一株多功能芽孢杆菌的鉴定

【摘 要】 目的 从土壤筛选所得1株芽孢杆菌并对该菌进行鉴定.方法 通过表型特征、生理生化特性和16S rDNA序列同源性分析（Gen Bank登录号为: JN609382）。结果 形态学观察：菌落呈圆形,白色微黄,中央凸起,半透明,长时间培养容易形成褶皱;革兰染色为阳性;芽孢中生,周生鞭毛,细长且多。生理生化特征：参照《常见细菌手册》和《伯杰氏细菌鉴定手册》,其中接触酶反应、V-P测定、卵磷脂以及革兰染色呈阳性;能够利用D-葡萄糖、D-木糖、D-甘露醇产酸,并能使淀粉水解;不能利用丙酸盐,不能形成吲哚,不能水解酪氨酸,生理生化试验结果显示该芽孢杆菌与枯草芽孢杆菌的特征一致。分子生物学鉴定：在Gen Bank上经过BLAT分析,其与枯草芽孢杆菌的相似性最高（99％）。结论 鉴定该菌为枯草芽孢杆菌。     

细菌鞭毛染色菌龄初试

细菌鞭毛染色的适宜菌龄,一般在10—24小时之间,但在实践中发现,不同种细菌染色菌龄有不同特点。普通变形菌、铜绿色假单胞菌和大肠埃希氏菌都是无芽孢菌,因而不会由于产生芽孢而使鞭毛脱落,所以染色菌龄较长,从4小时开始,到24、48、72小时均可进行染色,结果也比较理想。可见,这几株菌的鞭毛染色几乎不受菌     

观察细菌的形态和运动的好材料——螺旋菌

细菌基本形态的观察是原中学植物学实验必作内容之一。螺旋菌具鞭毛,运动快速,且形态较大,用它作为细菌运动性及鞭毛的观察材料比用杆菌好,还可用于细菌三型的观察,而且螺旋菌的取材方便,不必事先配制培养基培养。具体方法如下。 1.取材取厕所中表面呈白膜状的陈尿,其中含有大量的螺旋菌杆菌和少量球菌。 2.染色液的配制     

悬滴法染色观察细菌的运动

细菌中的螺菌、弧菌和部分杆菌具运动器官——鞭毛。能够运动是这些细菌的基本特性之一。欲观察细菌的运动性常采用暗视野和悬滴法,但因生活的细菌在普通显微镜下透明度较高,悬滴法又只能在高倍镜(40×)下观察,这些都给初学者带来困难。我们改用无毒的美兰染色后活体观察,效果较理想,现介绍如下: 材料为培养6—10小时的“7216”(苏云金芽孢杆     

芽孢杆菌鞭毛及其运动相关特性的研究进展

鞭毛是着生在很多细菌体表的细长弯曲丝状物,作为细菌的运动“器官”,鞭毛是微生物学中研究最深入的生理系统之一。细菌可以通过鞭毛运动更好地适应栖息环境,并在环境条件不利时及时逃离。此外,鞭毛运动对于有害细菌或者有益细菌在宿主表面的定殖、生物膜形成及其与宿主其他互作过程中都发挥着重要作用。芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.)是一类在自然界中广泛分布的细菌,其许多菌株在工农业生产及医药等领域都有重要的应用价值,本文对芽孢杆菌鞭毛及其运动相关特性的研究进展进行了综述：芽孢杆菌鞭毛的结构组成、组装过程及合成基因的表达调控;芽孢杆菌运动性与相关生物学特性,包括生物膜形成和分散、芽孢的形成、感受态形成、γ-聚谷氨酸和抗生素生产等方面之间的相互关系及其底层分子机制。本综述旨在为本领域的相关研究提供可参考的综合知识和理论指导依据。     

细菌鞭毛的染色

细菌中的弧菌、螺菌及部分杆菌具有鞭毛,而鞭毛的有无及其着生状态又具有种的鉴定意义。细菌鞭毛染色的方法虽然很多,但要得到满意的结果往往不易做到,特别对于初学者就更难以掌握。由于教学科研的迫切需要,我们对细菌鞭毛染色方法进行了一些研究,现介绍如下:     

