对两种典型养鸡模式——家庭有机饲养和林地散养进行了系统分析,并结合Castellini等人对意大利所做的同类研究(工业规模化笼养和草地散养)进行了横向对比.结果表明,林地散养生产系统的能值产出率为1.11,与家庭有机饲养系统相近,而在环境负载率和可持续发展能力方面的表现,均差于家庭有机饲养生产系统,说明林地散养模式尽管通过提高系统生产空间,理论上接近畜禽养殖的有机化理念,但由于大量的禽舍建筑、医药及其饲料等方面的外部资源输入,反而使得系统的环境负载率提高,可持续性大大下降.与意大利的结果比较发现,我国两个养殖系统的社会经济成本高、对外部不可再生资源的依赖程度较高,有机化目标并没有很好的实现.因此,我国现有的有机化畜禽养殖方式和外部制度都有待进一步改进和创新.     

Emergy analysis of cassava chips-suitable feedstock for fuel ethanol in China

The theory and indices of Odum's concept of emergy are explained. The environmental and economic inputs and sustainability of cassava chips production system are evaluated by emergy methodology. The emergy indices of cassava chips production system were calculated as follows: Tr (transformity) was 6.85E + 11 sej/kg, EYR (emergy yield ratio) was 1.11, ELR (environmental loading ratio) was 1.75, EIR (emergy investment ratio) was 9.33, and ESI (emergy sustainability indice) was 0.63. The emergy indices of four kinds of feedstock for fuel ethanol—corn, wheat, sugarcane, and cassava chips—were compared. Least solar energy was consumed when taking cassava chips as feedstock for fuel ethanol. According to the emergy indices, using cassava chips as the feedstock of fuel ethanol is helpful for sustainable development in China.     

Emergy analysis of biogas production and electricity generation from small-scale agricultural digesters

An emergy analysis was performed to assess the relative sustainability and environmental impact of small-scale energy production using Taiwanese model plug-flow anaerobic digesters to treat livestock manure in Costa Rica. Emergy analysis quantifies all inputs to a system by converting them to solar energy equivalents, thus allowing for direct comparison of the diverse inputs of renewable energies, human labor and economic goods needed to construct and maintain anaerobic digestion systems. The digesters were located on the campus of EARTH University, Costa Rica, and the biogas was utilized to power a 40 kW generator that supplies electricity for farm operations. Separate emergy analyses were performed for the biogas production and the combination of biogas production and generation of electricity. Manure was the largest input in both analyses, accounting for 85.3% of the annual emergy input for biogas production and 66.9% for electricity generation from the biogas. The fraction of emergy inputs from renewable sources (ΦR) was 66% for biogas production and 52% for electricity generation from the biogas. The transformities of biogas and electricity generation from the biogas were 5.23E+04 sej/J and 1.01E+06 sej/J respectively. The emergy yield ratios (EYR) were 2.93 for biogas production and 2.07 for electricity generation indicating that these digesters efficiently match purchased resources and renewable energies to produce energy from livestock manure. The generation of electricity from the biogas resulted in a decrease in the emergy sustainability index (ESI) from 5.67 to 2.22 and an increase in the environmental loading ratio (ELR) from 0.52 to 0.93. Using a generator to convert the biogas to electricity does decrease the sustainability of the system, largely due to the high emergy value associated with the electrical generation equipment and machinery, but these results demonstrate that the production of biogas and the generation of electricity from Taiwanese model digesters in Costa Rica are environmentally sustainable processes that result in the production of energy that is largely dependent on renewable and recycled energies.     

