杆状病毒出芽病毒粒子膜融合蛋白的研究进展

杆状病毒是一类感染节肢动物的病原微生物,其基因组为双链环状DNA,大小为80～180kb。杆状病毒科包括核多角体病毒属(Nucleopolyhedrovirus,NPV)和颗粒体病毒属(Granulovirus,GV),其中NPV根据病毒粒子在包膜中的粒子数目不同而划分为多核衣壳核多角体病毒(multiple nucleocapsid     

山楂粉蝶NPV的形态发生及其宿主细胞器的超微病理变化

应用电子显微技术,对山楂粉蝶核型多角体病毒感染三龄幼虫后,该病毒在体内的形态发生过程及其宿主细胞病理超微结构的变化等进行了观察与分析。结果表明：病毒感染７２～１６８ｈ后,山楂粉蝶幼虫中肠上皮细胞内出现病毒发生基质、核衣壳、套膜、丝状纤维或称前多角体蛋白。病毒粒子、病毒束,以及病毒束嵌入多角体蛋白,装配成完全的病毒多角体。在相应的中肠上皮细胞内,细胞器如线粒体、粗面内质网、核糖体、溶酶体等均发生显著的病理变化。同时还应指出的是内质网呈指纹图谱型,板层体与示髓样小体等膜状结构的病理变化比较特殊。     

AcMNPV核衣壳的形态发生

报道了缺失多角体蛋白基因的AcMNPV在sf9细胞内核衣壳的形态发生过程。病毒衣壳蛋白首先装配成许多呈束状排列的直径为34nm中空长管状结构,然后是病毒DNA进入管内,装有DNA的长管按一定的长度间隔断开,形成成束的核衣壳,每个核衣壳的大小约34×260nm,最后成束的核衣壳被囊膜包被形成完整的多粒包埋型病毒粒子。     

蓖麻蚕核型多角体病毒在细胞培养中的形态发生

本文通过被感染的细胞培养物切片,观察了蓖麻蚕核型多角体病毒的装配过程。描述了病毒核衣壳的形成和发育,以及多角体的形成。蓖麻蚕核型多角体病毒在细胞培养中的形态发生,表明它是杆状病毒复制的一种典型事例。     

棉铃虫核多角体病毒在中肠及其它组织中增殖过程的电镜观察

应用电子显微镜技术观察了核多角体病毒在棉铃虫体内的增殖方式。在中肠细胞内增殖的核衣壳极少被囊膜包围,也很少形成多角体。它们能大量地释放到体腔,迅速感染其他敏感组织。在其他敏感组织内增殖的核衣壳大部分被囊膜包围形成病毒粒子,且随机包涵在多角体中形成核多角体。     

核型多角体病毒侵染及其与宿主免疫系统互作的研究进展

核型多角体病毒(Nucleopolyhedrovirus,NPV)应用广泛,已被开发成微生物杀虫剂和用于重组蛋白表达等.NPV具有两种病毒颗粒:包埋型病毒粒子(occlusion-derived virus,ODV)和芽生型病毒粒子(budded virus,BV),两者的构成和组装存在差异.病毒包涵体在肠道中溶解后释放出ODV进行初级感染,子代核衣壳通过质膜出芽产生BV引发全身性的次级感染.病毒感染昆虫后能引发宿主的免疫反应,同时NPV病毒已进化出多种策略抑制或逃避宿主的免疫反应,如免疫信号通路、黑化和凋亡等过程.本文将总结鳞翅目特异性NPV与宿主的互作研究,着重介绍NPV的侵染机制、NPV与宿主免疫系统互作的研究进展.     

