磁化弧光等离子体对小麦种子刺激效应的研究

磁化弧光等离子体用于提高种子活力的技术已经得到大面积的推广.实验通过不同剂量的等离子体处理小麦种子后进行盆栽实验,结果表明小麦增产幅度为10.51%-19.73%,产量因素构成中的作用顺序为：穗长〉分蘖数〉千粒重,最佳处理剂量为2.0 A.另外,从生理角度进行机理研究,经2.0 A的磁化弧光等离子体处理种子后电导率提高18.28%,小麦呼吸速率较对照提高了23.32%-35.59%;根系活力比对照增加40.7%;ATP含量在真叶和根系中分别增加65.15%和57.60%.     

5406抗生菌肥特性及使用方法

5406菌肥的使用有多种方法,可与绿肥、厩肥混用或浸种、拌种、催芽和作为基肥使用等,都能起到很好的增产作用,如在缺磷地区使用,作物的增产效果更加明显。5406菌肥的浸出液也可以用于水稻与小麦浸种、浸根和喷施等,都能起到很好的增产效果。     

应用“5406”处理麦种效果好

应用“5406”处理大麦、小麦种子(浸种、拌种、催芽)亦有显著的效果。具有促使麦类作物早出苗、早成熟、成秧率高、茎秆粗壮、根系发达、有效分药多、穗大、粒多、结实率高、发病串减轻等作用。经过四年的小区试验和大田应用,比对照约增产一成左右。现将处理方法和效果介绍如下:     

关于水稻等几种作物药剂浸种试验的一些资料

自从保加利亚波波夫院士及苏联勒伯丰斯卡娅院士用溴化钾,对苯二酸,单宁或小苏打溶液浸种获得作物增产以後,我国各地相继效法,希望应用此项药剂浸种的措施使农业上能得到增产,我们在1953年起至1957年亦先後进行了数次水稻小麦等种子药剂浸种对生长与发育的观察试验,药剂主要有波波夫及勒伯辛斯卡娅试验中所用的溴化钾及小苏打外并有维生素丙及谷胱甘肽等。所得结果并不一致,对水稻而言,有的情况下可以增产,但在另一种情况下则效果又不明显;对小麦,油菜的春化并无显著促进作用。 (一)1953年试验:此项试验系与江苏省松江专区农场合作进行,供试水稻品种为老来青;试验用药剂有溴化钾0.3％,对苯二酚0.3％加溴化钾0.05％及小苏打1％水溶液等;浸种时间     

关于用氯化钠溶液浸种以提高小麦抗盐性的苗期观察

在采用盆栽,人工造成的盐渍土,土壤质地为粉砂质粘土,处理期间土壤一般保持最大田间持水量60%左右的情况下,用 NaCl 溶液浸渍经水吸胀后的小麦种子,在苗期到孕穗——抽穗期的几个发育阶段中,因获得抗盐性基础,而产生的生物学特性或生理特征如下:1.在土壤含盐0.15—0.65%的情况下,用3%NaCl 液浸种1小时的,苗期根的含 Cl~-量比其他处理都少。根内含 Cl~-%此茎、叶内要低1%左右,与6%NaCl 液浸种处理的根、茎含Cl~-较之,前者差数此后者要大一倍(6%NaCl 液处理的根内含 Cl~-量此茎只少0.5%左右)。2.小麦苗期体雨含 Cl~-的多少,在用 NaCl 液浸种的前提下,随浸种的浓度增加而增加。而在浸种浓度和基质合盐浓度相同的条件下,随浸种的时间加长而增多(见图3、4)。3.经高渗盐液处理过的种子,其植株代谢强度减低而一般表现在苗期干物质重此对照少。但减低程度随浸种溶液浓度不同而不同。在土壤盐渍不太严重情况下,3%液比6%液减低的要少。4.在0.2%土壤舍盐情况下,用8%盐液浸种1小时的比其他处理幼苗生长迅速,抽三叶期早。5.经高渗盐液浸种有促进小麦种子根及次生根发育的良好作用。在不同等极土壤含盐基质中,小麦苗期根的耙对重以浸种1小时的较之,3%盐液浓度此6%好(见表3)。拔节期3%,4%盐液浸种1小时根茎绝对重显著地高于对照和其他处理。孕穗—抽穗期根茎重皆高于未处理的对照(见表5)。根:茎比值,用盐液处理的植株,此值比淡土上植株小一倍,比未浸种的对照也较小(见表4),在幼苗期该值因浸种浓度不同一般有下列趋势:3%<6%<对照(见表3)。6.用3%盐液浸种1小时的在孕穗—抽穗期此未处理的对照更能忍受逐渐盐渍化的危害。7.经盐液处理过的种子出苗日期此只经水吸胀的种子要迟缓,而且浸种浓度越大则越迟。在土壤盐渍渐重的情况下,出苗日期和发芽势皆随盐分的增高而推迟和减弱。8.经过高渗盐液处理过的种子,播种在盐渍化土中,也有的有受盐害情况,如少数种子根能常发育,而胚芽受抑制。或胚芽鞘肥厚,第一叶扭曲或叶尖焦黄。     

