不同处理方法对油楠成熟和过熟种子萌发特性的影响

为破除油楠(Sindora glabra Merr.ex de Wit)种子的物理休眠,研究不同处理方法对油楠种子萌发特性的影响。结果表明,所有处理方法对油楠成熟和过熟种子萌发均产生显著影响。40℃热水和50 mgL~(-1)萘乙酸有利于成熟种子的萌发,发芽率超过55%,较对照显著提高约10%,而其他方法处理的成熟种子发芽率为4.0%~46.0%,低于对照。采用98%浓硫酸浸泡25 min最有利于过熟种子的萌发,其发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数分别较对照显著提高90%、76%和7以上,且发芽时间显著缩短了9 d,对过熟种子处理的其他方法均能不同程度地促进萌发。因此,对于成熟种子,推荐采用低温热水浸泡或弱腐蚀性的化学处理;而对于过熟种子,宜采用浓硫酸浸泡25 min的处理。     

影响翅果油树种子萌发及幼苗生长的几种因素的比较研究

通过对翅果油树种子进行了适温处理、变温处理、激光处理、超声波处理、H₂O₂处理、PEG处理,对发芽实验进行研究,然后测定发芽率、发芽势、萌发指数、根长、芽长、株高、茎粗以及叶绿素含量。萌发实验的结果表明, 变温预处理和PEG预处理能最有效地解除抑制物对种子萌发的影响,对种子进行变温处理和PEG处理是解除种子休眠和提高萌发率的有效途径。本实验为促进濒危植物翅果油树的种群繁衍以及对翅果油树的可持续利用提供一定的科学依据。     

不同预处理方法对牛皮杜鹃和小叶杜鹃种子萌发的影响

采用3种方法(用100、200、400、600和800 mg·L-1GA3浸种24 h、用清水浸种6、12和24 h以及用超声波处理10、20和30 min)对牛皮杜鹃(Rhododendron aureum Georgi)和小叶杜鹃(R.parvifolium Admas.)种子进行预处理,以未经预处理的种子为对照,选择发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数以及萌发时滞、萌发高峰期、发芽持续时间为分析指标,对预处理后种子的萌发状况进行了比较分析。结果表明:采用适宜的预处理方法对牛皮杜鹃和小叶杜鹃种子的萌发有促进作用;总体上看,GA3浸种的促进作用优于另外2种预处理方法。用不同质量浓度GA3浸种24 h,2种植物种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数均极显著高于对照,萌发时滞和萌发高峰期均较对照缩短;其中,用400 mg·L-1GA3浸种的牛皮杜鹃种子和用600 mg·L-1GA3浸种的小叶杜鹃种子的发芽率最高,分别达到73.50%和81.00%。用清水浸种6 h的牛皮杜鹃种子和用清水浸种24 h的小叶杜鹃种子的发芽率分别显著和极显著高于对照。用功率50 W、频率40 kHz的超声波分别处理10或20 min后,2种植物种子的发芽率均极显著高于对照,其中,用超声波处理20 min的牛皮杜鹃种子和用超声波处理10 min的小叶杜鹃种子的发芽率最高。清水浸种和超声波处理对2种植物种子的萌发时滞、萌发高峰期和发芽持续时间的影响均不明显。研究结果显示:用400mg·L-1GA3浸泡24 h和用600 mg·L-1GA3浸泡24 h分别是牛皮杜鹃和小叶杜鹃种子的最优预处理方法,可极显著提高2种植物种子的发芽率并缩短发芽时间。     