棉铃虫核型多角体病毒的血清学研究

用提纯的棉铃虫核型多角体病毒(NPV)的多角体蛋白和病毒粒子免疫家兔制备抗血清,用免疫扩散和对流免疫电泳对四林棉铃虫NPV的多角体蛋白和病毒粒于进行了血清学比较研究。四株棉铃虫NPV分为两个包埋类型：单粒包埋型和多粒包埋型。soI．{3株和H．M株属前者,VHA 273株和XIA 10株属后者。同一株NPV的多角体蛋白或病毒粒子只与它们同源抗血清有反应。它们之间无交叉反应,表明同一株NPV的多角体蛋白和病毒粒子各具有特异的抗原。四株NPV的多角体蛋白不仅与同源的多角体蛋白抗血清有反应,而且也与异 源的多角体蛋白抗血清有交叉反应,说明四株NPV多角体蛋白具有共同的抗原。而四株病毒粒子与同源的病毒粒子抗血清有反应,在它们之间无交叉反应,表明四株NPv病毒粒子各具有自己特异的抗原。     

家蚕核型多角体病毒结构多肽的双向电泳分析

用等电聚焦-聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶电泳的双向电泳法和银染色方法,分析了家蚕核型多角体病毒粒子和核衣壳的结构多肽。该病毒单粒包埋型病毒粒子含约96种多肽,核衣壳含约72种多肽。病毒粒子制剂和核衣壳制剂中含有较多量的分子量为31K的多肽,用蔗糖梯度离心、离心洗涤、碱处理甚至蛋白酶酶解和去污剂处理,都不能将其除去。向病毒制剂中加入纯化的多角体蛋白后作双向电泳,发现外加多角体蛋白改变原等电点面与上述31K多肽重合。对31K多肽的来源进行了讨论。     

家蚕CPV感染离体细胞的电镜观察

本文报道了BmCPV感染家蚕细胞系后的电镜观察。病毒感染早期,细胞质内形成电子致密的病毒发生基质,由病毒发生基质形成BmCPV球状病毒粒子;病毒感染48小时后,多角体在病毒发生基质周围形成,大量的病毒粒子随机包埋在多角体内;病毒接种后96小时,多角体数目增多,其形状有三角,四角,五角及六角形,细胞质内充盈多角体致使细胞核被挤向细胞一侧并伴有形态的改变,受染细胞约为40％。     

用免疫金颗粒标记鉴定舞毒蛾核型多角体病毒的抗原

用免疫电镜金颗粒标记技术准确、快速地对舞毒蛾(Lymantria dispar)核型多角体病毒抗原进行了定位和鉴定.舞毒娥病毒的多克隆抗体与同源的多角体抗原之间存在着强烈的亲和性,但与不同源的松柏锯角叶蜂(Neodiprion sertifer)病毒多角体抗原仅有极微弱的交叉反应.舞毒蛾病毒粒子和核衣壳抗原也能与同源的多克隆抗体作用.在被病毒感染的舞毒蛾脂肪体细胞核中,成熟的多角体被金颗粒重重标记,其外缘的游离病毒粒子和核衣壳亦被标记,但亲和力较弱.在被感染的脂肪体细胞核和质内发现一种与多角体蛋白晶体不同源的菱形结晶体.     

大菜粉蝶颗粒体病毒的形态发生及细胞病理的超微结构观察

本文叙述感染大菜粉蝶颗粒体病毒后,病虫脂肪体细胞超微结构的改变,大菜粉蝶感染后24小时,病虫脂肪体细胞开始出现明显的病变,整个病程是,在开始时细胞核内出现清晰区并出现病毒发生基质,核膜多点成套增生,其后核膜断裂,大量膜样结构聚集在病毒发生基质的周围,核衣壳大量产生,有一部分核衣壳从这些病毒发生基质四周的膜样结构碎片上获得套膜,荚膜蛋白沉积形成成熟的病毒荚膜,或称包含体;另一部分则排列在胞浆内的空泡边缘上;其余的核衣壳则从细胞边缘“芽突”而获得套膜,另外还描述环孔片层及线粒体改变。     

家蚕浓核症病毒感染昆虫细胞系的电镜观察

本实验首次用中国株家蚕浓核症病毒感染三株昆虫细胞系:油桐尺蠖卵巢细胞系(BS-484)、甘兰夜蛾卵巢细胞系(NIAS—MB—19)和秋粘虫卵巢细胞系(IPLB—SF—21)。结果仅在BS—484细胞中观察到病毒感染引起的细胞病变效应。电镜观察发现在感染的BS—484中,细胞核明显膨大,其中核仁活性化,数目增多,同时还观察到核仁膨大和分裂现象。感染5—6天,可看到成熟病毒粒子于核内形成。在感染的细胞质中,线粒体肥大且失去脊,粗面内质网变成小泡体,其内积累大量核糖核蛋白体。许多细胞器空泡化或退化,细胞质中出现一些包含退化细胞器的大型自身吞噬体。     

