白介素10对人成熟树突状细胞蛋白表达的影响

利用人外周血淋巴细胞分离液密度梯度离心分离CD14~+的单核细胞,并通过IL-4、GM-CSF、LPS、IFN-γ等重组细胞因子在体外将其诱导为成熟树突状细胞(mature dendritic cells,mDCs),利用10 ng/mL白介素10 (interleukin-10,IL-10)处理mDCs 4 h,双向电泳联合MALDI-TOF/TOF MS技术分析差异表达蛋白。结果显示共筛选出35个差异蛋白点,其中21个上调,14个下调,它们的功能主要涉及糖代谢、HIF信号转导通路、细胞骨架和免疫功能等。因此,IL-10可能通过调控mDCs的代谢过程以及细胞骨架或运动能力等相关蛋白来影响其生物学功能,为进一步深入研究IL-10对mDCs的影响具有潜在作用。     

成人外周血来源树突状细胞体外诱导培养动态监测

目的:分析体外诱导培养树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DCs)表面分子及成熟度的动态变化;方法:利用流式细胞仪(fluorescence activated cell sorter,FACS)检测分析DCs表面成熟标志分子CD83和T细胞辅助分子CD58、CD54、CD40、CD80、CD86、HLA-DR、HLA-ABC表达水平;结果:体外诱导培养5 d细胞即高表达DCs标志分子CD11c,细胞成熟度与细胞表面T细胞辅助分子的表达水平随培养天数的增加有一定提高,但显著低于大肠杆菌LPS刺激的DCs;结论:诱导培养6 d DCs表型为CD83 low、CD58low、CD54 low、CD40 low、CD80 low、CD86 low、HLA-DRhigh、HLA-ABChigh,为不成熟DCs.     

双歧杆菌完整肽聚糖对脐血来源树突状细胞分化成熟的影响

目的研究两歧双歧杆菌完整肽聚糖（WPG）对脐血来源树突状细胞（DC）形态及分泌细胞因子的影响,了解双歧杆菌WPG对DC分化、成熟及免疫调节功能的作用;并为益生菌及其生物活性成分的进一步开发提供依据。方法分离正常孕妇脐血单个核细胞诱导生成未成熟树突状细胞（Dendritic cells,DCs）,实验组在培养的第7天分别加入两歧双歧杆菌WPG（5μg／ml）、两歧双歧杆菌全菌（100μg/ml）,阳性对照组加入脂多糖（LPS）,阴性对照组仅加入培养基。倒置显微镜在培养各期形态学观察,流式细胞术检测表面标志物CD83及CD1a的表达,NLR检测DCs刺激同种异体T淋巴细胞能力,ELISA法测定DCs培养上清中IL-12p70、IL-10的分泌。结果脐血单核细胞在双歧杆菌WPG与GM-CSF、IL-4协同诱导作用下,能成为形态上具有典型树突状突起的DCs;诱导后的CB-MDDCs刺激同种异体T细胞的增殖能力及分泌IL-12：p70、IL-10的水平显著高于阴性对照组（P〈0．01）且细胞表面标志物CD83及CD1a的表达增加。结论（1）双歧杆菌WPG能影响CB-MDDCs的成熟状态。（2）双歧杆菌WPG对CB-MDDCs成熟程度及分泌细胞因子水平的影响强于双歧杆菌全菌,说明WPG是双歧杆菌主要免疫活性成分。     

