鸮形目8种鸟类线粒体DNA多态性研究

采用14种限制性内切酶,对鸮形目8种鸟类(Tyto alba、T.capensis、Otus bakkamoena、O.scops、Asio otus、A.flammeus、Strix aluco、Glaucidium cuculoides)线粒体DNA进行限制性片段长度多态分析, 结果表明:不同种间存在基因组长度多态性,短耳鸮为23.35 kb,长耳鸮为19.78 kb,斑头鸺鹠为18.62 kb,红角鸮为17.65 kb.鸮形目种间具有较高的遗传变异,其中仓鸮和草鸮的平均遗传距离为1.0%,长耳鸮和短耳鸮平均为10.8%,红角鸮和领角鸮平均为13.1%,灰林鸮和斑头鸺鹠为12.3%,其中红角鸮与斑头鸺鹠的平均遗传距离最大为17.5%.鸮形目鸟类线粒体DNA的进化速率为每百万年变化2.0%～2.2%,提示鸮形目两个科间在距今2 800～3 000万年前分歧开来,同时,鸱鸮科各种间的分歧时间在距今2 000～2 500万年前,即处于中新世中期.     

四川都江堰东方草鸮的繁殖记录

<正>东方草鸮(Tyto longimembris)隶属于鸮形目草鸮科,共有6个亚种的分化,我国分布的2个亚种为T.l.chinensis和T.l.pithecops。东方草鸮在我国主要分布于西南和华南(chinensis)以及台湾(pithecops),国外分布于印度次大陆、东南亚、菲律宾、新几内亚岛和澳大利亚(del Hoyo et al.1999,郑光美2011)。在《中国鸟类分类与分布名录》(第二版)中,东方草鸮的分布区并不包括四川省。实际上,早在2000年时就曾有报道称在四川省南充市高坪区发现草鸮的分布(胡锦矗2000),一直未能引起关注。有关东方草鸮繁殖生物学的资料,大多来自国外的     

四川林在甘肃的新分布

四川林 (Strix davidi)曾被认为是长尾林 (Strix uralensis)的一个亚种,即Strix uralensis davidi,过去有记录的分布点包括青海省的斑玛,四川省的宝兴、松潘和巴塘(郑作新等,1991;郑作新,2000).20世纪90年代以来,国际上的一些重要鸟类学著作将四川林列为一个独立的种,国际鸟类联盟(Bird Life International)还将之列为易危种(vulnerable),但目前为止尚无关于四川林生态学方面的研究报道(Konig et al.1999;Hoyo et al.,1999).我们在甘肃省发现了四川林的新分布区,并在莲花山自然保护区对四川林进行了观察,现报道如下.     

甘肃莲花山四川林鸮初步观察

四川林鸮(Strix davidi)是中国特产鸟类,目前已知仅分布于四川西部、甘肃南部的高山针叶林中,其生态学资料极为缺乏,尚无其巢址的报道。1866年法国博物学家Armand David首次在四川的森林中猎获了这种鸮类;1875年,Sharpe将它命名为长尾林鸮的一个亚种S.uralensis davidi。四川林     

中国樟科物种编目:问题和展望

<正>樟科(Lauraceae)隶属于被子植物木兰亚纲(Magnoliidae)木兰超目(Magnolianae)樟目(Laurales)(RevealChase,2011)。该科的化石记录可追溯至白垩纪中期,现存50属2,500–3,000种,泛热带分布(李捷和李锡文,2004),是被子植物分类中最困难的科之一(Paton et al.,2008)。根据分子系统学研究(Chanderbali et al.,2001;RohwerRudolph,2005),樟科包含最基部的Hypodaphnis Stapf分支、厚壳桂属(Cryptocarya R.Br.)群分支、檬果樟属(Caryodaphnopsis Airy Shaw)–新樟属(Neocinnamomum     

Novel Recombinant Seneca Valley Virus Isolated from Slaughtered Pigs in Guangdong Province

<正>Dear Editor,Since the first outbreak in Brazil in 2015, Seneca Valley virus(SVV) associated with porcine idiopathic vesicular disease,has shown increasing geographic distribution. Cases of SVV have been reported from several countries including the United States (US), Colombia, Thailand, Canada, and China(Pasma et al. 2008; Zhang et al. 2015; Sun et al. 2017; Wu et al. 2017; Liu et al. 2018; Saeng-Chuto et al. 2018). SVV     