麻花秦艽种子休眠机理及其破除方法

通过对干燥贮藏后熟麻花秦艽种子透水性和粗提物活性的测定以及采用高锰酸钾、赤霉素、青霉素、硫酸、流水浸泡方法进行发芽试验,探讨了种子休眠机理和破除休眠的技术。结果表明:麻花秦艽种子吸水过程符合Logistic曲线,其种皮对种子吸水无阻碍作用;硫酸和高锰酸钾处理极显著提高了麻花秦艽种子的发芽率(P<0.01),说明种皮机械障碍是种子萌发的因素之一。种子粗提物在浓度为0.02—0.2 g/mL时具有很强的抑制活性,均对小麦、白菜和麻花秦艽种子萌发和生长产生抑制作用以及流水浸泡可以提高麻花秦艽种子发芽率,表明种子内源抑制物是影响其休眠的另一因素。不同处理均打破了种子休眠,显著提高了种子发芽率,其中1.5%高锰酸钾浸泡10 min光照培养下种子发芽率及发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数均显著高于其他处理(P<0.05)。相比对照,1.5%高锰酸钾处理的种子发芽率极显著提高106.9%。经1.5%高锰酸钾浸泡10 min的麻花秦艽种子粗提物对白菜种子萌发的抑制作用低于未处理,以浓度为0.02—0.04 g/mL时抑制显著,说明高锰酸钾可减弱麻花秦艽种子内源抑制物的活性。综上所述,麻花秦艽种子的休眠属综合休眠。     

三种植物生长调节剂对降香黄檀种子发芽的影响

采用三种植物生长调节剂GA3、IBA和6-BA不同浓度按正交设计方法,搭配处理组合,对降香黄檀种子进行处理,通过对种子发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数指标的测定,研究不同浓度的植物生长调节剂对珍贵用材树种降香黄檀种子萌发的影响。结果表明:3种植物生长调节剂浸种对降香黄檀种子萌发以6-BA的促进效果较好,GA3次之,而IBA对降香黄檀种子的发芽促进作用不明显,以处理组合6-BA50mg/L6h为最优,显著提高种子的萌发率。     

板蓝根种子的吸水特性及发芽条件研究

采用室内测定方法,对板蓝根种子的吸水特性及不同处理下种子的发芽率、发芽势和相对活力指数等进行比较研究。结果表明,板蓝根种子具有快速吸水的生物学特性,分为快速吸水期、缓慢吸水期和缓慢吐水期三个阶段,入水后2 h的吸水量达最大吸水量的73.29%,为快速吸水阶段;温度对板蓝根种子的萌发影响较大,最适发芽温度为30℃。光照、发芽床和种子预处理对板蓝根种子的萌发无明显影响。这说明板蓝根种子的萌发主要取决于水分和温度。     

人工老化处理对结球甘蓝种子生理生化特性的影响

以结球甘蓝品种‘冬升’种子为材料,研究高温(40℃)高湿(相对湿度100%)人工老化处理过程中种子的萌发特性、种子浸出液相对电导率和丙二醛、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖含量以及抗氧化酶活性的变化,以揭示种子劣变的机理。结果表明:(1)人工老化处理甘蓝种子的含水量和不正常苗率均随着老化时间的延长逐渐增加,而种子发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数的增加均逐渐降低。(2)随着处理天数的延长,老化处理甘蓝种子的浸出液电导率显著增大,浸出液可溶性糖含量逐渐升高,可溶性蛋白含量表现出显著下降趋势,而种子MDA含量呈先升高后逐渐下降的趋势。(3)在结球甘蓝种子老化进程中,其种子中SOD、POD、CAT活性变化的趋势相似,均随老化程度的加深而逐渐降低;而APX活性在老化处理的最初2d显著增加,第6天显著降低。研究发现,在结球甘蓝种子老化进程中,种子活力和萌发率显著降低,其种子浸出液电导率、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量、保护酶活性变化与种子老化及劣变程度密切相关,膜脂过氧化作用可能是引起或加剧种子老化劣变的重要原因之一。     

预处理方式对香蒲和芦苇种子萌发的影响

有性繁殖是植物种群形成与维持的主要方式。为探索退化湿地的快速恢复方法,为松花江下游退化湿地恢复提供科学依据,本研究开展了香蒲和芦苇种子快速发芽的有性繁殖实验。研究采用滤纸为发芽基质,通过变温培养试验,以未浸种处理为参照,分析了蒸馏水、双氧水(H₂O₂)、硝酸钾(KNO₃)和高锰酸钾(KMnO₄)溶液浸种的预处理方式对香蒲、芦苇种子发芽率和发芽速率的影响。结果表明:不同预处理方式对香蒲、芦苇种子的发芽率和发芽速率均具有显著影响。KMnO₄溶液浸种再清洗处理条件下,香蒲种子发芽率和发芽速率均显著高于其他处理,平均发芽率可达未浸种处理条件下的3.1倍,发芽速率为16.17±0.80。芦苇种子的发芽率和发芽速率在经KNO₃溶液浸泡再清洗处理后效果最佳,种子发芽率达96%-99%,发芽速率达28.43±0.71。因此,分别对香蒲、芦苇种子采用KMnO₄和KNO₃溶液浸泡再清洗的预处理方式可以缩短出苗时间,提高发芽率,从而加速湿地植被恢复进程。     