未成熟树突状细胞与成熟树突状细胞的细胞骨架调控相关基因表达的差异分析

分析未成熟树突状细胞(immature dendritic cells,im DCs)向成熟的树突状细胞(mature dendritic cells,m DCs)分化的过程中,细胞骨架的调控相关基因及信号通路的表达变化,为进一步理解不同分化阶段树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DCs)的生物物理学特性、迁移能力和免疫学相关功能的改变。利用CEO数据库获得经CD14+单核细胞(monocytos,monos)诱导而成的im DCs和m DCs的m RNA的表达数据(芯片编号:GSE15076),通过R语言软件对原始数据进行处理,筛选差异表达基因(Log|FC|≥2,p0.05),利用STRING online-工具对差异表达基因进一步筛选(可信度≥0.4);Cytoscape软件构建蛋白质相互作用网络图(protein-protein interaction network,PPI),通过Cluster ONE对筛选后的差异表达基因进行聚类分析,筛选功能相关性密切的差异表达基因,并利用DAVID在线分析进一步进行GO分析和KEGG信号通路分析。m DCs相对于im DCs差异表达的基因共3 351个,上调基因1 801个,下调基因1 550个,其中C-C趋化因子受体活性、G-蛋白偶联的嘌呤核苷酸受体活性和异源三聚体G蛋白复合物等与细胞骨架调控密切相关。主要涉及的信号通路包括趋化因子/趋化因子受体信号通路、Rap1信号通路、Jak-STAT信号通路和PI3K-Akt信号通路等,其中的相关基因与细胞骨架的调控关系密切。这对进一步深入理解DCs的生物物理学特性、迁移能力和免疫学功能有一定的帮助。     

JAK2/STAT3信号通路在门静脉高压大鼠模型脾脏纤维化过程中的作用

目的:探讨Janus蛋白酪氨酸激酶2/信号转导子和转录激活子3(JAK2/STAT3)信号通路在门静脉高压大鼠模型脾脏纤维化过程中的表达和作用.方法:采用缩窄门静脉的方法制备门静脉高压大鼠模型,通过给予JAK2特异性抑制剂AG490阻断JAK2/STAT3信号通路.30只SD(Sprague Dawley)大鼠随机分为单纯手术组、AG490组、假手术组(n=10).AG490组每天给予5 mg/kg体重的AG490,另外两组每天给予相同体积的生理盐水,连续2周后处死大鼠,计算各组脾指数,Masson三色染色检测脾脏组织纤维化程度,免疫组织化学和Western blotting检测脾脏组织中磷酸化STAT3 (p-STAT3)蛋白的表达水平.结果:单纯手术组p-STAT3蛋白水平较假手术组明显升高(P＜0.05),AG490组较单纯手术组明显降低(P＜0.05);单纯手术组脾指数、脾脏纤维化程度较假手术组明显升高(P＜0.05),AG490组较单纯手术组明显降低(P＜0.05);p-STAT3蛋白水平与脾脏纤维化程度呈明显的正相关趋势(r=0.897,P＜0.05).结论:JAK2/STAT3信号通路与门静脉高压大鼠脾脏纤维化过程关系密切,阻断该通路可以减轻门静脉高压脾脏纤维化的程度.     

AG490上调BATF2表达抑制淋巴瘤细胞增殖

目的：AG490 作为JAK2/STAT3 通路的抑制剂,在对肿瘤细胞的抑制作用上所展现出的高效低毒性,使其有望成为临床上治疗肿瘤的一种可能的药物。然而,AG490 的抗瘤机制尚未明确。因此,本文拟对AG490 抑制淋巴瘤细胞增殖的效应及其作用机制进行进一步探讨,为AG490 应用于临床提供实验依据。方法：用不同剂量的AG490 处理淋巴瘤细胞（Namalwa 和JeKo-1）、Jurkat T 淋巴细胞性白血病细胞和THP-1 单核细胞性白血病细胞24小时,CCK-8 法检测AG490 （0 滋M、2 滋M、20 滋M、50 μM、200滋M）对上述细胞的增殖抑制作用,实时定量PCR 法检测BATF2 mRNA 的变化,Western blot 法检测其蛋白水平的变化,细胞转染siRNA 法抑制BATF2 表达后CCK8 法检测AG490 对Namalwa 细胞的增殖抑制效应。结果：AG490 呈剂量依赖性地抑制Namalwa、JeKo-1、Jurkat 细胞的增殖（P〈0.05）,同时上调其BATF2 mRNA 水平和蛋白水平的表达（P〈0.05）。对于无显著抑制作用的THP-1 细胞,BATF2 的表达亦未见升高（P〉0.05）。siRNA 法抑制BATF2 基因表达后,AG490 对Namalwa 细胞的增殖抑制效果明显降低（P〈0.05）。结论：AG490 杀肿瘤细胞的效率与其诱导的BATF2 的表达呈正相关,抑制BATF2 的表达后AG490 抑制肿瘤细胞增殖的效率明显降低。因此,AG490可能是通过上调BATF2表达的方式抑制淋巴瘤细胞增殖。这意味着BATF2 是AG490 杀伤淋巴瘤细胞的作用靶点,可能为新药的开发做出一定的贡献。     

