基于MaxEnt模型的九寨沟国家级自然保护区川金丝猴适宜生境研究

川金丝猴Rhinopithecus roxellana是我国特有的灵长类重点保护物种,九寨沟国家级自然保护区是其分布区之一。利用MaxEnt模型对九寨沟国家级自然保护区川金丝猴生境进行研究,结果显示:(1) MaxEnt模型的预测准确度极高,训练集受试者工作特征曲线下面积达到0. 981±0. 011;(2)保护区内川金丝猴的适宜生境面积为7 519. 68 hm2,占保护区总面积的11. 7%,主要分布在北部的林地中;(3)根据贡献率、置换重要值和Jackknife检验,影响川金丝猴分布的最主要环境因子是海拔和距公路距离,植被型、坡向和距步道距离的影响次之,其他环境因子的影响较小;(4)川金丝猴适宜生境的海拔为2 100~3 500 m,距公路和步道距离分别为700~5 000 m和150~3 500 m,位于南坡、西南坡、西坡和西北坡的寒温性针叶林、温性针叶林、针阔混交林和落叶阔叶林中。根据分析结果,建议减少人类活动对川金丝猴的干扰,加强对保护区边缘地域的生境保护,确保川金丝猴适宜生境与周边地区的连通性。     

景观空间格局对滇金丝猴猴群分布的影响

结合景观生态学,建立研究区域景观格局分析与内部生物之间的联系,能够为生物多样性保护和自然保护区的管理提供更加真实准确及可实践操作的指导。借助遥感和地理信息系统软件,将滇金丝猴分布区内景观划分为适宜生境、次适宜生境、连接生境、天然阻碍及人为干扰5种类型,通过计算得到5种类型斑块的景观指数,并将其与滇金丝猴猴群出现概率及种群密度进行相关性分析。结果表明:(1)滇金丝猴猴群出现概率受人为干扰斑块影响较大,与人为干扰斑块面积所占比例呈负相关,与人为干扰斑块的权重边界密度呈正相关;(2)影响猴群分布密度的景观指数较多,其中除适宜生境斑块所占面积比及其权重边界密度与猴群密度呈正相关之外,其他指数均与猴群密度呈负相关;(3)现阶段对滇金丝猴生境保护最为直接的方法应该是增加适宜生境和次适宜生境斑块间的连通性,即增强这两类斑块的自然增扩潜力,同时减少人为干扰对猴群的影响;(4)对于自然保护的管理应当更加重视边界效应的作用,尽量保持适宜生境与其性质相近类型斑块的连通性,以提高景观质量。     

人为干扰对神农架川金丝猴连通性及遗传多样性的影响

川金丝猴湖北种群是川金丝猴分布的最东缘,现主要分布于神农架国家公园和巴东自然保护区,其作为单独的管理单元,相对较低的遗传多样性、孤立的遗传状态和较小的种群数量,使得该种群面对环境变化脆弱性高。以神农架为研究区域,首先基于物种分布模型获得川金丝猴移动的阻力图层,利用电路理论分析适宜生境连接度;其次,设置道路和旅游两个人为干扰情景,运用最小费用距离模型与电路理论模型,分析道路和旅游活动对川金丝猴移动路径以及对不同亚群内和亚群间连通性的影响;最后,利用CDPOP软件模拟道路对川金丝猴遗传多样性的影响。结果表明:(1)神农架川金丝猴适宜生境分布较集中,生境斑块间存在多个潜在扩散区域;(2)道路改变了川金丝猴往来于南北生境间的最优路径,旅游干扰对川金丝猴移动路径无明显影响,其干扰主要在于川金丝猴对其具有回避性,回避距离为100 m;(3)道路显著降低金猴岭亚群内的连通性,并显著增加了所有亚群间的移动阻力,旅游活动对亚群内和亚群间的连通性无显著影响;(4)川金丝猴种群在150年内的遗传多样性呈下降趋势,道路的影响将加剧遗传多样性下降的程度。基于以上结果本文提出了针对性的保护建议,对于该物种的保护和其他濒危物种的类似研究具有较强的参考价值和借鉴意义。     

