新疆阿勒泰地区草地类型及植物多样性的研究

基于33个样地、99个样方的野外调查资料,分析了新疆阿勒泰地区草地群落的植物物种多样性特征。结果表明：草地群落间的植物物种丰富度指数、均匀度指数和多样性指数差异显著,丰富度由山地草原、经山地草甸、荒漠草原、草甸化草原、平原荒漠、高寒草甸到山地荒漠依次下降,均匀度指数由山地草原,经草甸化草原、荒漠草原、平原荒漠、山地草甸、高寒草甸,到山地荒漠依次下降,多样性指数从山地草原,经草甸化草原、荒漠草原、山地草甸、平原荒漠、高寒草甸,到山地荒漠呈下降趋势。在群落多样性梯度上,物种丰富度对多样性的贡献率要比均匀度的贡献率小。草地群落的物种丰富度、均匀度和多样性指数随海拔升高均表现为先上升,后下降,峰值出现在1800～2000m的山地草原,且变化趋势一致。     

浙江仙居俞坑森林群落物种多样性研究

分别采用物种丰富度、物种多样性指数和群落均匀度指标对浙江省仙居县俞坑森林群落的物种多样性进行测定和分析。结果表明：本木植物的物种多样性以生境优越的常绿阔叶林为高,木本植物的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数明显大于草本植物。在群落垂直结构中,木本植物等2层的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数均显著大于第1层。物种丰富度以木本第3层最大,草本层最小;而物种多样性指数、群落均匀度则以木本第2层最大、草本层最小。木本植物各层次、草本层的物种多样性各项指标在群落各样地间均有一定的差异。     

浙江天台山甜槠群落物种类多样性研究

对浙江省天台山甜槠群落的不同样地、不同层次的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数和群落均匀度进行了分析。结果表明：木本植物的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数明显大于草本植物;而群落均匀度两者无显著差异。在群落垂直结构中,乔木层第二亚层的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数均显著大于第一亚层,它们之间的群落均匀度差异不显著。灌木层的牧种丰富度、多样性指数最大,乔木层次之,草木层最小。灌木层的群落均匀度明显大于乔木层,而乔木层     

杭州湾滩涂湿地植被群落演替与物种多样性动态

以杭州湾不同年份形成的滩涂湿地植被群落为研究对象,采用样线法结合样方法进行调查取样,并通过除趋势对应分析排序研究了群落演替的动态和方向,同时采用Pielou均匀度指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数分析了物种多样性在群落演替过程中的动态变化.结果表明:该区域植被群落演替序列为海三棱藨草群落→芦苇群落→柽柳 芦苇群落→旱柳 白茅群落;随着演替的进行,群落物种丰富度显著增加,均匀度逐渐降低,物种多样性呈先增加后降低的趋势.     

不同放牧率对内蒙古冷蒿草原植物多样性的影响

以８年（１９８９－１９９７年定位的放牧试验数据为基础,较全面分析了不同放牧率对冷蒿（Ａrtemisia frigida）草原植物多样性和草场异质性的影响,并从内蒙古细毛羊选择性采食和植物适应策略的角度探讨其影响机制。研究发现,在进行冷蒿小禾草草原的物种丰富度调查是,１００m的样线法是可行的;在探讨放牧对群落多样性的影响时,Ｓimpson多样性指数和均匀度指数对放牧率大小的变化更敏感。经过连续８年的放牧,不同放牧率对物种丰富度的影响不大。但植物多样性和均匀度随放牧率的增大而下降,群落优势度却随放牧率增大而增大,;内蒙古细毛羊的选择性采食和较高放牧率和互作是导致植物多样性和均匀度下降及群落优势度上升的主要原因。冷蒿、糙隐子草（Cleistogenes squarrosa)、星毛委陵菜（Potentilla acaulis)、冰草（Ａgropyron cristatum)和寸草苔（Carex duriusula)在不同放牧率下的种群消长决定了冷蒿草原的放牧演退规律和植物多样性大小;尽管内蒙古细毛羊较喜食糙隐子草,但其种群在所有放牧率下均是多度最大的３个种群之一。     