香圆种子萌发特征及催芽技术

以香圆（Citrus wilsonii Tanaka）种子为实验材料,通过测定种皮透水性、种皮机械障碍、发芽温度等对种子萌发的影响从而探讨种子萌发特征;通过切割种子、热水浸种、赤霉素浸种、低温层积等处理方式探索种子的催芽方法。结果显示：香圆种皮不存在透水性障碍,但其机械障碍对种子萌发具有抑制作用,且内种皮对萌发影响较大;种子在15℃、25℃、35℃恒温及15℃/30℃变温条件下均可萌发,其最适萌发温度为25℃;采用低温层积、热水浸种、切除1/3种子等方法均可一定程度上促进种子萌发。生产中宜采用始温60℃热水浸种24h的方法对香圆种子进行催芽。     

几种试剂处理对石香薷种子萌发的影响

在试验条件下,分别用几种不同的试剂单独或联合对石香薷种子进行预处理,结果表明:用质量分数1.0%的KNO3进行预处理的石香薷种子,在湿沙发芽床上萌发效果较其它不同浓度的试剂均要好,而几种试剂联合预处理对石香薷种子萌发的促进作用不明显。     

盐生植物角果碱蓬种子二型性对环境的适应策略

角果碱蓬(Suaeda corniculata)是藜科一年生盐生植物, 在我国分布于北方盐碱滩涂和盐碱荒漠地区。角果碱蓬具有棕色和黑色两种异型体种子(简称棕色和黑色种子)。对采自内蒙古鄂托克前旗盐渍化生境的角果碱蓬二型种子的形态、休眠和萌发特性开展对比研究, 测定了二型种子休眠和萌发行为对温度、光照和盐分(NaCl)的响应, 以揭示盐生植物异型种子对温带盐漠生境的适应对策。结果表明: (1)二型性种子在大小、种皮特性和结实比例方面有显著差异。与黑色种子相比, 棕色种子个体较大, 种皮透水性强。黑色种子与棕色种子的结实比例约为5.6 : 1。(2)新成熟的棕色种子的萌发对各温度梯度和光照条件不敏感, 萌发率较高(84%-100%); 而新成熟的黑色种子萌发率较低(8%-78%), 萌发对光照敏感。(3)黑色种子具有浅度生理休眠, 种皮划破、赤霉素处理和低温层积均可有效地提高种子的萌发率。(4)二型种子萌发对土壤盐分的胁迫具有不同的响应。与黑色种子相比, 棕色种子对盐分胁迫不敏感, 在较高的盐分浓度下仍有较高的萌发率, 低温层积处理能够降低黑色种子对盐胁迫的敏感性, 有效地提高种子的初始萌发率、萌发恢复率和最终萌发率。角果碱蓬二型种子不同的形态、休眠和萌发特性, 提高了该物种在高度异质性生境中的适合度, 对种群成功地适应温带盐漠环境具有重要的意义。     

Seed Germination Ecology of the Cold Desert Annual Isatis violascens (Brassicaceae): Two Levels of Physiological Dormancy and Role of the Pericarp

The occurrence of various species of Brassicaceae with indehiscent fruits in the cold deserts of NW China suggests that there are adaptive advantages of this trait. We hypothesized that the pericarp of the single-seeded silicles of Isatis violascens restricts embryo expansion and thus prevents germination for 1 or more years. Thus, our aim was to investigate the role of the pericarp in seed dormancy and germination of this species. The effects of afterripening, treatment with gibberellic acid (GA₃) and cold stratification on seed dormancy-break were tested using intact silicles and isolated seeds, and germination phenology was monitored in an experimental garden. The pericarp has a role in mechanically inhibiting germination of fresh seeds and promotes germination of nondormant seeds, but it does not facilitate formation of a persistent seed bank. Seeds in silicles in watered soil began to germinate earlier in autumn and germinated to higher percentages than isolated seeds. Sixty-two percent of seeds in the buried silicles germinated by the end of the first spring, and only 3% remained nongerminated and viable. Twenty to twenty-five percent of the seeds have nondeep physiological dormancy (PD) and 75–80% intermediate PD. Seeds with nondeep PD afterripen in summer and germinate inside the silicles in autumn if the soil is moist. Afterripening during summer significantly decreased the amount of cold stratification required to break intermediate PD. The presence of both nondeep and intermediate PD in the seed cohort may be a bet-hedging strategy.     

