松油烯-４-醇对粘虫幼虫的生物活性

测定了杀虫植物砂地柏Sabina vulgaris Ant.的精油中主杀虫成分-松油烯-4-醇（terpinen 4.01）对粘虫Mythimna separata Walker幼虫的生物活性。结果表明,松油烯- 4-醇对粘虫主要表现为熏蒸作用,对粘虫3龄幼虫24 h的熏蒸LC₅₀为5.3473 μL/L ;还具一定触杀作用,对粘虫4龄幼虫24 h的LD₅₀为147.8 μg/虫。试虫的中毒症状可明显地分为兴奋、痉挛、麻痹和死亡4个阶段,而麻痹的部分试虫有复苏现象。可明显抑制Na⁺ ,K⁺ATP酶的活性,在兴奋期、痉挛期、麻痹期和复苏期,抑制率介于21.28%～34.92% 之间。离体条件下对Na⁺,K⁺ATP酶的I₅₀为133.75 μg·mL^-1;对AChE活性有一定的影响;对酯酶,在兴奋期,酶活力为对照的7.0%,在麻痹期则为对照的1.33倍,而复苏期试虫的酯酶活力与对照相当。     

细辛醚对粘虫幼虫的毒力及几种重要酶系的影响

采用点滴法测定了细辛醚对粘虫Mythimna separate Walker 5龄幼虫的触杀毒力,观察了细辛醚对粘虫的致毒症状,并测定了对不同中毒阶段其头部或中肠乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）和腺苷三磷酸酶(ATPase)离体活性以及乙酰胆碱（ACh）含量的影响。结果表明：细辛醚对粘虫5龄幼虫12 h的触杀LD₅₀值为106.93 μg/头;中毒粘虫依次表现出兴奋、痉挛、麻痹和死亡等症状,类似于神经毒剂的致毒症状,但试虫从中毒到死亡历期较长,且中毒试虫肠内有气泡产生,此现象异于典型的神经毒剂;对Na+,K+-ATPase有较强的抑制作用,在兴奋期、痉挛期和麻痹期,酶抑制率分别为33.29%、44.45%和23.98%;对AChE活力在不同阶段的抑制率分别是21.64%、29.75%和35.22%;ACh含量有所增加。     

安宫牛黄丸药效组分对内毒素损伤小鼠脑组织ATP酶活性的影响

目的:观察安宫牛黄丸药效组分对内毒素损伤小鼠脑组织ATP酶活性的影响。方法:腹腔注射脂多糖制备内毒素损伤小鼠模型,利用比色方法测定安宫牛黄丸药效组分对模型小鼠脑组织Na+-K+-ATP酶、Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP酶的影响。结果:安宫牛黄丸药效组分可显著提高内毒素损伤小鼠脑组织Na+-K+-ATP酶及Ca2+-Mg2+-ATP酶活性,与安宫牛黄丸具有等效性。结论:安宫牛黄丸药效组分可使脑组织ATP酶活性升高,在安宫牛黄丸改善脑损伤、促清醒中发挥积极作用。     

高效液相色谱法测定灰兜巴对α-葡萄糖苷酶的抑制作用

研究灰兜巴醇提石油醚萃取、醇提乙酸乙酯萃取、醇提正丁醇萃取、醇提萃取剩余部分和水提部分对于α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的抑制作用,并通过高效液相色谱检测在药物与酶反应过程中振荡对于α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制率的影响。结果显示,灰兜巴各提取部分均表现出良好的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性,为一种良好的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂,且振荡对其抑制率的影响较大,在反应过程中应使酶与药物充分结合。     

几种植物源化合物对棉铃虫海藻糖酶活性及相关碳水化合物含量的影响

碳水化合物对昆虫的能量代谢和物质合成具有重要的作用。本研究选用2种一般性生物碱（氢溴酸东莨菪碱和烟碱）以及2种β-葡萄糖苷类化合物（七叶灵和皂角苷）, 研究其在不同浓度下对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)幼虫体内海藻糖酶活性及相关碳水化合物代谢的影响。结果表明: 用饲喂法处理3龄幼虫96 h后, 皂角苷对棉铃虫幼虫的活体抑制效果明显, 且随添加物浓度增高, 棉铃虫死亡率上升, 10, 20, 40 g/L浓度下棉铃虫的均重分别是0.194, 0.089和0.034 g, 分别为对照的86.99%, 39.91%和15.24%。对海藻糖酶活性及其相关代谢酶的测定结果表明, 2种苷类化合物显著抑制中肠海藻糖酶活性, 饲喂40 g/L皂角苷的试虫中肠海藻糖酶比活力仅是对照组的54.21%; 饲喂30 g/L七叶灵的试虫中肠海藻糖酶比活力为对照组的83.73%。而2种生物碱类化合物显著抑制血淋巴和脂肪体中海藻糖酶活性, 20 g/L氢溴酸东莨菪碱对棉铃虫血淋巴和脂肪体组织的海藻糖酶活性抑制率分别为7.24%和71.43%; 而20 g/L烟碱对试虫血淋巴和脂肪体组织的海藻糖酶活性抑制率为26.29%和33.44%。用氢溴酸东莨菪碱、 烟碱和七叶灵处理试虫后, 血淋巴海藻糖含量都有所增高。4种化合物能够导致试虫糖原磷酸化酶活性变化, 其中, 皂角苷在中肠和脂肪体表现为显著抑制作用, 而随外源化合物浓度变化, 糖原含量和糖原磷酸化酶活性表现为此消彼长关系。饲喂4种植物源化合物的试虫血淋巴中葡萄糖浓度变化和其海藻糖变化一致。本研究证明β-葡萄糖苷类化合物是海藻糖酶抑制剂, 在作为先导化合物进行农药创制开发方面具有重要意义。     