浙江天台山甜槠群落物种多样性研究

对浙江省天台山甜槠群落的不同样地、不同层次的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数和群落均匀度进行了分析。结果表明:木本植物的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数明显大于草本植物,而群落均匀度两者无显著差异。在群落垂直结构中,乔木层第二亚层的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数均显著大于第一亚层,它们之间的群落均匀度差异不显著。灌木层的物种丰富度、多样性指数最大,乔木层次之,草本层最小。灌木层的群落均匀度明显大于乔木层,而乔木层、灌木层的群落均匀度与草本层差异不显著。乔木层、灌木层、草本层的多样性各项指标在群落各样地间均有一定的差异,相对而言,灌木层、乔木层的差异较小,草本层的差异较大。     

青藏高原北部多年冻土区草地植物多样性

研究了青藏高原北部多年冻土区草地群落植物多样性的特征。研究表明 :草地群落间丰富度指数差异不显著 ,均匀度指数和多样性指数差异显著 (P<0 .0 5 )。均匀度指数表现为高山嵩草 (Kobresia pygmaea)草甸 <紫花针茅 (Stipa purpurea)草原 <矮嵩草 (K.humilis)草甸 <青藏苔草 (Carex moorcroftii)草甸 ,多样性指数表现为高山嵩草草甸 <矮嵩草草甸 <紫花针茅草原<青藏苔草草甸。修路时破坏的矮嵩草草甸在次生恢复过程中 ,离公路 10 0 m处群落的丰富度指数 ,均匀度指数和多样性指数大于原生群落 ,而原生群落的多样性又大于 30 m和 5 0 m处群落的多样性。地上草地群落植物多样性伴随地下冻土退化过程表现为 ,以 1m2样方统计时 ,各个演替群落间的丰富度指数差异不显著 ,而以 10 0 m2样条统计时 ,高寒草甸和草原化草甸的丰富度指数显著大于沼泽草甸和稀疏草原 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,但均匀度和多样性指数在两种统计面积时均表现为先增加后下降的变化趋势。     

浙江大雷山夏蜡梅群落植物物种多样性及其与土壤因子相关性

分别采用物种丰富度、物种多样性指数和群落均匀度等指标对浙江省大雷山夏蜡梅群落植物物种多样性进行测定,并通过相关分析对各种指数与土壤因子的关系进行研究。据10个样地统计,共有维管植物74科、165属、193种。从种子植物属的地理成分来看,温带分布的类型居多。不同群落木本植物的物种丰富度和多样性指数以杉木+木荷林最高,群落均匀度以杉木林最高,毛竹林的各项指数最低。草本植物的物种丰富度以杉木+马尾松林最高,杉木林最低;多样性指数和群落均匀度以竹林最高,短柄枹+格药柃林最低。在不同群落的垂直结构中,乔木层的物种丰富度和多样性指数均小于灌木层,草本层的物种多样性在不同群落间变化较大。相关分析表明,夏蜡梅群落物种多样性与土壤有机质含量相关性较大,其中,木本植物物种多样性与有机质含量显著正相关,草本植物与有机质含量显著负相关。     

山西历山国家级自然保护区猕猴栖息地森林群落物种多样性

在对山西历山国家级自然保护区猕猴栖息地森林群落进行数量分类的基础上,运用丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数方法对该地区森林群落的物种多样性进行了研究,并分析了森林群落各层片之间的物种多样性的相关性。结果表明:(1)栖息地森林12个群丛的丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数能够较好地反映各群落多样性变化规律。(2)栖息地森林群落的Patrick丰富度指数(R)与Shannon多样性指数(H)、Hill多样性指数(N1和N2)、Alatalo均匀度指数(E)和Pielou均匀度指数(Jsw)变化趋势基本一致,而Simpson多样性指数(λ)与H的变化呈相反趋势。(3)栖息地森林群落内乔、灌和草3层的丰富度指数、物种多样性指数和均匀度指数表现出多样化的趋势。各层片的丰富度指数和物种多样性指数总体上呈现草本层乔木层灌木层,但各片层的均匀度指数存在差异,其中灌木层的均匀度指数差异较大,而乔木层和草本层均匀度在各群落间差异较小。     