初生休眠解除状态和干燥处理对水曲柳种子萌发的影响

为探究初生休眠解除状态和干燥处理对水曲柳种子萌发的影响，本文以初生休眠的成熟水曲柳种子为材料，研究经不同裸层积（暖温10周+低温8周、暖温12周+低温8周、暖温10周+低温10周、暖温12周+低温10周）和干燥处理（干燥、不干燥）的水曲柳种子在适宜温度和较高温条件下的萌发表现。结果表明，初生休眠解除状态不同的水曲柳种子在不同温度下的萌发表现具有相似的规律，种子的萌发会受到干燥处理的影响。不经干燥处理的种子解除休眠越充分，其萌发能力就越强，但层积处理后的种子若经过干燥处理，则解除休眠越充分（尤其是低温时间越长），种子萌发能力下降越多。水曲柳种子次生休眠（热休眠）的诱导受种子初生休眠解除状态的影响较小，但受干燥处理影响较大。干燥处理会降低水曲柳种子的萌发能力，尤其是较高温条件下的萌发能力，初生休眠解除越充分的种子萌发受干燥处理影响越大。生产中如需对解除休眠的种子干燥处理，选择暖温10周+低温8周的层积方法处理种子效果最好。     

Dormancy Release,Germination, and Electrolyte Leakage from Apple Embryos during Stratification in the Presence of Sucrose

The dynamics of dormancy release during the stratification of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) seeds was quantitatively described by three characteristics of seeds germination: the percentage of seeds that germinated by the tenth day, mean germination time, and the sum of seeds germinated in each of ten days (Timson's parameter), which allowed the assessment of the viability, the rate of dormancy release, and seed heterogeneity. We showed that apple seeds were characterized by a combined (physical and physiological) type of dormancy, with the seed coat and the embryo envelope being involved in the maintenance of physical dormancy. The addition of sucrose to the stratification medium accelerated the release of seed dormancy and improved all characteristics that determine seed germinability. Electrolyte leakage from embryos hardly changed during stratification, which agrees with the fact that all seeds remained viable throughout the entire period of dormancy. We assume that the release of seed dormancy is not a single-stage process.     

Seed dormancy release and germination characteristics of <i>Corispermum lehmannianum</i> Bunge,an endemic species in the Gurbantunggut desert of China

Seed dormancy release and germination of Corispermum lehmannianum Bunge were tested using various treatments: temperature, cold stratification, gibberelins (GA3), dry storage and sand burial. Results showed that temperature and light did not affect the germination of fresh seeds, cold stratification and GA3 could improve seed germination, whereas dry storage and sand burial did not. The germination percentage was highest at 35/20 °C after the cold stratification and GA3 treatments. Corispermum lehmannianum seeds were classified as non-deep, Type-2, physiological dormancy (PD), whose seed dormancy could be released by cold stratification and GA3.     

Seed germination patterns in green dragon (Arisaema dracontium,Araceae)

Arisaema dracontium (green dragon) is a perennial herb that is widely distributed in eastern North America. However, in Canada, at the northern edge of its distribution, the species is designated as “vulnerable” with respect to conservation status. In natural populations, seedlings are uncommon; the present study was undertaken in order to characterize seed and seedling properties in green dragon. Seeds were sampled from five sites, ranging from Ontario at the northern limit of the distribution range, to Louisiana in the south. Seed germinability ranged from 25 to 55%, depending upon source. Experiments indicated that neither the hard seed coat nor a water-soluble exudate from the seed was responsible for inducing or maintaining dormancy. Patterns of seed germination appear to reflect general climatic conditions at the sites where seeds had originated. Cold stratification at 3°C produced significantly greater relative germinability in all seed collections except the most southerly one, from Baton Rouge. These seeds also had a slower overall speed of germination. In contrast, germination of seeds from the most northerly site was promoted by cold stratification and occurred over a relatively brief period. Germination in alternating light and dark conditions decreased the speed of germination compared to germination in the dark, however exposure to light changed the phenology of germination by promoting development of adventitious roots and primary leaves in these seedlings.     