PGPR植物促生肥在大豆上应用效果研究

目的:探讨PGPR植物促生肥在大豆上的应用效果.方法:采用田间小区随机试验及大区简单对比处理、拌种及作种肥施用方式进行,生育期调查,对产量及产量构成因子进行比较分析.结果:大区对比试验,亩施100ml液体菌剂或1.0kg粉剂拌种,与常规施肥的对照相比,大豆早熟2～3d,根瘤数增加3.0～26.8个/株,百粒重增加0.2～0.8g,产量提高3.2%～12.7%.除1个试验点因低温干旱增产不明显外,其余试验点增产率都超过6%.其中,液体拌种平均增产9%,固体粉末作种肥平均增产9.3%,与小区试验结果基本相吻合.结论:PGPR植物促生肥在大豆上应用效果稳定,增产显著,具有实际推广应用价值.     

45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫嗪种衣剂对麦田宽背金针虫和麦秆蝇的防治效果

采用田间试验评价的方法研究了45%烯肟菌胺·苯醚甲环唑·噻虫种衣剂对麦田宽背金针虫Selatosomus latus F.和麦秆蝇Meromyza saltatrix L.的防治效果。结果表明,该药剂对麦田宽背金针虫、麦秆蝇的防虫效果分别为71.43%-86.27%、55.35%-74.65%,以每10 kg种子80 g药剂处理防效最好;处理区小麦产量明显增加,增产率最高为15.87%。该三元复合种衣剂在防治小麦病虫害中具大面积应用的前景。     

玉米秸秆还田配施生防放线菌S024对麦田土壤微生物及小麦纹枯病的影响

采用大田人工接种的方法,研究了玉米秸秆不同还田量以及玉米秸秆还田与生防放线菌S024同时施用对麦田土壤微生物、小麦纹枯病和小麦产量的影响。结果表明:玉米秸秆还田能够显著增加土壤细菌和放线菌数量;秸秆还田同时施用生防菌,拔节期土壤放线菌数量与不还田(对照)相比,平均增加50%,土壤中小麦纹枯病菌的数量与对照相比减少了20%。秸秆还田处理在拔节期对小麦纹枯病有较好的防病效果,其中生防菌+秸秆加倍还田(9000kg.hm-2)处理的防病效果最好,病情指数减退率达57.4%。玉米秸秆还田对小麦有一定增产作用,其中生防菌+秸秆加倍还田处理增产幅度最大,增产23.1%。     

白菜、苹果得高产

1992年大连市郊区董家沟村农西屯林永宁,用高美施喷施大白菜.供试品种为鲁白2号,试验用400倍、600倍和800倍液,对照喷清水.各处理重复三次.喷施时间为9月14日和9月21日,即在包心始期午后叶面喷施两次. 喷施高美施,产量明显提高.11月8日收获后,测定对照实产为每亩4405.6公斤;喷400倍液的亩产5633.1公斤,比对照增产21.8%;喷600倍的亩产5326.9公斤,比对增产17.3%;喷800倍液的亩产5158.6公斤,比对照增产     

