中国东北样带草地群落放牧干扰植物多样的变化

放牧干扰是草地群落植物多样性变化的主要影响因素之一。中国东北样带９个草地群落放牧干扰植物多样性性变化的研究结果表明：中牧或重牧阶段Ｓhannon指数达最大值。形成中牧（重牧）＞重牧（中牧）＞轻牧＞过牧的规律。群落物种丰富度、均匀度与多样性的相关分析表明,均匀度变化对多样性变化具有更大的贡献率。而丰富度呈下降趋势,即轻牧（中牧）＞中牧（轻牧）＞重牧＞过牧。生活型功能群多样性也表现出明显的变化。中国东北样带草地群落植物多样性的分布格局是：草甸草原＞典型草原＞典型草原＞荒漠草原＞碱化草甸,并且群落物种丰富度对多样性有更大贡献率。     

中国东北样带草地群落放牧干扰植物多样性的变化

放牧干扰是草地群落植物多样性变化的主要影响因素之一。中国东北样带9个草地群落放牧干扰植物多样性变化的研究结果表明：中牧或重牧阶段Shannon指数达最大值,形成中牧（重牧）>重牧（中牧）>轻牧>过牧的规律。群落物种丰富度、均匀度与多样性的相关分析表明,均匀度变化对多样性变化具有更大的贡献率,而丰富度呈下降趋势,即轻牧（中牧）>中牧（轻牧）>重牧>过牧。生活型功能群多样性也表现出明显的变化。中国东北样带草地群落植物多样性的分布格局是：草甸草原>典型草原>典型草原 >荒漠草原>碱化草原,并且群落物种丰富度对多样性有更大贡献率。     

黄河首曲湿地退化过程中植物群落组分及物种多样性的变化

黄河首曲湿地是黄河下游生态安全的重要屏障.通过实地调查,采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,研究了黄河首曲湿地自然退化过程中植物多样性的变化,并用对比分析的方法研究了人工排水对植物多样性的影响.结果表明:在黄河首曲湿地自然退化过程中,经沼泽、沼泽化草甸、高寒草甸到草原化草甸,优势种向中生和旱生种演替,丰富度指数和多样性指数逐渐增大,即草原化草甸>高寒草甸>沼泽化草甸>沼泽,而优势度指数却逐渐减小,均匀度指数先降低后增加,植物物种多样性总体上表现为增加的态势.人为排水后,毒杂草在群落中的比例增加,导致丰富度指数和多样性指数增加,均匀度指数和优势度指数略有降低,群落相似性系数逐渐降低,主要是由于人工排水后,生境相对中生化,部分植物在群落内的零星分布导致多样性指数和丰富度指数增加,而均匀度指数下降.人工排水虽然增加了群落内的植物多样性,但增加的植物多为毒杂草,从而使湿地向杂草型退化方向演替.     

黄河首曲湿地退化过程中植物群落组分及物种多样性的变化

黄河首曲湿地是黄河下游生态安全的重要屏障.通过实地调查,采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,研究了黄河首曲湿地自然退化过程中植物多样性的变化,并用对比分析的方法研究了人工排水对植物多样性的影响.结果表明:在黄河首曲湿地自然退化过程中,经沼泽、沼泽化草甸、高寒草甸到草原化草甸,优势种向中生和旱生种演替,丰富度指数和多样性指数逐渐增大,即草原化草甸>高寒草甸>沼泽化草甸>沼泽,而优势度指数却逐渐减小,均匀度指数先降低后增加,植物物种多样性总体上表现为增加的态势.人为排水后,毒杂草在群落中的比例增加,导致丰富度指数和多样性指数增加,均匀度指数和优势度指数略有降低,群落相似性系数逐渐降低,主要是由于人工排水后,生境相对中生化,部分植物在群落内的零星分布导致多样性指数和丰富度指数增加,而均匀度指数下降.人工排水虽然增加了群落内的植物多样性,但增加的植物多为毒杂草,从而使湿地向杂草型退化方向演替.     