Cytopathology of the soybean looper,Pseudoplusia includens,infected with the Pseudoplusia includens icosahedral virus

Ultrastructural responses of soybean looper cells of various tissues infected with Pseudoplusia includens icosahedral virus (PIIV), a newly characterized RNA virus [Y. C. Chao, H. A. Scott, and S. Y. Young (1983)J. Gen. Virol.64, 1835–1838], were studied in situ. Most cells of fat body and epidermis consistently contained virus particles and associated cytopathic structures. Virus particles, corresponding to those of purified PIIV in morphology and size, always occurred in the cytoplasm either in membrane-bound virogenic stroma and/or freely in the ground cytoplasm. Virogenic stroma, which appeared to be distinct from those induced by other insect viruses, consisted of electron-dense matrix material, in which virus particles were embedded, and membranous vesicles, 70 or 80 nm in diameter, containing nucleic acid-like fibrils. Virus particles in virogenic stroma occurred as hexagonally arranged crystalline arrays made up primarily of homogeneously dense particles, while those in the ground cytoplasm were dispersed randomly and had an electron-lucent central core. Extremely large numbers of virus particles were also located in noncellular cuticle layers of the integument.     

Baculovirus phosphoprotein pp31 is associated with virogenic stroma.

The PstI K fragment of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) encodes a protein with a molecular weight of 31,000. To define the role of this protein (pp31) in virus infection further, it was overexpressed in bacteria and used to produce polyclonal antiserum. Radioimmunoprecipitation analysis indicated that pp31 was synthesized during both the early and late phases of virus infection, consistent with previous analyses indicating that the gene was regulated by tandem early and late promoters. Metabolic labeling of cells with carrier-free phosphate indicated that pp31 was phosphorylated. Biochemical fractionation experiments showed that pp31 was localized in the nucleus and that it was more stably associated with the nucleus at later times of infection. Immunoblot analysis of subnuclear fractions indicated that pp31 was associated predominantly with the chromatin and nuclear matrix fractions. Immunofluorescence experiments confirmed that the pp31 protein was localized in the nucleus. Nuclear staining was relatively uniform early but was more centrally nuclear later in infection. Immunoelectron microscopy indicated that the pp31 protein was a component of virogenic stroma. Southwestern (DNA-protein) blot analysis demonstrated that pp31 is a DNA-binding protein. These findings suggest a possible role for pp31 in the virus life cycle.     

Eclipse period of baculovirus infection in larvae of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta

Two strains of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (baculovirus) infect larvae of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta. The hypertrophy strain (HNPV) produces a gradient of infected epithelial cells along the tracheae indicating the movement of infectious material to adjacent cells. Cytopathology of the eclipse period up to the appearance of the virogenic stroma has been separated into three phases during which the chromatin disappears and is replaced by dense interconnected strands of fibrils and dense punctate bodies. Cellular hypertrophy occurs in phase 1 and the virogenic stroma appears in phase 3. The typical strain (TNPV) does not produce structures comparable to those of HNPV infection.     

Baculovirus VP80 protein and the F-actin cytoskeleton interact and connect the viral replication factory with the nuclear periphery

Recently, we showed that the Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) VP80 protein is essential for the formation of both virion types, budded virus (BV) and occlusion-derived virus (ODV). Deletion of the vp80 gene did not affect assembly of nucleocapsids. However, these nucleocapsids were not able to migrate from the virogenic stroma to the nuclear periphery. In the current paper, we constructed a baculovirus recombinant with enhanced-green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged VP80, allowing visualization of the VP80 distribution pattern during infection. In baculovirus-infected cells, the EGFP-VP80 protein is entirely localized in nuclei, adjacent to the virus-triggered F-actin scaffold that forms a highly organized three-dimensional network connecting the virogenic stroma physically with the nuclear envelope. Interaction between VP80 and host actin was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation. We further showed that VP80 is associated with the nucleocapsid fraction of both BVs and ODVs, typically at one end of the nucleocapsids. In addition, the presence of sequence motifs with homology to invertebrate paramyosin proteins strongly supports a role for VP80 in the polar transport of nucleocapsids to the periphery of the nucleus on their way to the plasma membrane to form BVs and for assembly in the nuclear periphery to form ODVs for embedding in viral occlusion bodies.     