细菌鞭毛染色中几种制片方法比较

细菌鞭毛染色是微生物学实验教学内容之一,也是对细菌进行分类鉴定的重要实验之一。但由于在染色过程中鞭毛常脱落,而且背景上也堆积了染料沉淀,给镜检观察造成困难。为此,我们采用鞭毛染色实验常用菌种,用几种制片方法进行比较,发现用液体培养菌种或菌悬液为材料,用适当方法制片,然后再进行染色观察,可较好地克服上述困难。具体方法及结果如下：１　材料１．１　菌种　苏云金杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓｔｈｕｒｉｎｇｉｅｎｓｉｓ）１．２　鞭毛染色液１）Ａ液：单宁酸：５ｇ;ＦｅＣｌ３：１．５ｇ;蒸馏水：１００ｍｌ;福尔马林（…     

一株产乳酸的芽孢杆菌的分离及产物鉴定

从捣碎大麦芽的增菌培养液表面的悬浮物中发现很多细菌芽孢。纯化后经形态观察、生理生化特征和乳酸旋光性测定等表明,此菌呈革兰氏染色阳性反应,产芽孢,周身鞭毛,产物为DL-乳酸,系同型乳酸发酵类型。再经乳酸发酵试验,50℃发酵120小时,以葡萄塘为碳源,对葡萄糖的转化率为86.5%。以玉米糖化液为碳源,对糖的转化率为85.2%。     

耻垢分枝杆菌发育过程中多形性观察

作者采用玻片培养法对快速生长的耻垢杆菌进行观察,发现该菌在生长发育的初期有一个变为圆球体的阶段,尔后可成熟为抗酸杆菌,进一步杆菌衰老可出现增长的丝状菌,丝状菌的中央或末端有局部膨大,后者与很多细菌L型的生长方式相似。细胞壁染色提示在耻垢杆菌的生长发育过程中可自发性出现少量缺壁细菌。     

一株培菌白蚁后肠木聚糖降解细菌的分离与鉴定

【目的】从培菌白蚁——黄翅大白蚁肠道微生物菌群中分离能降解木聚糖的细菌。【方法】以木聚糖为唯一碳源,利用刚果红染色,根据透明圈大小进行筛选。通过显微形态,革兰氏染色及16S r RNA基因序列分析进行菌株鉴定。二硝基水杨酸(DNS)法测定细菌生长过程中木聚糖酶酶活变化,比较酶活与菌株生长状况的关系。【结果】从黄翅大白蚁肠道中筛选到一株具有较高木聚糖降解活性的革兰氏阳性菌Mb1,16S r RNA基因序列分析表明为类芽孢杆菌属细菌,命名为Paenibacillus sp.Mb1。该菌培养72 h后菌体浓度达到最高,木聚糖酶酶活主要存在于培养液上清中,酶活在对数期增长快,在培养96 h时达到最高值,之后趋于稳定。【结论】从黄翅大白蚁肠道中分离出一株具有较高木聚糖酶活的类芽孢杆菌,可作为产细菌木聚糖酶的潜在优良菌株。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Determination of stoichiometry of radioiodination of proteins

A sensitive method for the detection of small quantities of hydrophobic antioxidant free radical scavengers such as butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylatedhydroxyanisole (BHA) in aqueous samples is described. The procedure involves extraction of the hydrophobic free radical scavenger into an organic solvent phase, followed by the subsequent reaction of an aliquot of this extract with the stable cation radical tris(p-bromophenyl)amminium hexachloroantimonate (TBACA). In experiments with BHT and BHA, the loss of TBACA absorbance at 730 nm was found to be linearly proportional to the amount of antioxidant added, with quantities of BHT as small as 200 pmol being easily detectable. In aqueous suspensions of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles, assays of the aqueous BHT concentration showed that BHT partitioned strongly into the membrane phase, achieving very high BHT/phospholipid ratios. For a given concentration of BHT, partitioning into the membrane phase was greater in large, multilamellar liposomes than in either small, single-walled vesicles or in purified rat brain synaptic vesicle membranes. Direct assay of BHT and BHA in phospholipid membranes, however, was complicated by a nonspecific interaction between TBACA and the phospholipid.