生理层流剪切力对树突状细胞免疫表型的影响

从力学生物学的角度探索生理层流剪切力(shear stress,SS)对树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DCs)的形态、细胞骨架和免疫表型分子表达水平的影响。采用常规方法从CD14~+单核细胞诱导获得未成熟DCs(immature DCs,im DCs)和成熟DCs(mature DCs,m DCs),旋转锥板装置给DCs加载10 dyn/cm~2的剪切力,观察DCs形态和细胞骨架的变化,流式细胞术和实时荧光定量PCR技术检测DCs表面分子CD80、CD83和CD86在蛋白和基因水平上的表达情况。在流体剪切力的作用下,DCs的细胞直径变小(p0.05),细胞骨架(F-actin)发生了明显的重组。DCs的免疫表型分子CD80、CD83和CD86在蛋白和基因水平上的表达均受到影响。因此,DCs能够对生理层流剪切力作出应答,生理层流剪切力可能是DCs免疫功能的一个负调控因子,支持"力学免疫学(mechanoimmunology)"和"免疫力学生物学(immunomechanobiology)"的学术观点,这对于深入理解DCs的免疫调节功能来说具有重要意义。     

应用siRNA技术探讨MCF-7乳腺癌细胞分泌的VEGF对树突状细胞的影响

为探讨MCF-7乳腺癌细胞分泌的血管内皮生长因子（ vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF）对树突状细胞（dendritic cell, DC）功能及其分化的影响,针对VEGF基因设计siRNA（small interfering RNA, siRNA),采用脂质体转染法以100 nmol/L最佳转染浓度导入MCF-7乳腺癌细胞（siRNA组）,以脂质体Lipofectamine　2000TM转染MCF-7 乳腺癌细胞培养上清培养正常DC作为对照（对照组）,采用ELISA法检测经siRNA 干扰VEGF基因后的MCF-7 乳腺癌细胞分泌的VEGF因子含量, Western 印迹检测VEGF蛋白表达,以探讨siRNA的基因沉默效果;以siRNA组和对照组培养上清分别培养外周血单个核细胞,用流式细胞仪检测所诱导DC表型CD1a、CD80、CD83、CD86和HLA-DR的表达,用MTT法检测转染前后两组DC 诱导的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL）对MCF-7细胞的细胞毒作用.结果显示,MCF-7 乳腺癌细胞培养上清能明显抑制正常DC分化成熟及抗原递呈能力,干扰VEGF基因后MCF-7 乳腺癌细胞培养上清对DC的影响明显降低,CD80、CD83、CD86和HLA-DR的表达较对照组显著升高,而CD1a表达下降（P＜0.01）.转染前后DC 诱导的CTL对MCF-7细胞的杀伤活性有明显差异（P＜0.01）.由此可见,siRNA可靶向抑制MCF-7乳腺癌细胞VEGF的表达,下调VEGF后的MCF-7 细胞上清对DC分化成熟及功能的抑制作用明显降低,从而推测VEGF在肿瘤的发生、发展和免疫抑制方面可能起着重要的作用.     