神农架川金丝猴栖息地森林群落的数量分类与排序

在神农架川金丝猴生境典型地段设立样方58块,根据样方资料对神农架川金丝猴栖息地的森林群落用组平均法分类和DCA排序.用组平均法将58块样地分为9个群系,依据《中国植被》的分类原则和系统将研究区植物群落划归为7个植被型.样地的DCA排序较好地揭示了该区森林群落的分布格局与环境梯度的关系;DCA第二轴明显地反映出森林群落的海拔梯度变化,沿DCA第二轴从右到左,海拔逐渐升高;第一轴表现了各植物群落或植物种所在环境的坡度、坡向,即水分和光照因素,沿第一轴从下到上,坡度渐缓、坡向渐向阳.其中海拔梯度是环境因子中对森林群落起决定性作用的因子.研究表明,巴山冷杉+糙皮桦-大齿槭+尾萼蔷薇-高原露珠草+星果草群系发育较好,高大树木占有较大的比例,是神农架川金丝猴最适宜栖息地.7个植被型物种丰富度指数在群落梯度上呈规律性波动.其中针叶林和针叶-阔叶混交林中,物种丰富度指数在群落梯度上的总体趋势表现为灌木层＞草木层＞乔木层;在常绿阔叶林和常绿-落叶阔叶混交林中,该趋势为灌木层＞乔木层＞草本层;在落叶阔叶林中,其丰富度指数的趋势为灌木层＞草本层和乔木层.不同植被类型川金丝猴食源植物种类在群落梯度上的变化趋势与物种丰富度指数相同,但地衣类植物作为川金丝猴冬季的重要食物只在针叶林和针叶-阔叶混交林中生长.本研究为制定栖息地保护计划,更好地保护神农架川金丝猴提供了科学理论依据.     

基于累积阻力的野生动物适宜生境斑块探测——以滇金丝猴为例

识别动物的适宜生境对野生动物保护、区域生态保护以及自然保护区的规划等具有指导意义。以滇金丝猴生存区域为例,选取7个影响滇金丝猴生境适宜性的主要因子：植被类型、海拔、坡度、坡向、距水系距离、距居民点距离、距道路距离,基于GIS技术,构建阻力面,确定累积阻力阈值,计算可达面积并据此划分斑块,结合现有猴群的栖息地分布、保护区设立对划分结果进行分析讨论。结果表明,区域内滇金丝猴的适宜生境面积整体占比较低,猴群移动受到人类活动干扰或水系阻隔的影响,其生境受到了不同程度的破坏,且生境适宜度表现出中部最高,北部次之,南部最差的规律。划分生境适宜性等级的方法,考虑到了明显地物对动物移动的较强阻隔作用,顾及到了空间连续性和斑块完整性,实验结果可反映出不同区域的生境适宜性差异。     

基于生境斑块的滇金丝猴景观连接度分析

基于生境斑块,结合最小费用距离并运用图论法对滇金丝猴分布区进行栖息地连接度分析,研究利用猴群的现实分布结合Logistic回归模型确定了景观功能连接的最佳距离阈值,对于功能畅通的组分,以景观指数BC定量识别出作为"踏脚石"的优先保护区域;对于功能不连接的组分,绘制出最小费用路径,确定了该路径中优先恢复区域。结果表明:最佳的最小费用距离阈值为1400,该阈值下猴群主要存在于5个组分中,所有组分中猴群间的连接度优劣排序为组分3组分1组分5组分4,龙马山猴群(G15)没有"踏脚石"斑块使其与同一组分内的其他猴群相连接,应考虑优先恢复该区域的植被,研究成果对于该物种的保护和其他濒危物种的类似研究具有较强的参考价值和借鉴意义。     

神农架生物圈保护区植物多样性及其保护现状的研究

对神农架生物圈保持区森林生态系统多样性、植物物种多样性、植物遗传多样性及其保护现状作了较斩研究,结果如下：１．神农架生物圈保护区海拔差异大,生态环境相当复杂,植被垂直分布差异明显。根据植被现状,其自然植被可划分为３个植被带,海拔４２０－１８００ｍ为常绿、落叶阔叶混交林带;海拔１８００－２６００ｍ为温性针叶和落叶阔叶林带;海拔２６００－３１０５．４ｍ为寒性常绿针叶林带。     