Nonoccluded baculovirus- and filamentous virus-like particles in the spotted cucumber beetle,diabrotica undecimpunctata (coleoptera: chrysomelid)

Nonoccluded baculovirus-and filamentous virus-like particles were found in nuclei of hemocytes or midgut cells of field-collected spotted cucumber beetles. Each type of particle was associated with a different type of virogenic stroma containing various viral components similar to those referred to as capsid, nucleocapsid, viroplasm, and viral envelope in other known baculovirus infections. Nucleocapsids of the virus which occured only in hemocytes were rod-shaped particles approximately 230 nm long and 52 nm wide and were enveloped singly by a trilaminar unit membrane. Enveloped and partly enveloped particles appeared to be released from the nucleus to the cytoplasm by budding through the nuclear envelope acquiring additional membranes. The nucleocapsids of the virus which occurred only in nuclei of midgut cells were filamentous particles with an average diameter of 25 nm and variable length up to 2 μm. Some extremely long particles were bent almost 360° near the middle, resulting in a hairpin-like configuration. The particles were always enveloped singly. No particles budding through the nuclear envelope were observed.     

Identification of BV/ODV-C42, an Autographa californica Nucleopolyhedrovirus orf101-Encoded Structural Protein Detected in Infected-Cell Complexes with ODV-EC27 and p78/83

orf101 is a late gene of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV). It encodes a protein of 42 kDa which is a component of the nucleocapsid of budded virus (BV) and occlusion-derived virus (ODV). To reflect this viral localization, the product of orf101 was named BV/ODV-C42 (C42). C42 is predominantly detected within the infected-cell nucleus: at 24 h postinfection (p.i.), it is coincident with the virogenic stroma, but by 72 h p.i., the stroma is minimally labeled while C42 is more uniformly located throughout the nucleus. Yeast two-hybrid screens indicate that C42 is capable of directly interacting with the viral proteins p78/83 (1629K) and ODV-EC27 (orf144). These interactions were confirmed using blue native gels and Western blot analyses. At 28 h p.i., C42 and p78/83 are detected in two complexes: one at approximately 180 kDa and a high-molecular-mass complex (500 to 600 kDa) which also contains EC27.     

Morphological characterization of Anticarsia gemmatalis M nucleopolyhedrovirus infection in haemocytes from its natural larval host, the velvet bean caterpillar Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

For a better understanding of virus x host interactions, transmission electron microscopy was used to characterize the intrahaemocoelic infection of Anticarsia gemmatalis larval haemocytes by A. gemmatalis M nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV). At 12 h post-infection (h p.i.), we observed nuclear hypertrophy, budded virus assembling, and protrusion towards the cytoplasm, virion envelopment, and accumulation of fibrillar aggregates in the cytoplasm. Around 24 h p.i., fibrillar aggregates also appeared inside nuclei of infected cells. By 48 h p.i., virogenic stroma and polyhedra were visualised in nuclei and at 72 h p.i., widespread infection in haemocytes was observed. Cell remnants and free polyhedra were phagocytosed by granular haemocyte 1 and plasmatocytes. Entire cells were phagocytosed only by plasmatocytes. Necrosis of infected cells was quite common, suggesting a putative cytotoxic response. Granular haemocyte 1 presented a more exuberant protrusion of budded viruses in comparison to other haemocytes. All types of haemocytes were shown to be infected, and the intense virus replication in some of these cells reveals the importance of haemolymph for AgMNPV spread in its natural host, a critical factor for permissiveness.