青藏高原北部多年冻土区草地植物多样性

研究了青藏高原北部多年冻土区草地群落植物多样性的特征。研究表明 :草地群落间丰富度指数差异不显著 ,均匀度指数和多样性指数差异显著 (P<0 .0 5 )。均匀度指数表现为高山嵩草 (Kobresia pygmaea)草甸 <紫花针茅 (Stipa purpurea)草原 <矮嵩草 (K.humilis)草甸 <青藏苔草 (Carex moorcroftii)草甸 ,多样性指数表现为高山嵩草草甸 <矮嵩草草甸 <紫花针茅草原<青藏苔草草甸。修路时破坏的矮嵩草草甸在次生恢复过程中 ,离公路 10 0 m处群落的丰富度指数 ,均匀度指数和多样性指数大于原生群落 ,而原生群落的多样性又大于 30 m和 5 0 m处群落的多样性。地上草地群落植物多样性伴随地下冻土退化过程表现为 ,以 1m2样方统计时 ,各个演替群落间的丰富度指数差异不显著 ,而以 10 0 m2样条统计时 ,高寒草甸和草原化草甸的丰富度指数显著大于沼泽草甸和稀疏草原 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,但均匀度和多样性指数在两种统计面积时均表现为先增加后下降的变化趋势。     

高寒草地植物物种多样性与功能多样性的关系

物种多样性与功能多样性的关系是生态学当前研究的热点问题之一,不同区域典型生态系统物种多样性和功能多样性的关系研究有利于生物多样性保护理论的全面发展。以青藏高原地区的主要草地生态系统—高寒草甸和高寒草原为研究对象,采用4个物种多样性指数(Patrick丰富度指数、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和Simpson优势度指数)和9个功能多样性指数(FAD功能性状距离指数、MFAD功能性状平均距离指数、基于样地的FDp和基于群落的FDc功能树状图指数、FRic功能体积指数、FEve功能均匀度指数、Rao功能离散度常二次熵指数、FDiv功能离散指数、FDis功能分散指数),分析了高寒草地植物物种多样性、功能多样性关系及其与初级生产力的关系,以期阐明3个科学问题:不同草地类型的高寒草地生态系统植物物种多样性和功能多样性有何差异?高寒草地生态系统的植物物种多样性和功能多样性有何关系?高寒草地生态系统物种多样性、功能多样性对生态系统功能的影响有何异同?研究结果表明:(1)与高寒草原相比,高寒草甸具有更高的物种多样性、功能丰富度和功能离散度;(2)高寒草甸中,Patrick丰富度与功能丰富度指数(FAD、MFAD、FDp、FDc)和功能离散度指数(FDiv)的具有较强的相关性,最优拟合方程分别为幂函数和二次多项式函数;(3)高寒草原中,Patrick丰富度与功能丰富度指数(FAD、MFAD、FDp、FDc、FRic)、Shannon指数和Simpson指数与FEve指数的相关性较强,最优拟合方程为二次多项式函数,Pielou指数与FEve指数的相关性较强,最优拟合方程为指数函数;(4)高寒草甸的初级生产力分别与物种丰富度指数Patrick、功能离散指数FDiv具有较强的相关性;而高寒草原的初级生产力与4个物种多样性指数间均具有较强的相关性,与功能离散指数FDiv具有较强的相关性,最佳拟合方程均为二次多项式函数。研究的总体结论为:物种多样性、功能多样性、二者之间的关系以及二者与生态系统服务功能(以初级生产力为例)之间的关系在高寒草甸和高寒草原群落中表现迥异,因此在研究青藏高原高寒草地的生态功能时,不能仅仅测度传统的物种多样性,还应测度与物种多样性、生态功能密切相关的功能多样性。     

草地群落放牧干扰梯度β多样性研究

放牧过程通过牲畜的啃食、践踏作用干扰草场环境,使草地群落的物种组成发生变化,植物种群的优势地位发生更替．结果表明,随放牧干扰强度加重,从盐湿化草甸到典型草原,群落植物种丰富度呈下降趋势．β多样性测度结果显示,盐湿化草甸和羊草杂类草草甸群落物种变化的中度干扰出现在轻牧→中牧阶段,并在整个放牧干扰进程中,表现较低的稳定性;草甸草原和典型草原群落出现在中牧→重牧阶段;而荒漠草原物种变化表现出高度的稳定性,从轻牧到过牧物种替代仅１～３种．各群落放牧干扰植物多样性的稳定性次序是：荒漠草原＞典型草原≥草甸草原＞盐湿化草甸     