A new record of the capped langur (Trachypithecus pileatus) in China

DEAR EDITOR, The distribution of the capped langur (Trachypithecus pileatus)in China has become controversial since Shortridge's langur (Trachypithecus shortridgei) was upgraded to a full species.The capped langur is considered to be distributed in northeast India,Bangladesh,Bhutan,and northwest Myanmar only (Brandon-Jones et al.,2004;Choudhury,2008,2014;Das et al.,2008;Groves,2001).In our field survey,however,we obtained photos of the capped langur,demonstrating its existence in China. Following the species promotion of Shortridge's langur (Brandon-Jones et al.,2004;Groves,2001) and the delimiting of its distribution range to northwestern Yunnan in China and northeastern Myanmar (Brandon-Jones et al.,2004;Cui et al.,2016;Das et al.,2008;Groves,2001;Htun et al.,2008),with a new record in southeastern Tibet (Wu et al.,2016),the capped langur has been deleted from the checklist of mammals in China (Jiang et al.,2015).Despite this,Dr.George Schaller has suggested that capped langurs might exist in the northeastern section of the Yarlung-Zangbo River (Choudhury,2008).     

棕腹杜鹃和乌鹃的宿主新记录

正棕腹杜鹃(Hierococcyx nisicolor)和乌鹃(Surniculus lugubris)是鹃形目(Cuculiformes)杜鹃科(Cuculidae)的寄生性繁殖鸟类(郑光美2011,Dickinson et al.2013)。目前棕腹杜鹃已记录的宿主主要为鹟科(Muscicapidae)鸟类,例如北灰鹟(Muscicapa dauurica)、白腹蓝姬鹟(Cyanoptila cyanomelana)等(Payne 2005,Erritz?e et al.2012)。     

广东鸟类鴞形类吸虫的研究 Ⅳ.鴞形科正鴞属五新种吸虫的描述

正鸮属(Strigea Abildgaard,1790)在吸虫分类学上隶属于鸮形科(Strigeidae Railliet,1919)鸮形亚科(Strigeinae Railliet,1919)的鸮形族(Strigeini Dubois,1936)。在本族中已有6个属,包括了在我国发现的侧鸮属(Laterostrigea Yang,1962)。就中以正鸮属发现较早,发现的虫种也较多。据Yamaguti(1958)整理,正鸮属列有32种(包括亚种在内);另加Bisseru(1956)报告的四个新种:S.neotides,S.lilensis,S.cuncumae,S.rhodesiensis;Bezubik(1958)报告的S.raabei新种;又在Skrjabin(1960)专著中,增添了二种:S.gracilicollis Dubois et Fain,1956和S.plogadis Dubinin,1938;此外,在我国也发现过一个新种S.egretta Yang,1962,合计起来,约有39种。本文报告在我国广州鸟体内检出的五新种正鸮属吸虫,拟定的学名如下:     

湖北省兽类新纪录-台湾灰麝鼩

<正>台湾灰麝鼩(Crocidura tanakae Kuroda,1938)属于鼩形目(Soricomorpha)鼩鼱科(Soricidae)麝鼩属,在台湾地区分布较广(Fang et al.,1997),其模式标本产于台湾台中市南投县。其后,Ellerman和Morrison-Scott (1951)等认为其是灰麝鼩(Crocidura attenuata)的亚种或同物异名(Ellerman     

Altitudinal segregation between Ural Owl Strix uralensis and Tawny Owl S. aluco: evidence for competitive exclusion in raptorial birds

Capsule The Owls were significantly segregated in space with the most important factor being altitude.

Aims To establish if the segregation between Ural and Tawny Owl on the level of habitat selection is due to different habitat requirements of the species or a consequence of competitive exclusion.

Methods Seven variables were recorded for habitat of Ural Owls, Tawny Owls that live in sympatry with Ural Owls and Tawny Owls that live in allopatry with Ural Owls. Data were gathered in five mountain areas covered with similar continuous montane forest inside and outside known Ural Owl distribution in Slovenia. Owl territories were surveyed in 2001 using playback method. Evidence for segregation was searched for using discriminant function analysis.

Results The altitudinal distribution of Tawny Owls sympatric to Ural Owls was restricted to low elevations with Ural Owls at high elevations. Where Ural Owls were absent, Tawny Owls widened the altitudinal part of their ecological niche to the mountaintop.