Emergy synthesis of a combined food and energy production system compared to a conventional wheat (Triticum aestivum) production system

It is a major challenge to produce food and energy sustainably for the ever increasing world population as today's conventional food production and energy needs are met by the fossil based resources, causing enormous environmental load. A novel, combined food and energy (CFE) agro-ecosystem, was designed for sustainable production of food, fodder and energy without chemical inputs (fertiliser, herbicide and fungicide). The objective was an emergy synthesis of the CFE system compared to a conventional wheat (Triticum aestivum) production system to assess resource use efficiency. The emergy indices, used to assess the environmental performance and sustainability, exhibited contrasting differences between the two production systems in terms of outputs (Y), total emergy use, solar transformity, relative use of local renewable resources, environmental loading ratio (ELR), emergy yield ratio (EYR) and emergy sustainability index (ESI). The Y in the CFE consisted of grain, straw, fodder and woodchip production of 4020, 3580, 6100 and 10,000 kg/ha/yr respectively whereas Y in the conventional wheat consisted of 7250 and 3770 kg grain and straw/ha/yr respectively. The Y in the CFE was 81% (2.80E+11 J/ha/yr) higher with 13.5 times (6.40E+03 seJ/J) lower solar transformity compared to the Y (1.54E+11 J/ha/yr) and solar transformity (8.63E+04 seJ/J) in the conventional wheat, exhibiting highly resource intensive production in conventional wheat. The local renewables constituted 19.2% and 2.6% of the total emergy input in the CFE and the conventional wheat respectively with a corresponding lower ELR (4.21) and 22.5% higher EYR (1.26) in CFE compared to conventional wheat. CFE was more reliant on local renewable emergy flows and compatible with the local environment with higher ESI (0.30) compared to conventional wheat (0.03), where 64.5% of the total emergy input constituted chemical inputs. The study demonstrated that the innovative agro-ecosystem, exemplified by CFE, is considerably less resource demanding and more amenable to sustainable production, whether defined in terms of outputs, solar transformity, relative use of local renewable resources, EYR, ELR or ESI.     

An environmental sustainability assessment of China’s cement industry based on emergy

As one of important building materials, the sustainability of cement production is widely concerned in the world. This research evaluated the sustainability of China’s cement industry in 2010 using emergy analysis. Several emergy based indicators were adopted to describe the comprehensive performance of this system from different angles, including Percentage of renewability (%R), Unit emergy value (UEV), Emergy yield ratio (EYR), Emergy exchange ratio (EER), Environmental load ratio (ELR) and Emergy sustainable index (ESI). The research results show that (1) Mineral resources have absolute contribution to China’s cement production; (2) Coal is the main energy source for China’s cement industry; (3) China’s cement industry has relatively weak competition ability due to relatively high ratio of purchased inputs; (4) China’s other industries have benefited greatly from this industry by exchanges; (5) China’s cement industry cannot keep sustainable in the long run due to its high environmental load; (6) the UEV of Chinese cement in 2010 is 3.64E15 sej/t (based on the emergy baseline 15.83E24 sej/yr). Finally, the related policy implications are proposed from four aspects, including (1) Accelerating the adjustment of process structure and technical innovation; (2) Promoting the substitution of raw materials or fuels; (3) Raising the price of cement products; (4) Decreasing the export of cement products.     

Emergy evaluations of three aquaculture systems on wetlands surrounding the Pearl River Estuary,China

Emergy and economic analysis, accompanied by sensitivity analysis, were used to evaluate the ecological economic characteristics of three fish aquaculture systems on wetlands surrounding the Pearl River Estuary in China. The sustainability of these systems was compared to two aquaculture systems and two wetland systems, to provide reference conditions for the best use of limited wetland areas. We found that the three systems studied had similar emergy characteristics, despite their very different economic characteristics. Counter intuitively, the high economic input and output mode did not have higher environmental impact or lower sustainability compared with low economic input and output mode. Apparently, the sustainability of an intensive aquaculture system is determined mainly by how many natural renewable resources are exploited. The large differences in economic benefit and environmental impacts between the mangrove reserve and the aquaculture systems demonstrated the important role of nature reserves on preserving the sustainability of an estuary. Transformity (TR) and Emergy Yield Ratio (EYR) are both indicators of system efficiency, but from different points of view, and they produced opposite results in assessing the efficiency of the same system in this study. The ratio of EYR to TR might be used in addition to the EYR and transformity as a discreet perspective on overall system production efficiency.     