评估不同尺度下农牧地对滇金丝猴景观连接度的影响

基于图论法原理,综合最小费用距离和猴群的最小家域,建立了滇金丝猴栖息地的潜在扩散廊道及廊道缓冲区。在此区域内,根据遗传距离与栖息地连接最小费用距离的相关性,确定了5个不同管理单元间猴群可能扩散的阈值,并根据此阈值计算获得可能连通性指数(PC)去评估不同尺度下农牧地对滇金丝猴栖息地景观连接度的影响。结果表明:在距离为2.15km的廊道缓冲区范围内,5个不同管理单元间猴群可能扩散的最小费用距离阈值为1600,在两个斑块之间的费用距离小于或等于1600时,两个斑块能够连接,猴群可能在这两个斑块进行扩散,超过费用距离1600时,两个斑块不再连接,即猴群在这两个斑块间不会扩散。景观尺度下,PC指数逐渐增加,意味着未来4种不同的农牧地改善情景(C1,C2,C3,C4)都将促进景观连接度的增加;在斑块尺度下,通过确定出的最佳距离阈值,将整个研究区域分成不同的组分,小于或等于阈值的相邻斑块被划分在同一个组分中,大于阈值则不在一个组分中,研究区域中的5个不同管理单元间的猴群被划分在3个不同的组分中,情景C1,C2中组分数量没有变化,意味着连接度没有发生改变,但在情景C3,C4中,组分数量减少,并与相邻的组分融为一个组分,意味着连接度发生改变,滇金丝猴的活动范围扩大,更有利于猴群的基因交流。研究结果将为滇金丝猴栖息地的保护、未来廊道的恢复建设提供科学依据,同时也能为类似的研究提供方法上的参考。     

九宫山自然保护区植被及其特征的初步研究

九宫山自然保护区位于中国中亚热带向北热带过渡区,植被构成以森林植被为主。通过调查和分析,将九宫山自然保护区植被划分为5个植被型组,11个植被型,32个群系。九宫山自然保护区的种子植物区系分布中温带性质和热带性质的属分别为384和302属;植被类型中主要森林植的构成为：暖温性、温性和寒温性针叶林群系数目依次是1、1、0,常绿阔叶林、落叶常绿阔叶混交林和落叶阔叶林群系数目分别为3、7、7;森林植被中落叶常绿阔叶混交林的分布面积最大。与井冈山自然保护区、庐山、后河自然保护区、清凉峰自然保护区、神农架自然保护区以及董寨鸟类自然保护区等地植被相关特征的比较分析表明,该区植被种子植物的主要组成种类以及森林植被类型和分布等具有明显的地带性过渡特性。     

基于微卫星DNA的神农架川金丝猴遗传结构研究

川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellana)是我国特有珍稀濒危物种,了解其种群遗传结构和关键影响因素,对该物种的保护具有重要意义。以我国分布最东端的湖北神农架川金丝猴种群为研究对象,基于非损伤性DNA技术和微卫星DNA遗传标记等分子生物学方法及景观遗传参数,探讨了神农架川金丝猴的遗传多样性和遗传结构,旨在为川金丝猴的研究及川金丝猴种群的可持续发展提供理论基础。利用12个多态性微卫星位点,在455份川金丝猴粪便样品中,共检测到62个微卫星等位基因;共鉴定出316个不同川金丝猴个体;种群的平均期望杂合度、平均观察杂合度和多态性信息含量分别为0.626、0.559和0.650;群体间的Nei's遗传距离为0.046—0.139,分化系数为0.015—0.046。结果表明与其他地区川金丝猴种群相比,神农架川金丝猴种群具有较低的遗传多样性水平,种群内部存在遗传分化趋势;结合景观参数分析表明地理距离不是影响神农架川金丝猴群体间遗传距离的主要因素,而生境中的灌丛和草地以及人类活动干扰可能是影响川金丝猴遗传交流的主要因素。     

Assessment of Habitat Fragmentation and Corridors for an Isolated Subspecies of the Sichuan Golden Snub-Nosed Monkey, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhinopithecus roxellana hubeiensis</Emphasis>