丹参酸甲对小鼠骨髓来源树突状细胞表型及其部分功能的影响

探讨丹参酸甲对小鼠骨髓来源树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DCs)表型及其部分免疫功能的影响,可为丹参酸甲的临床应用提供理论和实验依据。首先,分离培养小鼠骨髓细胞,并利用IL-4和GM-CSF诱生树突状细胞。随后,进行丹参酸甲体外处理,采用流式细胞术检测丹参酸甲对树突状细胞百分率、细胞表面分子(MHC-Ⅱ、CD80、CD86)表达水平及摄取能力的影响;采用ELISA检测各组DC与T细胞共培养后上清液中细胞因子的含量。结果显示:经10μg/mL丹参酸甲处理后,树突状细胞的百分率、FITC-Dextran阳性细胞的数量明显增加,而其表面分子MHC-Ⅱ~(high)/MHC-Ⅱ~(low)比例、MHC-Ⅱ~(high)和MHC-Ⅱ~(low)平均荧光强度、CD80和CD86的表达水平均显著降低。此外,丹参酸甲可增强DC诱导的T细胞分泌IL-10的能力,同时抑制T细胞分泌INF-γ的能力。以上结果说明,丹参酸甲可诱导骨髓细胞向DC分化;并可通过增强DC对抗原的摄取吞噬能力,下调成熟DC的表面标志物表达水平,抑制树突状细胞的成熟,减轻DC与T细胞相互作用介导的炎症反应。这为丹参酸甲在临床用于T细胞过度活化引发的免疫性疾病提供了依据。     

从细胞因子的分泌探讨过敏孕妇脐血来源树突状细胞的功能特点

目的通过分析过敏孕妇脐血单核细胞来源树突状细胞（Dendritic cells,DCs）分泌细胞因子水平与正常孕妇来源DCs的差异,了解过敏来源树突状细胞功能的特点,为过敏性疾病的细胞学研究奠定基础,并为防治过敏性疾病寻找最佳时期。方法分离过敏及正常孕妇脐血内单核细胞,在GM-CSF及IL-4的作用下诱导生成未成熟DCs,在培养的第7天加入LPS（1μg/ml）诱导细胞成熟,阴性对照组仅加入细胞因子及培养基。于培养第9天收集培养上清,用ELISA法检测培养上清中IL-12p70及IL-10的分泌水平。结果过敏孕妇来源树突状细胞分泌细胞因子IL-12p70及IL-10的能力明显低于正常孕妇组。结论过敏孕妇来源树突状细胞可能存在功能上的缺陷,这可能是导致有过敏家庭史婴儿易患过敏性疾病的细胞学基础,孕期可能为防治过敏性疾病发生的最佳时期。     

Novel Mechanism of Inhibition of Dendritic Cells Maturation by Mesenchymal Stem Cells via Interleukin-10 and the JAK1/STAT3 Signaling Pathway

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can suppress dendritic cells (DCs) maturation and function, mediated by soluble factors, such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂), and nitric oxide (NO). Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a common immunosuppressive cytokine, and the downstream signaling of the JAK-STAT pathway has been shown to be involved with DCs differentiation and maturation in the context of cancer. Whether IL-10 and/or the JAK-STAT pathway play a role in the inhibitory effect of MSCs on DCs maturation remains controversial. In our study, we cultured MSCs and DCs derived from rat bone marrow under different culturing conditions. Using Transwell plates, we detected by ELISA that the level of IL-10 significantly increased in the supernatants of MSC-DC co-cultures at 48 hours. The cell immunofluorescence assay suggested that the MSCs secreted more IL-10 than the DCs in the co-cultures. Adding exogenous IL-10 to the DCs monoculture or MSC-DC co-cultures stimulated IL-10 and led to a decrease in IL-12, and lower expression of the DCs surface markers CD80, CD86, OX62, MHC-II and CD11b/c. Supplementing the culture with an IL-10 neutralizing antibody (IL-10NA) showed precisely the opposite effect of adding IL-10. Moreover, we demonstrated that the JAK-STAT signaling pathway is involved in inhibiting DCs maturation. Both JAK1 and STAT3 expression and IL-10 secretion decreased markedly after adding a JAK inhibitor (AG490) to the co-culture plate. We propose that there is an IL-10 positive feedback loop, which may explain our observations of elevated IL-10 and enhanced JAK1 and STAT3 expression. Overall, we demonstrated that MSCs inhibit the maturation of DCs through the stimulation of IL-10 secretion, and by activating the JAK1 and STAT3 signaling pathway.     