供肥对小麦间作蚕豆群体产量及根系的调控

利用田间,池栽,盆栽等方法,对不同N,P水平下小麦间作蚕豆群体根系的时空分布及产量效应进行了研究。结果表明,供P对小麦-蚕豆间作系统有明显的增产作用,与不供P相比,田间试验中供P处理间作小麦和蚕豆分别提高了48.39%和16.69%,池栽试验中群体产量增产幅度为20.07%-43.14%。间作蚕豆经济产量增幅为58.46%-78.78%,小麦间作蚕豆多作系统2种作物根密度生长高峰期交错出现,小麦的峰值出现早于蚕豆,其中,小麦和蚕豆根干重最大值分别出现在抽穗期和成熟期,而根长的最大值分别出现在拔节期和成熟期,这在一定程度上减轻了共生期2种作物对水肥的竞争,也是此群体增产增效的原因之一,施P处理间作小麦的根重,根长和根表面积分别比不施P处理提高54.33%,48.88%和47.00%;施N处理间作小麦的根重,根长和根表面积分别比不施N的增加15.25%,11.61%和11.46%。间作小麦根重的57.61%和蚕豆的69.20%分布在0-30cm土层,随施P水平的提高,总根干重及根密度都趋于增加,且深层土壤中根系增加明显。     

含水量对种子贮藏寿命的影响

建立以收集种子为主体的基因库乃是当今保护植物种质资源最为普遍且可靠易行的方式,在世界库存约 61 0 0 0 0 0份种质资源中,近 90 %是以种子形式保存于约 1 30 0个基因库中。低温贮藏仍是目前基因库中种子种质保存的主要方法。种子含水量和贮藏温度是影响种子在贮藏期间生活力和活力保持的关键因素。传统的经验认为控制温度比控制水分来得安全有效,因而趋向于向低温或超低温的贮藏方向发展。国际植物遗传资源研究所（ＩＰＧＲＩ）曾推荐 5%～ 6%的含水量和 - 1 8～- 2 0℃低温作为各国长期保存种子的理想条件。目前,世界各国都把更多的…     

Seed survival of the tropical tree Cryptocarya aschersoniana (Lauraceae): Consequences of habitat disturbance

Seed survival in soil could be strongly influenced by habitat characteristics, but little is known about the behaviour of seeds sensitive to desiccation in seed banks installed in natural or disturbed habitats. Cryptocarya aschersoniana seeds disperse at the end of the rainy season but do not germinate immediately; thus, they may form seed banks in soil. This study evaluated the behaviour of C. aschersoniana seed banks induced in the natural environment of the species and in a disturbed area. Recently harvested C. aschersoniana germination units were characterized according to their water content, germination and viability. In 2011 and 2012, seed banks were established by burying samples of seeds in the understory of a semi‐deciduous forest. In 2012, samples were also buried in a disturbed area. The seed banks were sampled at certain time intervals, and the samples were characterized as described above. Precipitation and air temperature data were collected. As a result, seeds in the seed bank established in the natural environment form a transient seed bank and showed the same behaviour in both years studied. A germination peak was observed starting 210 days after burial (coinciding with the onset of the rainy season) and reached germination percentages higher than 80% at the end of the experiment for both years. Seed mortality did not exceeded 28% in the natural environment. However, in the disturbed environment, the seeds lost their viability more rapidly, with 90% of the seeds becoming unviable 240 days after burial. Germinated seeds in the disturbed environment (maximum 21%) were not able to establish seedlings. These results underscore the importance of maintaining a natural, undisturbed forest for the conservation of this species.     

不同种子预处理对10种沙拐枣植物萌发的影响

为了确定沙拐枣植物种子的萌发特性及最优播前预处理方法,在实验室条件下,对10种沙拐枣植物的种子进行了磨砺、硫酸和热水浸泡、冷藏、种子浸出液处理,然后进行发芽实验研究。萌发实验的结果表明,10种沙拐枣植物对于不同的种子预处理,均表现出相似的萌发反应。磨砺、硫酸浸泡和冷藏处理对种子萌发有明显地促进作用。与对照相比,种子浸出液处理对种子的发芽率、发芽速度均具有明显地抑制作用,并能增强种子的休眠。冷藏处理具有打破有活力的种子休眠、促进种子萌发的作用,但它与热水浸泡处理一样,对有活力种子表现出一定的致死作用。沙拐枣植物的萌发模式在不同种子预处理问均表现出明显的差异性。机械磨擦和硫酸处理能够促进种子的萌发率及发芽势。泡果沙拐枣(Callingonum junceum)在本项实验中表现出很强的萌发能力。     