蟾酥、蟾皮、蟾衣提取物对心肌细胞膜ATP酶的影响

用中华大蟾蜍蟾酥、蟾皮、蟾衣脂溶性及水溶性提取物研究其对小鼠心肌细胞膜Na -K -ATP酶、Ca2 -ATP酶和Mg2 -Ca2 -ATP酶活性影响,同时以华蟾素注射液为对照.结果 表明:所有提取物均可抑制心肌细胞膜的上述3种ATP酶活性,其中对Na -K -ATP酶抑制作用较强的有蟾皮脂溶性和蟾酥脂溶性成分,对Ca2 -ATP酶和对Mg2 -Ca2 -ATP酶的影响结果相类似,作用较强的有蟾皮水溶性成分和华蟾素.     

脑益康对D-半乳糖和亚硝酸钠所致Alzheimer病小鼠模型的保护作用

目的:探讨脑益康(中药)对D-半乳糖(D-gal)和亚硝酸钠(NaNO2)所致阿尔茨海默病(AD)小鼠模型的保护作用.方法:采用D-gal和NaNO2腹腔注射建立AD小鼠模型.应用迷宫刺激器检测小鼠学习记忆能力,生化方法检测小鼠脑组织一氧化氮(NO)含量和单胺氧化酶-B(MAO-B)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、Na -K -ATP酶及Ca2 -ATP酶活性; RT-PCR检测凋亡调控基因Bax、Bcl-2 mRNA表达情况.结果:脑益康(中药)能改善小鼠学习记忆能力,降低AD小鼠脑组织MAO-B活性,升高Na -K -ATP酶和Ca2 -ATP酶活性,抑制Bax mRNA的表达,上调Bcl-2 mRNA的表达.结论:脑益康(中药)对AD小鼠有一定保护作用,其机制可能与降低脑组织MAO-B活性,提高脑组织Na -K -ATP酶和Ca2 -ATP酶活性,调节Bcl-2 mRNA和Bax mRNA的表达,发挥抗氧化作用,减轻神经细胞损伤有关.     

松油烯-4-醇光学异构体及外消旋体对家蝇的杀虫活性比较

【目的】比较松油烯-4-醇光学异构体对家蝇 Musca domestica 的熏蒸活性差异,为其光学异构体的应用提供理论依据。【方法】以家蝇4日龄成虫为供试昆虫,采用三角瓶熏蒸法比较测定了松油烯-4-醇光学异构体和外消旋体对其的熏蒸与击倒活性,并测定了松油烯-4-醇光学异构体及外消旋体对家蝇头部Na⁺ , K⁺-ATPase活性的影响。【结果】松油烯-4-醇外消旋体对家蝇的熏蒸活性和击倒活性最强,右旋异构体次之,左旋异构体最差,外消旋体、右旋异构体和左旋异构体对家蝇的致死中浓度（LC₅₀）分别为2.5,2.9和3.7 μL/L;在LC₉₀ 剂量下的击倒中时（KT₅₀）分别为12.6,16.7和18.9 min;松油烯-4-醇光学异构体及外消旋体均可显著抑制Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase的活性,活体条件下,松油烯-4-醇光学异构体及外消旋体对Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase活性的抑制作用随着中毒症状的加剧而增强,具有时间效应,其中左旋异构体的抑制作用最强;离体条件下,松油烯-4-醇光学异构体及外消旋体对Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase活性的抑制作用具有浓度依赖效应,其中外消旋体对Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase活性的抑制能力最强,明显高于同浓度下的右旋异构体和左旋异构体。【结论】松油烯-4-醇的光学异构体对家蝇的杀虫活性存在差异,外消旋体的活性明显高于异构体单体。开发松油烯-4-醇类杀虫剂,应以光学异构体的混合物作为有效成分。     