Nox5 mediates PDGF-induced proliferation in human aortic smooth muscle cells

The proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells is important in the pathogenesis of many vascular diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by NADPH oxidases in smooth muscle cells have been shown to participate in signaling cascades regulating proliferation induced by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), a powerful smooth muscle mitogen. We sought to determine the role of Nox5 in the regulation of PDGF-stimulated human aortic smooth muscle cell (HASMC) proliferation. Cultured HASMC were found to express four isoforms of Nox5. When HASMC stimulated with PDGF were pretreated with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), proliferation was significantly reduced. Proliferation induced by PDGF was also heavily dependent on JAK/STAT activation, as the JAK inhibitor, AG490, was able to completely abolish PDGF-stimulated HASMC growth. Specific knockdown of Nox5 with a siRNA strategy reduced PDGF-induced HASMC ROS production and proliferation. Additionally, siRNA to Nox5 inhibited PDGF-stimulated JAK2 and STAT3 phosphorylation. ROS produced by Nox5 play an important role in PDGF-induced JAK/STAT activation and HASMC proliferation.     

MicroRNA-146a and MicroRNA-146b Regulate Human Dendritic Cell Apoptosis and Cytokine Production by Targeting TRAF6 and IRAK1 Proteins

We have previously reported 27 differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) during human monocyte differentiation into immature dendritic cells (imDCs) and mature DCs (mDCs). However, their roles in DC differentiation and function remain largely elusive. Here, we report that microRNA (miR)-146a and miR-146b modulate DC apoptosis and cytokine production. Expression of miR-146a and miR-146b was significantly increased upon monocyte differentiation into imDCs and mDCs. Silencing of miR-146a and/or miR-146b in imDCs and mDCs significantly prevented DC apoptosis, whereas overexpressing miR-146a and/or miR-146b increased DC apoptosis. miR-146a and miR-146b expression in imDCs and mDCs was inversely correlated with TRAF6 and IRAK1 expression. Furthermore, siRNA silencing of TRAF6 and/or IRAK1 in imDCs and mDCs enhanced DC apoptosis. By contrast, lentivirus overexpression of TRAF6 and/or IRAK1 promoted DC survival. Moreover, silencing of miR-146a and miR-146b expression had little effect on DC maturation but enhanced IL-12p70, IL-6, and TNF-α production as well as IFN-γ production by IL-12p70-mediated activation of natural killer cells, whereas miR-146a and miR-146b overexpression in mDCs reduced cytokine production. Silencing of miR-146a and miR-146b in DCs also down-regulated NF-κB inhibitor IκBα and increased Bcl-2 expression. Our results identify a new negative feedback mechanism involving the miR-146a/b-TRAF6/IRAK1-NF-κB axis in promoting DC apoptosis.     