不同干扰方式对内蒙古典型草原植物种组成和功能群特征的影响

研究休牧、补播和自由放牧3种人为干扰方式对内蒙古典型草原群落植物种组成、功能群组成、群落物种多样性和地上生物量的影响.结果表明: 3种干扰方式对植物功能群结构及其多样性有显著影响,休牧方式下群落植物种数量、地上生物量、多样性指数和丰富度指数最大,分别为22种、171.32 g·m^-2、1.46和5.7,灌木半灌木和多年生禾草的重要值、物种所占比例、地上生物量、多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数显著高于其他干扰方式,多年生杂类草的重要值、物种所占比例、地上生物量、多样性指数和均匀度指数显著低于其他干扰方式,中生植物、C3和C4植物的地上生物量最大,分别为22.22、143.35和27.97 g·m^-2.补播方式下,中旱生植物地上生物量最大,为13.60 g·m^-2,旱生植物物种所占比例最小(48.5%),C4植物物种所占比例最大(28.8%).自由放牧方式下,一、二年生草本植物物种所占比例最大,达12.3%,中生植物和C4植物所占比例最小,分别为17.0%和20.9%.春季休牧措施有利于退化草原的恢复.     

内蒙古高原温带稀树草原生态系统特征与成因

内蒙古高原分布的温带榆树稀树草原生态系统在中国乃至世界上都是一种特殊的生态系统,对于它的研究可加深对植被分布规律的理解,且有利于该系统的保护。本文分析了该生态系统的地理分布、气候特点、土壤状况、物种组成、群落结构及天然更新状况等,比较了草原、森林和稀树草原3个生态系统的特征,提出了在内蒙古高原分布的温带榆树稀树草原生态系统是在独特的气候、土壤和地形条件下形成的经度(水分梯度)地带性顶极植被,决定其存在的最关键因素首先是降水量和土壤的水分条件,其次才是沙质土壤。这种生态系统既不是草原,又不是森林,而是介于落叶阔叶林和草原之间的一种生态系统类型。在此纬度带上,从东到西分布的经度地带性植被谱应为:温带森林、温带稀树草原、典型草原、荒漠草原等。在同一纬度带上,沙质土壤的基质并不完全被稀树草原生态系统所覆盖,还有沙漠等生态系统类型。建议《中国植被》增加一个新的植被类型,温带稀树草原。     

秭归飞播油松林的物种多样性

通过对湖北省秭归县飞播油松林的野外调查,研究报道了该群落的物种多样性状况。结果表明,飞播油松林改变了当地原生植被状况,群落的植物种类比飞播地原生植被油芒草丛有较大增加,群落的植物组成也有较大变化,丰富了群落的物种多样性。但由于飞播油松林的乔木层种类单一,虽然群落的种类和个体数比当地的栎、大叶杨林多,其Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ指数仍小于后者。油松林的物种多样性在不同地段的表现与该地段油松的株数及生长状况有关,而这些又决定于飞籽密度及坡向、坡度等小生境因素。文章最后还对保护和利用飞播油松林提出了一些建议。     

Biomass carbon storage and net primary production in different habitats of Hunshandake Sandland, China

Terrestrial ecosystems are playing important roles in global carbon cycling. However, the information is still limited with regard to the semi-arid sandland or desert area, compared with the thorough studies on forest and grassland. We here estimated the biomass carbon storage, net primary production (NPP) and rain use efficiency (RUE) of Hunshandake Sandland, a semi-arid sandy region in Inner Mongolia covered with vegetation of Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila L.) sparse forest grassland. Five main habitats, i.e. fixed dunes, semi-fixed dunes, shifting dunes, lowland, and wetland, were compared to analyze the patterns of carbon storage and NPP distribution. The average biomass (9.19 Mg C ha^?1) and NPP (4.79 Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1) of the sparse forest grassland were respectively 82% and 54% higher than the mean level of the surrounding temperate grassland. Governed by the same climate, sparse forest grassland ecosystem had RUE almost twice that of surrounding grassland. The ratio of below to aboveground biomass was 3.5: 1 in the sandland, indicating that most of the vegetational carbon was stored in belowground pool. Although trees were functionally critical in maintaining the integrity of sparse forest grassland, they accounted for only 10.6% and 1.2% of the biomass and NPP, respectively. The sparse forest grassland in Hunshandake Sandland should be recognized as a temperate savanna ecosystem which is distinctively different from typical temperate grassland in the same region as evidenced by the higher NPP and vegetation carbon storage. Well designed management and restoration efforts can potentially sustain ecosystem services in both forage production and carbon sequestration.     