Comparative <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> germination ecology of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Calopogon tuberosus</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">tuberosus</Emphasis> (Orchidaceae) across its geographic range

Seed responses to temperature are often essential to the study of germination ecology, but the ecological role of temperature in orchid seed germination remains uncertain. The response of orchid seeds to cold stratification have been studied, but the exact physiological role remains unclear. No studies exist that compare the effects of either cold stratification or temperature on germination among distant populations of the same species. In two separate experiments, the role of temperature (25, 22/11, 27/15, 29/19, 33/24°C) and chilling at 10°C on in vitro seed germination were investigated using distant populations of Calopogon tuberosus var. tuberosus. Cooler temperatures promoted germination of Michigan seeds; warmer temperatures promoted germination of South Carolina and north central Florida seeds. South Florida seed germination was highest under both warm and cool temperatures. More advanced seedling development generally occurred at higher temperatures with the exception of south Florida seedlings, in which the warmest temperature suppressed development. Fluctuating diurnal temperatures were more beneficial for germination compared to constant temperatures. Cold stratification had a positive effect on germination among all populations, but South Carolina seeds required the longest chilling treatments to obtain maximum germination. Results from the cold stratification experiment indicate that a physiological dormancy is present, but the degree of dormancy varies across the species range. The variable responses among populations may indicate ecotypic differentiation.     

Factors controlling seed germination of the Iberian critically endangered Pseudomisopates (Antirrhinaceae)

Many seeds are dormant when shed from the mother plant. This unique characteristic of plants poses challenges in conservation and many different treatments have traditionally been used to break dormancy. When germination only occurs under certain circumstances, recruitment may be insufficient and the viability of plant populations may be threatened. A marked dormancy was previously identified in the Iberian critically endangered species Pseudomisopates rivas-martinezii. The present study aimed to determine the magnitude of dormancy by estimating seed viability under different germination treatments: heat, ash, stratification, gibberellin addition, and darkness. Our results indicate that there were significant differences in viability across plant populations and treatments. Maximum seed germination was obtained under ash addition, although cold stratification alone gave a considerable enhancement. However, gibberellic acid did not improve germination and darkness had a diminishing effect. In conclusion, a cold period is required for the species to germinate, coupled with the effects of fire: (1) ash, (2) vegetation clearings, and (3) resprouting, which are major factors triggering seed germination. Although these conditions are widely found in the field, we hypothesize that a more dramatic situation may have tackled this species before the increase of human-mediated fires in the past millennia.     

Can seed characteristics or species distribution be used to predict the stratification requirements of herbs in the Australian Alps?

The germination requirements of 19 herbs in the Australian Alps were investigated to determine which species may be sensitive to predicted climate changes. Seeds were subjected to factorial treatments of cold stratification for 0, 4, 8 and 12 weeks, followed by incubation at constant temperatures of 10, 15, 20 and 25 °C and alternating temperatures of 20/5 and 20/10 °C. Germination responses were used to identify stratification‐dependent species, to classify dormancy and to determine optimum conditions for laboratory germination. Ordinal logistic regression was used to determine whether the duration of stratification required for ≥ 50% germination could be predicted by seed weight, seed length, embryo : seed ratio or species distribution (latitudinal range, altitudinal range and maximum altitude). The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to determine any significant differences in stratification requirement between endospermic and non‐endospermic seeds. Species varied considerably in their response to the treatment combinations, and therefore their dormancy class. No significant predictors of stratification requirement were identified by ordinal logistic regression (P > 0.9); however, there was a significant difference in stratification requirement between endospermic and non‐endospermic seeds (P = 0.003). Species with non‐endospermic seeds did not require any stratification to germinate well over a range of temperatures, and appear most likely to remain stable or expand in range in response to climate warming. Conversely, the need for ≥ 8 weeks of cold stratification was associated with the presence of endosperm and either a restricted distribution or upland ecotypes of widely distributed species. Alpine species with endospermic seed and a restricted distribution are most likely to contract in range under climate change and would be appropriate to prioritize for ex situ conservation. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 172 , 187–204.