The ecophysiology of seed persistence: a mechanistic view of the journey to germination or demise

Seed persistence is the survival of seeds in the environment once they have reached maturity. Seed persistence allows a species, population or genotype to survive long after the death of parent plants, thus distributing genetic diversity through time. The ability to predict seed persistence accurately is critical to inform long‐term weed management and flora rehabilitation programs, as well as to allow a greater understanding of plant community dynamics. Indeed, each of the 420000 seed‐bearing plant species has a unique set of seed characteristics that determine its propensity to develop a persistent soil seed bank. The duration of seed persistence varies among species and populations, and depends on the physical and physiological characteristics of seeds and how they are affected by the biotic and abiotic environment. An integrated understanding of the ecophysiological mechanisms of seed persistence is essential if we are to improve our ability to predict how long seeds can survive in soils, both now and under future climatic conditions. In this review we present an holistic overview of the seed, species, climate, soil, and other site factors that contribute mechanistically to seed persistence, incorporating physiological, biochemical and ecological perspectives. We focus on current knowledge of the seed and species traits that influence seed longevity under ex situ controlled storage conditions, and explore how this inherent longevity is moderated by changeable biotic and abiotic conditions in situ, both before and after seeds are dispersed. We argue that the persistence of a given seed population in any environment depends on its resistance to exiting the seed bank via germination or death, and on its exposure to environmental conditions that are conducive to those fates. By synthesising knowledge of how the environment affects seeds to determine when and how they leave the soil seed bank into a resistance–exposure model, we provide a new framework for developing experimental and modelling approaches to predict how long seeds will persist in a range of environments.     

壳斗科三种植物种子大小对昆虫寄生及种子存活率的影响

种子内的寄生昆虫可以严重影响种子的发育、损害种子活力。种子足余策略理论认为大种子有利于抵御和适应昆虫寄生取食,但动物最优觅食理论推测,大种子更易遭受昆虫寄生。为对这两种对立观点进行验证,本实验以青冈、苦槠和麻栎各2个种群的种子为材料,对昆虫寄生与完好种子间的体积和萌发率进行比较,并对寄生种子萌发率与种子体积的关系进行了分析。结果显示:(1)在6个种群的种子中,只有松阳麻栎和青冈种群的寄生种子体积大于完好种子,其余4个种群的寄生种子体积小于完好种子,但这种差异不显著;(2)所有寄生种子的整体萌发率(18%)显著低于完好种子(45.66%)(P<0.001),在不同种群内,寄生种子的萌发率也分别显著低于完好种子。(3)比较同种植物体积差异显著的寄生种子的萌发率发现,大种子总比小种子具有更高的萌发率,但差异不显著;在不同植物的寄生种子间比较时,体积最大的麻栎种子萌发率显著高于体积较小的青冈和苦槠种子。研究结果表明,象虫在种子上产卵时对大种子没有选择偏好,在昆虫寄生取食严重损害种子活力的压力下,大种子比小种子具有更强的耐受力。     

A comparative study of seed yield parameters in Arabidopsis thaliana mutants and transgenics

Because seed yield is the major factor determining the commercial success of grain crop cultivars, there is a large interest to obtain more understanding of the genetic factors underlying this trait. Despite many studies, mainly in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, have reported transgenes and mutants with effects on seed number and/or seed size, knowledge about seed yield parameters remains fragmented. This study investigated the effect of 46 genes, either in gain- and/or loss-of-function situations, with a total of 64 Arabidopsis lines being examined for seed phenotypes such as seed size, seed number per silique, number of inflorescences, number of branches on the main inflorescence and number of siliques. Sixteen of the 46 genes, examined in 14 Arabidopsis lines, were reported earlier to directly affect in seed size and/or seed number or to indirectly affect seed yield by their involvement in biomass production. Other genes involved in vegetative growth, flower or inflorescence development or cell division were hypothesized to potentially affect the final seed size and seed number. Analysis of this comprehensive data set shows that of the 14 lines previously described to be affected in seed size or seed number, only nine showed a comparable effect. Overall, this study provides the community with a useful resource for identifying genes with effects on seed yield and candidate genes underlying seed QTL. In addition, this study highlights the need for more thorough analysis of genes affecting seed yield.     