Biomass carbon storage and net primary production in different habitats of Hunshandake Sandland, China

Terrestrial ecosystems are playing important roles in global carbon cycling. However, the information is still limited with regard to the semi-arid sandland or desert area, compared with the thorough studies on forest and grassland. We here estimated the biomass carbon storage, net primary production (NPP) and rain use efficiency (RUE) of Hunshandake Sandland, a semi-arid sandy region in Inner Mongolia covered with vegetation of Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila L.) sparse forest grassland. Five main habitats, i.e. fixed dunes, semi-fixed dunes, shifting dunes, lowland, and wetland, were compared to analyze the patterns of carbon storage and NPP distribution. The average biomass (9.19 Mg C ha^?1) and NPP (4.79 Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1) of the sparse forest grassland were respectively 82% and 54% higher than the mean level of the surrounding temperate grassland. Governed by the same climate, sparse forest grassland ecosystem had RUE almost twice that of surrounding grassland. The ratio of below to aboveground biomass was 3.5: 1 in the sandland, indicating that most of the vegetational carbon was stored in belowground pool. Although trees were functionally critical in maintaining the integrity of sparse forest grassland, they accounted for only 10.6% and 1.2% of the biomass and NPP, respectively. The sparse forest grassland in Hunshandake Sandland should be recognized as a temperate savanna ecosystem which is distinctively different from typical temperate grassland in the same region as evidenced by the higher NPP and vegetation carbon storage. Well designed management and restoration efforts can potentially sustain ecosystem services in both forage production and carbon sequestration.     

Diversity patterns in sandy forest-steppes: a comparative study from the western and central Palaearctic

The Palearctic forest-steppe biome is a narrow vegetation zone between the temperate forest and steppe biomes, which provides important habitats for many endangered species and represents an important hotspot of biodiversity. Although the number of studies on forest–grassland mosaics is increasing, information currently available about the general compositional and structural patterns of Eurasian forest-steppes is scarce. Our study aimed to compare the habitat structure, species composition and diversity patterns of two distant sandy forest-steppes of Eurasia. We compared 72 relevés made in the main habitat components (forest, forest edge and grassland) of sandy forest-steppes in three Hungarian and three Kazakh sites. The size of the plots was 25 m². Species number, Shannon diversity and species evenness values were calculated for each plot. Fidelity calculations and linear mixed effects models were used for the analyses. We found that the vegetation and diversity patterns of the two forest-steppes are similar and their components play important roles in maintaining landscape-scale diversity. Despite the higher species richness in Hungary, Shannon diversity was higher in Kazakhstan. The deciduous forest edges of both areas had significantly higher species richness than the neighbouring habitats (forests and grasslands); therefore they can be considered local biodiversity hotspots. Due to the special characteristics of this vegetation complex, we emphasize the high conservation value of all landscape components as a coherent system throughout the entire range of the Eurasian forest-steppe biome.     

Soil seed bank and floristic diversity in a forest‐grassland mosaic in southern Spain

Abstract. Soil seed bank and floristic diversity were studied in a forest of Quercus suber, a forest of Quercus canariensis and a grassland, forming a vegetation mosaic in Los Alcornocales Natural Park, southern Spain. The soil seed bank was estimated by the germination technique. In each community patch, diversity, woody species cover and herbaceous species frequency was measured. Three biodiversity components – species richness, endemism and taxonomic singularity – were considered in the vegetation and the seed bank. Forest patches had a soil seed bank of ca. 11 200–14 100 seed.m^?2 and their composition had low resemblance to (epigeal) vegetation. The grassland patch had a more dense seed bank (ca. 31 800 seed.m^?2) and a higher index of similarity with vegetation, compared with the forests nearby. The complete forest diversity was 71–78 species on 0.1 ha, including 12–15 species found only in the seed bank; the grassland species richness was higher (113 species on 0.1 ha). We discuss the role of soil seed banks in the vegetation dynamics and in the complete plant biodiversity of the mosaic landscape studied.     