Conclusion Segregation between Tawny and Ural Owls is due to competitive exclusion, with the less competitive Tawny Owl being out-competed by the superior Ural Owl. The forests at foothills are influenced by human presence and therefore avoided by Ural Owls. In areas where both species live in sympatry, these areas act as refugia for Tawny Owls.     

Habitat displacement effect between two competing owl species in fragmented forests

Many owl species use the same nesting and food resources, which causes strong interspecific competition and spatio-temporal niche separation. We made use of a recent colonisation of Ural Owls (Strix uralensis) in southern Poland to compare habitat preferences of Tawny Owls (Strix aluco) allopatry and sympatry with Ural Owls. We investigated spatial niche segregation of Ural Owl and the Tawny Owl in sympatry and compared habitat preferences of Tawny Owls breeding in allopatry and sympatry. Tawny Owls breeding in sympatry with Ural Owls occupied forests with higher canopy compactness, sites located closer to forest border and to built-up areas, as well as stands with a higher share of fir and spruce and a lower share of beech as compared to sites occupied by Ural Owls. Allopatric Tawny Owls occupied sites with lower canopy compactness and bred at sites located further from forest borders and in stands with lower share of fir and spruce and a higher share of deciduous as compared to sympatric Tawny Owls. As Ural owls are dominant in relation to Tawny Owls, this indicates that the presence of Ural Owls prevents Tawny Owls from occupying deciduous-dominated and old stands located in forest interior areas, far from buildings and forest edges. The results support habitat displacement between the two species when breeding in sympatry. We also show that protection of large forest patches is crucial for the Ural Owl, a species still rare in central Europe, while small patches are occupied by the abundant Tawny Owl.     

浙江千岛湖黄腿渔鸮的繁殖记录

<正>黄腿渔鸮(Ketupa flavipes)隶属于鸮形目鸱鸮科,1836年由英国博物学家Brian Houghton Hodgson在尼泊尔发现并命名。为单型种,无亚种分化。分布范围从喜马拉雅山脉延伸至中南半岛东部、中国大陆中南部及台湾,我国主要见于东部、中部和南部。在云南、贵州、四川、重庆、湖北、湖南、安徽、江西、江苏、上海、浙江、福建、广东、广西和台湾等地有记录(郑光美2011),均为留鸟。黄腿渔鸮为我国国家Ⅱ级重点保护动物;在IUCN     

A comparison of three methods for planning a census of Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) populations living at high territorial density

Censusing nocturnal species such as the Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) living in a dense population can lead to an overestimate if individual signatures are not available. A technique that separates the individualistic call of the Tawny Owl could be a useful tool for an exhaustive census. Six Tawny Owl males were followed for nine months; 654 vocalizations were analysed. Three methods – Spectrographic Cross Correlation (SPCC), Acoustic Space (AS) and Visual Spectrogram Comparison (VSC) – were tested to assess their ability to classify the typical male call. For SPCC, 10 randomly selected hoots for each male were compared: the distributions of correlation coefficients differed in only 26.7% of the cases when intra and inter individual variability are compared. For AS, all the spectrograms were measured through 13 parameters and intra and inter individual distances were compared: the interval containing 95.4% of intra-individual measures also contained 95.9% of inter-individual comparisons. Both SPCC and AS are considered not to be able to adequately separate subjects. For VSC, 31 randomly selected hoots were visually compared by 5 helpers; their classifications were compared pairwise and with the real situation; operators correctly identified a male in 70% of cases (mean = 70.4 SD = 5.4). If we integrate VSC with information coming from field notes, we have a more powerful tool than the mapping method. It is plausible that this technique can be useful for an exhaustive census of Tawny Owl populations living at high densities.     

Tawny Owl Strix aluco as an indicator of Barn Owl Tyto alba breeding biology and the effect of winter severity on Barn Owl reproduction

In the temperate zone, food availability and winter weather place serious constraints on European Barn Owl Tyto alba populations. Using data collected over 22 years in a Swiss population, we analysed the influence of early pre‐breeding food conditions and winter severity on between‐year variations in population size and reproductive performance. To estimate pre‐breeding food conditions, we attempted a novel approach based on an index that combines Tawny Owl Strix aluco reproductive parameters and the occurrence of wood mice Apodemus sp. in their diet. Tawny Owls breed earlier in the season than Barn Owls and are strongly dependent on the abundance of wood mice for breeding. This index was strongly positively associated with the number of breeding pairs and early breeding in the Barn Owl. Winter severity, measured by snow cover and low temperatures, had a pronounced negative influence on the size of the breeding population and clutch size. Food conditions early in the breeding season and winter severity differentially affect the Barn Owl life cycle. We were able to use aspects of the ecology and demography of the Tawny Owl as an indicator of the quality of the environment for a related species of similar ecology, in this case the Barn Owl.     