An emergy evaluation of the sustainability of Chinese crop production system during 2000–2010

Crop production systems are the basis of human survival and development because they can produce grain and industrial raw materials. As one of the largest agricultural countries in the world, the sustainability of China's crop production system is being concerned widely with its economic development and increasing population. This study adopted emergy analysis to explore the comprehensive performance of this system. A set of emergy based indicator system was used to investigate its economic benefit, environmental pressure and sustainability from 2000 to 2010. The study results show that the purchased nonrenewable input makes the largest contribution to the total input (average value 60.73% of the total input), which mainly derived from agricultural mechanic equipments and chemical fertilizer; on the average, beans has the largest share (20.20%) to the total emergy output, next from rape seed (18.36%), then from peanuts (15.85%), fruits (15.74%), wheat (8.26%), rice (8.07%), corn (7.66%) and cotton (4.60%) accordingly, and the other four categories crops just have a contribution of 1.28%; the production efficiency of China's crop production system has been raised by 11.54% with decrease of the indicator unit emergy value of product (UEVP) from 1.82E09 sej/g to 1.61E09 sej/g, the dependence of this system on economic market has increased by 24.92% with growth of the indicator EIR from 6.22 to 7.77, its economic benefit has been reduced by 0.59% with decline of the indicator EYR from 1.69 to 1.68, and its environmental loading has raised by 57.89% with growth of the indicator ELR from 1.33 to 2.10; the sustainability of China's crop production system is reduced by 37.01% with decrease of the index ESI from 1.27 to 0.80, during this study period. Based on these study results, the following measures should be emphasized in future, including raising the efficiency of purchased non-renewable resources (especially agricultural mechanical equipments and chemical fertilizer), using other methods of cultivation inherently more sustainable (e.g. replacing chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer, recycling organic wastes, biological control of agricultural pests, use of local renewable energy, and more), strengthening supervision of the related industrial processes and further promoting agricultural environmental protection.     

西部欠发达地区生态经济系统能值分析——以青海省海西蒙古族藏族自治州为例

青海省海西蒙古族藏族自治州（简称海西州）生态环境脆弱,快速发展的工业活动对当地生态环境造成严重破坏。海西州地处青藏高原东北部,是我国重要的生态安全屏障之一,在全国生态建设中处于特殊地位。能值分析法是一种基于热力学理论的环境核算方法。利用能值分析法对海西州生态经济系统运行现状进行评估;并应用能值指标评价海西州生态经济系统的可持续发展水平;通过对能值指标的时间序列分析揭示海西州生态经济系统的发展趋势,以期为海西州生态经济系统的可持续发展提供参考依据。研究结果表明,2016年支撑海西州生态经济系统运行的总能值投入量为6.69×10²⁴ sej,是2010年总能值投入量的1.94倍。在2010-2016年的7年内,不可更新资源的能值投入占当年总能值投入量的比例均超过90%,而可更新资源能值投入量与从系统外输入到海西州的能值量占比均较低。基于能值的指标分析显示：海西州的人均能值使用量、能值密度、能值货币比率、环境负载率分别从2010年的8.84×10¹⁸ sej/人、1.15×10¹³ sej/m²、3.05×10¹⁴ sej/US$、103.02增加到2016年的1.65×10¹⁹ sej/人、2.22×10¹³ sej/m²、9.12×10¹⁴ sej/US$、213.47;而相应的能值产出率、能值可持续发展指数则分别从2010年的2.66×10³和25.84降低到2016年的1.23×10³和5.74。研究结果表明虽然海西州经济得到发展、人民生活质量得到提高,而经济发展对当地不可再生资源依赖较大,给环境造成的压力不断增加。为从长远角度实现海西州的可持续发展,亟需转变经济发展方式,降低对不可更新能源的过度开发。此外,研究结果显示,海西州的能值交换率小于1,这说明研究时间范围内,海西州在对外贸易过程中处于不利地位,因此需增加单位产品的附加值以促进能值流的合理流动。