Responses of ground living arthropods to landscape contrast and context in a forest-grassland mosaic

Landscape context and contrast are major features of transformed landscapes. These concepts are largely described in terms of vegetation and land use, and are rarely used on how other biodiversity responds to these anthropogenic boundaries. South African grassland matrix is naturally dotted with indigenous forest patches which have recently been transformed with plantations of non-native species. We investigate how various arthropod groups (detritivores, predators, ants) respond to juxtaposition of pines, natural forests and grasslands. We assess landscape context effects between natural forests and pines by determining how species that commonly occur in the interiors of these habitats use the adjacent habitat, and how landscape contrast between natural forests and grassland affects these groups proportionately. We sampled arthropods using pitfall traps and active searches in transects running from natural forest interiors across the edge into the matrix interior (grassland or pines). Natural forests had higher predator and detritivore diversity, while grassland had greater ant diversity. Results highlighted the complementarity of natural forests and grassland for arthropod diversity. Higher beta-diversity was recorded across landscape contrast than landscape context. Pine and natural forest associated species overlapped into adjacent habitats indicating that pines are used by certain natural forest species. However, pines are not true natural forest extensions, with only some species being supported. Pines may be connecting naturally isolated arthropod populations, which could have important evolutionary consequences. Only through appreciation of a range of arthropod groups and their response to context and contrast across the whole landscape can we undertake meaningful biodiversity conservation.     

长江三峡库区蝶类群落的等级多样性指数

在三峡库区蝶类物种多样性调查基础上,从等级多样性角度进行分析,结果表明,蝴蝶属级,科级和等级多样性指数在灌丛生境较高,森林、农田和草地生境多样性较低;非参数检验和方差分析结果表明4种生境在属级和等级多样性上差异显著,灌丛生境和其他生境差异显著。海拔500-1500m高度,蝴蝶的生物多样性相对较高,是库区蝴蝶最重要的生存地带。属级和科级多样性指数的变异系数在森林植被型样本间最大,前者有4个小生境在100％以上,后者有6个小生境超过100%;农田科的变异系数有1个小生境超过100%;草地的属和科变异系数均是1个小生境超过100%;灌丛则全部低于100%。这些数值,反映了三峡库区的形成对蝴蝶的生存及分布的产生了很大的影响,进一步证明库区蝶类生存环境的多样性和破碎化;其中,森林对蝴蝶生存的影响是最复杂的;通过蝴蝶做环境质量评估时,灌丛可作为首选考察对象。     

新疆博格达山地面生苔藓植物物种多样性研究

采用相似性系数和物种多样性指数对新疆博格达山地面生苔藓植物的物种多样性进行了研究．结果表明,博格达山地区苔藓植物区系具有丰富性和复杂性的特点,共有地面生苔藓植物32科73属186种(含变种、变型);山地荒漠带和山地草原带苔藓植物物种相似性最高,为0．6809,山地森林带和高山垫状植被带相似性最低,仅为0．1342;山地森林带苔藓植物在整个博格达山地面生苔藓植物群落中占据优势地位;山地森林带苔藓植物物种多样性最为丰富,为该山地苔藓植物多样性的分布中心,是苔藓植物多样性保护的关键地区．     

内蒙古草原繁殖鸟类群聚组成之比较

利用 5月份温带草原鸟类繁殖期 ,在荒漠草原、草原、湿地、沙地和山地等植被 ,选取 1 1个面积 1 0 0 hm2 ( 50 0 m×2 0 0 0 m)同样大小的样区 ,由 3人各隔 1 50 m作平行的穿越线调查 ,并记录所见鸟类的种类与数量。同时 ,也在每一样区任取面积 1 m2 之植被样方 ,记载样方内植物的种类、垂直高度、覆盖度和植物鲜重。调查结果显示草原繁殖鸟类的种类不多 ,在无树的荒漠草原植被是 4～ 6种 ,草原植被在 5～ 8种之间 ,湿地植被 1 5种 ;在有树的沙地植被是 9～ 1 2种 ,山地植被 6种。鸟种多样性和丰富度指数不大 ,由大而小依序是沙地植被、湿地植被、山地植被、草原植被、荒漠草原植被 ;密度也不高 ,由大而小依序是无树草原的湿地植被、草原植被、荒漠草原植被 ,而后是有树草原的沙地植被、山地植被。鸟类食性分布方面 ,荒漠草原和草原植被以食杂性鸟类为优势 ;湿地植被以食虫性鸟类为多 ;沙地植被以食杂与食肉性鸟类为胜 ;山地植被以食虫和食杂性鸟类较多 ,并增加一些食肉性鸟类。