Environmental correlates of annual survival differ between two ecologically similar and congeneric owls

Understanding how survival is affected by the environment is essential to gain insight into population dynamics and the evolution of life‐history traits as well as to identify environmental selection pressures. However, we still have little understanding of the relative effect of different environmental factors and their interactions on demographic traits and population dynamics. Here we used two long‐term, individual‐based datasets on Tawny Owl Strix aluco (1981–2010) and Ural Owl S. uralensis (1986–2010) to undertake capture‐mark‐recapture analysis of annual survival of adult females in response to three biologically meaningful environmental variables and their two‐way interactions. Despite the similar ecology of these two species, their survival was associated with different and uncorrelated environmental drivers. The main correlate of Tawny Owl survival was an inverse association with snow depth (winter severity). For Ural Owl, high food (vole) abundance improved survival during years with deep snow, but was less important during years with little snow. In addition, Ural Owl survival was strongly density‐dependent, whereas Tawny Owl survival was not. Our findings advise caution in extrapolating demographic inferences from one species to another, even when they are very closely related and ecologically similar. Analyses including only one or few potential environmental drivers of a species' survival may lead to incomplete conclusions because survival may be affected by several factors and their interactions.     

Herpersvirus strigis: host spectrum and distribution in infected owls.

Herpesvirus strigis, a new species of the genus Herpesvirus, is a pathogen for several species of owls in the order Srigiformes. Natural infection has been observed in the Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo L.), Long-eared Owl (Asio otus L.) and Snowy Owl (nyctea scandiaca L.) In addition the Little Owl (Athene noctua Scopolic) and Tengmalms Owl (Aegolius funereus L.) was experimentally infected. On the other hand the Tawny Owl (Strix aluco L.) and Barn Owl (Tyto albo Scopoli) proved resistant to a massive experimental infection. Of representatives from nine other orders of birds and mammals, only the Old World Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus L.) was found susceptible to this virus. Distribution of viral antigen in various organs of infected owls, as determined by immunofluorescence and by quantitative virus assay, was in accordance with the occurrence of macroscopic and microscopic lesions.     

Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in raptors from France

Little is known about the prevalence or importance of Toxoplasma gondii infections in raptors. Sera from Eurasian Buzzards (Buteo buteo, n=14), Tawny Owls (Strix aluco, n=12), Barn Owls (Tyto alba, n=18), Eurasian Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus, n=1), and Common Kestrels (Falco tinnunculus, n=8) were examined for agglutinating antibodies using the modified agglutination test at 1:25 dilution. Antibodies were not detected in Common Kestrels and the Eurasian Sparrowhawk but were detected in 11 Eurasian Buzzards (79%), six Tawny Owls (50%), and two Barn Owls (11%). Toxoplasma gondii, genotype II, was isolated from the brain of an adult Tawny Owl.     

Noise pollution and decreased size of wooded areas reduces the probability of occurrence of Tawny Owl Strix aluco

At present, urban areas cover almost 3% of the Earth's land surface, and this proportion is constantly increasing along with human population growth. Although urbanization leads to biodiversity decline, at the same time it creates a novel and extensive environment that is exploited by whole assemblages of organisms. These include predators, which use the matrix of different habitat types within the urban environment for breeding and/or foraging. This study investigated how attributes of the urban landscape influence the distribution pattern of a nocturnal acoustic predator, the Tawny Owl Strix aluco. The probability of occurrence of this species was correlated with the presence of natural forests, and the increasing size of wooded habitat patches within the urban landscape; however, Tawny Owls were less likely to occur at sites with high noise levels at night. Our study suggests that the distribution pattern of acoustic predators is shaped by the availability of primary habitat but reduced by noise intensity (which may decrease hunting efficiency). The Tawny Owl is a top predator in the urban environment and its presence/absence may therefore affect populations of other species; this provides clear evidence of the indirect effect of noise pollution on animal populations inhabiting urban environments.