Understanding habitat quality and landscape connectivity and exploring corridors connecting habitat patches are crucial for conservation, particularly for species distributed among isolated populations. The Sichuan golden snub-nosed monkey, Rhinopithecus roxellana, is an Endangered primate species endemic to mountainous forests in China. Its easternmost distribution lies in the Shennongjia area, which harbors an isolated subspecies, R. roxellana hubeiensis. Unfortunately, it has experienced significant habitat loss, fragmentation, and dramatic population decline in recent decades, primarily due to increased human disturbance. To quantify habitat quality, identify suitable habitat patches, and detect possible linkages among these patches for R. roxellana hubeiensis, we conducted habitat suitability assessments and landscape connectivity analyses in the Shennongjia area based on a set of environmental factors. We created a habitat quality model and a movement cost surface for the Shennongjia area based on a habitat suitability index, graph theory, expert knowledge, field experience, and information from the literature. Our results show that suitable habitat for R. roxellana hubeiensis in Shennongjia is fragmented and limited, and that this is particularly true for highly suitable habitats. We detected six core habitat patches and six least-cost paths and corridors. Our study does not provide accurate distributions of the monkeys and their habitat use. However, it identifies the most feasible and traversable habitats and corridors, which should be conservation priorities for this subspecies, and provides valuable guidance for reevaluating habitat conservation plans.     

小兴安岭南麓马鹿冬季适宜生境评价

通过2014-2015年两次冬季野外调查, 将收集的79处马鹿(Cervus elaphus)出现信息作为分布点数据, 选取地形、景观类型、植被特征和人类干扰4类19种因子作为环境变量, 利用最大熵(maximum entropy, MaxEnt)模型, 分析了小兴安岭铁力林业局辖区马鹿种群冬季潜在适宜生境分布特征和主要环境因子对马鹿分布的影响。结果显示: 模型预测精度较高, 训练集与验证集的平均AUC(area under the curve, 受试工作者曲线下面积)值分别为0.949和0.958; Jackknife检验结果表明: 景观类型因子对马鹿生境选择的影响较大; 坡向、距大路距离、距混交林距离、距灌草地距离和距农田距离是影响马鹿生境分布的主要环境因子, 其综合贡献值依次为27.8%、23.9%、19.5%、15.3%和10.4%; 距小路距离对马鹿分布影响较小。我们依据MaxEnt模型最大约登指数, 找到最佳中断点0.22作为阈值将马鹿冬季栖息地划分为适宜和不适宜两个等级, 其面积分别为663.49 km²和1,378.85 km², 分别占研究区总面积的32%和68%。马鹿的适宜生境主要分布在铁力林业局辖区的东部山地和中部林地等区域; 南部地区接近铁力市区, 人类活动频繁, 不适宜马鹿栖息。对马鹿种群的保护管理措施提出3点建议: 控制人为干扰; 构建多样性景观; 优先保护马鹿的潜在适宜生境分布区。     

A study on the relationship between vegetation pattern and environment in the upstream of Minjiang River,China

The vegetation pattern in the upstream of Minjiang River,and its relationship with environment factors,such as landscape position(elevation,slope,aspect),precipitation and temperature and soil are analyzed in this paper.The data used in this Paper were based on the landscape map derived from 1994 TM imagery.The results were as follows:1)dominant landscape types were forest,shrub land and grassland,which were very similar in terms of area ratio(32.87%,31.85% and 28.44%,respectively);2)the patch shape of conifer forest and mixed forest was complicated while that of broad-leaved forest and cultivated land was simple;3)the fragmentation of conifer forest and mixed forest was serious in contrast with low fragmentation of broad-leaved forest and cultivated land;and 4)closed scrub and grassland had a high contagion and good connectivity while mixed forest had a lower contagion and bad connectivity.In addition,the vegetation distribution pattern of upstream of Minjiang River Was closely related with elevation and temperature,but the relationship between vegetation and precipitation was not statistically significant.     