草地群落放牧干扰梯度β多样性研究

放牧过程通过牲畜的啃食、践踏作用干扰草场环境,使草地群落的物种组成发生变化,植物种群的优势地位发生更替。结果表明,随放牧干扰强度加重,从盐湿化草甸到典型草原,群落植物种丰富度呈下降趋势。β多样性测度结果显示,盐湿化草甸和羊草杂类草草甸群落物种变化的中度干扰出现在轻牧→中牧阶段,并在整个放牧干扰进程中,表现较低的稳定性;草甸草原和典型草原群落出现在中牧→重牧阶段;而荒漠草原物种变化表现出高度的稳定性,从轻牧到过牧物种替代仅1～3种。各群落放牧干扰植物多样性的稳定性次序是:荒漠草原>典型草原≥草甸草原>盐湿化草甸.     

西藏高原高寒草地群落植物多样性和地上生物量监测方法的比较研究

以西藏高原高寒草地3种植被类型(高寒草甸、高寒草原和高寒荒漠草原)为研究对象,分别采用样线法、样方法和巢式样方法进行实地调查,记录每条样线上或每个样方内出现的所有物种,并分物种刈割样方内地上部分,通过统计分析比较不同高寒草地群落植物多样性和地上生物量监测方法,以阐明西藏高原高寒草地不同植被类型的最小取样面积和最少样方数或样线长度。结果显示:(1)就物种丰富度而言,400m样线法观测到的高寒草甸、高寒草原和高寒荒漠草原的所有物种数分别占3种方法调查到的总物种数的55%、71%和50%;8m2巢式样方法调查到高寒草甸、高寒草原的总物种数占所有3种方法观测的物种总数的57.5%和57%,而8m2的巢式样方对高寒荒漠草原的调查监测到的物种数最多,其中2m2观测到的物种数就达到所有可能出现物种的83%;20个样方法监测到高寒草甸和高寒草原的物种数最多,占3种方法观测到总物种数的78%和86%,所以对物种丰富度的调查高寒草甸和高寒典型草原至少需要20个样方,高寒荒漠草原需要最小面积不少于2m2的2个样方。(2)就地上生物量而言,由地上生物量与物种数之间的变异关系得出最小样方数为7~11个,而由地上生物量的变异系数可知,在变异系数小于等于5%的前提下,高寒草甸的最小取样面积不小于0.25m2,高寒典型草原和高寒荒漠草原的最小取样面积不少于1m2。研究表明,对于生产力的监测方法而言,高寒草甸采用10个0.5m×0.5m的样方,而高寒草原和高寒荒漠草原采用10个1m×1m的样方为宜;而对于物种丰富度的监测方法而言,高寒草甸以20个0.5m×0.5m的样方和高寒草原20个1m×1m的样方为宜,高寒荒漠草原采用2个不小于2m2样方面积为宜。     

祁连山北坡草地植物群落特征与土壤水热因子的关系

环境因子对草地生态系统的结构和功能有重要影响。通过野外调查和室内实验,研究了祁连山北坡草地植物群落的物种多样性和地上生物量变化,并对地上生物量与土壤水热因子的关系进行了探讨。结果表明:5—9月,不同草地植物群落的丰富度、多样性、均匀度变化均表现为单峰曲线,不同草地植物群落之间丰富度和多样性差异显著,而均匀度在5、7、9月差异不显著;山地草甸草原与山地草原的物种中等不相似,其他草地植物群落的物种极不相似,不同草地植物群落沿海拔替代明显;5—9月,不同草地植物群落的地上生物量均为单峰曲线,山地草甸和山地荒漠草原的地上生物量在7月最大,而山地草甸草原和山地草原的地上生物量在8月最大;不同草地植物群落地上生物量的积累与当月0~10cm的地温明显正相关,而与当月土壤水分不相关。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418