Donor BMSC‐derived small extracellular vesicles relieve acute rejection post‐renal allograft through transmitting Loc108349490 to dendritic cells

Bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC)‐derived small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are potent candidates for the suppression of acute rejection post‐renal allograft and have been reported to halt dendritic cells (DCs) maturation. However, whether BMSC‐derived sEVs mitigate acute rejection post‐renal allograft by targeting DCs is still unclear. In this study, donor BMSC‐derived sEVs (sEVs) relieved the inflammatory response and suppressed mature DCs (mDCs) location in kidney grafts, and increased regulatory T (Treg) cell population in the spleens of the rats that underwent kidney allograft. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated immature DCs (imDCs), sEVs suppressed the maturation and migration of DCs and inactivated toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. Compared with LPS‐treated imDCs, imDCs treated with LPS+sEVs promoted CD4⁺T cells differentiated toward Treg cells. Subsequently, we found that Loc108349490, a long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) abundant in sEVs, mediated the inhibitory effect of sEVs on DC maturation and migration by promoting TLR4 ubiquitination. In rats that underwent an allograft, Loc108349490 deficiency weakened the therapeutic effect of sEVs on acute rejection. The present study firstly found that sEVs alleviated acute rejection post‐renal allograft by transferring lncRNA to DCs and screened out the functional lncRNA loaded in sEVs was Loc108349490.     

Dendritic cell maturation requires STAT1 and is under feedback regulation by suppressors of cytokine signaling

In this study we show that activation of STAT pathways is developmentally regulated and plays a role in dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and maturation. The STAT6 signaling pathway is constitutively activated in immature DC (iDC) and declines as iDCs differentiate into mature DCs (mDCs). However, down-regulation of this pathway during DC differentiation is accompanied by dramatic induction of suppressors of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), SOCS2, SOCS3, and cytokine-induced Src homology 2-containing protein expression, suggesting that inhibition of STAT6 signaling may be required for DC maturation. In contrast, STAT1 signaling is most robust in mDCs and is not inhibited by the up-regulated SOCS proteins, indicating that STAT1 and STAT6 pathways are distinctly regulated in maturing DC. Furthermore, optimal activation of STAT1 during DC maturation requires both IL-4 and GM-CSF, suggesting that synergistic effects of both cytokines may in part provide the requisite STAT1 signaling intensity for DC maturation. Analyses of STAT1(-/-) DCs reveal a role for STAT1 in repressing CD86 expression in precursor DCs and up-regulating CD40, CD11c, and SOCS1 expression in mDCs. We further show that SOCS proteins are differentially induced by IL-4 and GM-CSF in DCs. SOCS1 is primarily induced by IL-4 through a STAT1-dependent mechanism, whereas SOCS3 is induced mainly by GM-CSF. Taken together, these results suggest that cytokine-induced maturation of DCs is under feedback regulation by SOCS proteins and that the switch from constitutive activation of the STAT6 pathway in iDCs to predominant use of STAT1 signals in mDC is mediated in part by STAT1-induced SOCS expression.     

不同分化阶段的树突状细胞的细胞膜生物物理特性变化

DCs是迄今所知最有效的抗原呈递细胞,在体外可以用CD14 的单核细胞诱导分化而得到.imDCs能够主动地摄取抗原和病原体,产生MHC-抗原肽复合物,并且从抗原获取位点向二级淋巴组织迁移,逐渐分化成mDCs,mDCs与幼稚的T细胞相互作用,从而导致免疫应答或耐受.在这些过程中,DCs必须经历数次变形和转位以通过基底膜和血管壁等屏障,并且在二级淋巴组织内与幼稚的T细胞发生直接的物理性接触.为了更好地理解DCs从外周组织向二级淋巴组织迁移的过程和启动免疫应答的机制,通过研究体外DCs分化过程中细胞膜的生物物理特性,包括细胞膜的粘弹性、表面电荷及其分布和流动性,结果发现DCs细胞膜粘弹性逐渐增加,mDCs的电泳率最大,表面电荷分布出现明显的不对称现象,并且膜流动性也逐渐增加,说明DCs的细胞膜生物物理特性在其行使生理功能的过程中发挥着重要的作用,这对更深入地理解DCs的迁移和与幼稚T细胞相互作用以及免疫应答的启动过程具有非常重要的意义.