A study on the relationship between vegetation pattern and environment in the upstream of Minjiang River, China

The vegetation pattern in the upstream of Minjiang River, and its relationship with environment factors, such as landscape position (elevation, slope, aspect), precipitation and temperature and soil are analyzed in this paper. The data used in this paper were based on the landscape map derived from 1994 TM imagery. The results were as follows: 1) dominant landscape types were forest, shrub land and grassland, which were very similar in terms of area ratio (32.87%, 31.85% and 28.44%, respectively); 2) the patch shape of conifer forest and mixed forest was complicated while that of broad-leaved forest and cultivated land was simple; 3) the fragmentation of conifer forest and mixed forest was serious in contrast with low fragmentation of broad-leaved forest and cultivated land; and 4) closed scrub and grassland had a high contagion and good connectivity while mixed forest had a lower contagion and bad connectivity. In addition, the vegetation distribution pattern of upstream of Minjiang River was closely related with elevation and temperature, but the relationship between vegetation and precipitation was not statistically significant. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Normal University (Natural Science), 2005,41(4) [译自: 北京师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2005,41(4)]     

Remote sensing‐based landscape indicators for the evaluation of threatened‐bird habitats in a tropical forest

Avian species persistence in a forest patch is strongly related to the degree of isolation and size of a forest patch and the vegetation structure within a patch and its matrix are important predictors of bird habitat suitability. A combination of space‐borne optical (Landsat), ALOS‐PALSAR (radar), and airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data was used for assessing variation in forest structure across forest patches that had undergone different levels of forest degradation in a logged forest—agricultural landscape in Southern Laos. The efficacy of different remote sensing (RS) data sources in distinguishing forest patches that had different seizes, configurations, and vegetation structure was examined. These data were found to be sensitive to the varying levels of degradation of the different patch categories. Additionally, the role of local scale forest structure variables (characterized using the different RS data and patch area) and landscape variables (characterized by distance from different forest patches) in influencing habitat preferences of International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red listed birds found in the study area was examined. A machine learning algorithm, MaxEnt, was used in conjunction with these data and field collected geographical locations of the avian species to identify the factors influencing habitat preference of the different bird species and their suitable habitats. Results show that distance from different forest patches played a more important role in influencing habitat suitability for the different avian species than local scale factors related to vegetation structure and health. In addition to distance from forest patches, LiDAR‐derived forest structure and Landsat‐derived spectral variables were important determinants of avian habitat preference. The models derived using MaxEnt were used to create an overall habitat suitability map (HSM) which mapped the most suitable habitat patches for sustaining all the avian species. This work also provides insight that retention of forest patches, including degraded and isolated forest patches in addition to large contiguous forest patches, can facilitate bird species retention within tropical agricultural landscapes. It also demonstrates the effective use of RS data in distinguishing between forests that have undergone varying levels of degradation and identifying the habitat preferences of different bird species. Practical conservation management planning endeavors can use such data for both landscape scale monitoring and habitat mapping.     

气候变化情景下天宝岩国家级自然保护区森林景观演替长期动态模拟

气候变化将会对森林树种结构、空间结构以及林龄结构等产生重大影响,准确预测森林景观演替对未来气候变化的响应,不仅能够为科学管理森林生态系统提供理论依据,而且对制定生物多样性保护与珍稀物种保护策略也具有重要意义。本文运用LANDIS Pro 7.0与LINKAGES模型,模拟天宝岩国家级自然保护区8个树种在2种不同气候变化情景(RCP4.5和RCP8.5)下未来300年的森林植被演替动态,分析森林景观格局变化特征及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明：毛竹、马尾松、猴头杜鹃、长苞铁杉以及杉木的潜在面积分布与景观格局指数对气候变化的响应较为显著。在气候变化情景下,各树种的景观分维度均介于1.03—1.08,保护区内各景观斑块相对简单规则。毛竹、猴头杜鹃和杉木聚集度下降趋势明显而斑块密度显著上升,长苞铁杉随演替进行面积逐渐减少而聚集度相对较高且斑块密度剧增,马尾松斑块密度缓慢增加而聚集度先降后升,随气候变化这些树种的景观完整度都遭到了不同程度的破坏,且在RCP8.5气候情景下景观破碎化更严重。而气候变化对阔叶林与柳杉的影响则较小,且阔叶林在演替期间斑块密度下降而聚集度稳中有增,潜在面积分布呈现出良好的...