Lack of adequate seed supply is a major bottleneck for effective ecosystem restoration in Chile: friendly amendment to Bannister et al. (2018)

We argue that the need for a quality seed supply chain is a major bottleneck for the restoration of Chile's native ecosystems, thus supplementing the list of bottlenecks proposed by Bannister et al. in 2018. Specifically, there is a need for defining seed transfer zones, developing standards and capacities for properly collecting and storing seeds, reducing information gaps on seed physiology and longevity, and implementing an efficient seed supply chain with certification of seed origin and quality. Without such capacities, countries are unlikely to meet their restoration commitments. Although we focus on bottlenecks in Chile, the issues we raise are relevant to other countries and thus the global agenda for ecological restoration.     

香果树(Emmenopterys henryi)种群种子雨、种子库及 实生苗数量的海拔梯度变化

香果树为我国Ⅱ级野生保护植物,由于原生境中香果树种群的数量迅速减少,目前已濒临灭绝,种群亟待恢复。研究了武夷山不同海拔的香果树种群种子雨、种子库及其幼苗存活现状,目的是阐明不同海拔地区的香果树种群自然更新的动态过程,寻找其更新脆弱的环节及其影响因素,为香果树自然种群的恢复提供理论依据。以分布于不同海拔高度（819、980、1 140及1 301 m）的香果树母树为中心,在其周围（东、南、西、北四个方位）布设种子雨收集框和土壤种子库样方,连续观测种子雨和种子库的动态,并对不同地表覆盖物中种子萌发及幼苗数量进行观测和记录。结果表明,武夷山香果树种群种子雨持续时间近2个月,尤其是11月底至12月中旬为种子雨高峰期;随着海拔的上升,香果树种子总密度以及虫蛀种子密度均显著降低,但千粒重以及饱满种子密度则有所增加;香果树土壤种子库为瞬时种子库,其水平分布以母树南侧和西侧种子密度较大,母树北侧种子密度最小。香果树种子的垂直分布主要集中于枯落物和苔藓层;3月时香果树土壤种子库中存留的饱满种子仅占种子散布后1.80%,而1年实生苗存活率为6.18%,土壤种子库的损耗是其种群自然更新困难的主要原因;不同地表覆盖物对香果树幼苗的存活产生显著影响,枯落物及苔藓层的幼苗死亡率显著高于土壤表面。建议清理林内枯落物及苔藓,增加林内裸露土壤的面积,减小地上草本的盖度,以减少种子霉烂、虫蛀的几率,增加香果树实生苗胚根与土壤接触的几率以及改善光照条件,促进香果树自然更新。     

Comparing methods of weed seed exposure to predators

Several methods of seed exposure are used in seed predation studies, but how these methods influence the results remains poorly studied. In this article, two commonly used methods of seed exposure – seed cards and plasticine trays – were compared in the field and in the laboratory using three species of weed seeds. In the field, cards or trays with seeds were exposed either with or without cages to keep vertebrates out and either with or without impermeable roofs to provide protection from the weather. The overall seed retrieval from the control stands varied significantly between the methods of seed exposure, roof treatment and the species of seeds, and the scatter in the seed retrieval increased or decreased monotonically with the temperature or precipitation for some species of seeds. This indicates that the controls were more or less relevant depending on the weather conditions and species. The seed removal from cards varied between the species of seeds. The effect of exclosure cages indicated that invertebrates were the dominant seed predators of Capsella bursa‐pastoris, while in Poa annua and Stellaria media both vertebrates and invertebrates were important. Higher seed removal from plasticine trays compared to seed cards was found for all three species of seeds, and placing roofs over the seeds affected seed removal in C. bursa‐pastoris and P. annua. In the laboratory, seed consumption varied with the method of exposure in 10 out of 12 combinations of seed species and predator (two species of carabids and two species of isopods). The overall tendency was the opposite of the field observations: seed consumption was higher for seeds on filter paper and cards compared to seeds on tin trays. We conclude that seed cards are more convenient for short term studies in the field, while tin trays are useful in laboratory multi‐choice experiments. To measure the realistic consumption of invertebrate predators in the laboratory, filter paper seems to be the best option as it does not present an obstacle to predators eating the seed. Using roofs introduced further bias regarding the estimates of seed removal in the field and thus should be avoided.