山药多糖对老年性痴呆小鼠抗氧化能力的影响

目的:探讨山药多糖对老年性痴呆小鼠抗氧化能力的影响。方法:采用三氯化铝复制痴呆小鼠模型,将50只昆明种小鼠随机分5组(n=10):对照组、模型组和山药多糖低、中、高剂量组,山药多糖剂量分别为100 mg/kg·d、300 mg/kg·d、500 mg/kg·d。治疗组用不同剂量山药多糖分别灌胃90 d。测定小鼠脑系数、脑组织丙二醛(MDA)含量、Na+-K+-ATP酶和Mg2+-ATP酶活性,以及血清氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。结果:山药多糖能显著提高痴呆模型小鼠脑系数、Na+-K+-ATP酶和Mg2+-ATP酶活性、以及SOD和CAT活力;显著降低MDA含量。结论:增强脑组织ATP酶活性和提高机体抗氧化能力可能是山药多糖防治老年性痴呆的作用机制之一。     

乌本苷免疫活性物和组织中钠泵容量的关系

依赖于Na+、K+的Na+-K+-ATP酶(EC3.6.1.3,钠泵),广泛存在于哺乳类动物细胞质膜上,是催化Na+、K+跨膜主动运输的质膜酶,除维持正常的细胞内外离子浓度梯度外,对细胞能量代谢也有重要影响,许多疾病的发生是由于钠泵活性异常引起.研究证明有2种特异性的内源性钠泵抑制因子在?..     

In vitro antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of carvacrol and terpinen-4-ol against biofilm formation on titanium implant surfaces

Abstract

This study evaluated the antibacterial properties of carvacrol and terpinen-4-ol against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum and its cytotoxic effects on fibroblast cells. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were examined. The minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC) was evaluated by XTT assay. Biofilm decontamination on titanium surfaces was quantified (CFU ml^?1), evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and cytotoxic activity by MTT. The MIC and MBC for carvacrol were 0.007% and 0.002% for P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum, and 0.06% for terpinen-4-ol for both microorganisms. The MBIC for carvacrol was 0.03% and 0.06% for P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum, and for terpinen-4-ol was 0.06% and 0.24%. The results indicated anti-biofilm activity using carvacrol (0.26%, 0.06%) and terpinen-4-ol (0.95%, 0.24%) and showed cytotoxic activity similar to chlorohexidine (CHX). However, terpinen-4-ol (0.24%) showed higher cell viability than other treatments. Carvacrol and terpinen-4-ol showed antibacterial activity in respect of reducing biofilms. Moreover, CHX-like cytotoxicity was observed.     

Effects of terpinen-4-ol fumigation on protein levels of detoxification enzymes in Tribolium confusum

Terpinen-4-ol has high fumigating activity to stored-grain pests including Tribolium confusum. To understand the detoxification of terpinen-4-ol in insects, proteomic analysis was performed to identify related proteins and pathways in response to terpinen-4-ol fumigation in T. confusum. By using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based strategy, 4,618 proteins were obtained from T. confusum adults in the present study. Comparative proteomic analysis showed that 148 proteins were upregulated and 137 proteins were downregulated in beetles under the LC₅₀ of terpinen-4-ol treatment for 24 hr. According to functional classifications, differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were enriched in xenobiotic metabolism pathways. In the detoxification pathway, the levels of 25 cytochrome P450s, 5 glutathione S-transferases, and 2 uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferases were changed, most of which were upregulated in T. confusum exposed to terpinen-4-ol. The results indicated that terpinen-4-ol was potentially metabolized and detoxified by enzymes like P450s in T. confusum.     

Interactions between components of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia

AIMS: This study compared the antimicrobial activity of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil with that of some of its components, both individually and in two-component combinations. METHODS AND RESULTS: Minimum inhibitory concentration and time-kill assays revealed that terpinen-4-ol, the principal active component of tea tree oil, was more active on its own than when present in tea tree oil. Combinations of terpinen-4-ol and either gamma-terpinene or p-cymene produced similar activities to tea tree oil. Concentration-dependent reductions in terpinen-4-ol activity and solubility also occurred in the presence of gamma-terpinene. CONCLUSION: Non-oxygenated terpenes in tea tree oil appear to reduce terpinen-4-ol efficacy by lowering its aqueous solubility. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: These findings explain why tea tree oil can be less active in vitro than terpinen-4-ol alone and further suggest that the presence of a non-aqueous phase in tea tree oil formulations may limit the microbial availability of its active components.     

Antimicrobial effects of tea-tree oil and its major components on Staphylococcus aureus, Staph. epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes

Major components of two tea-tree oil samples were identified using thin layer and gas-liquid chromatography (TLC and GLC). Using a TLC-bioautographic technique, the tea-tree oils, terpinen-4-ol, oc-terpineol and α-pinene were found to be active against Staphylococcus aureus, Staph. epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes whereas cineole was inactive against these organisms. The MIC values of the three active compounds increased in the order α-terpineol < terpinen-4-ol < α-pinene for all three micro-organisms. MIC values of the tea-tree oils and terpinen-4-ol were lower for P. acnes than for the two staphylococci. This study supports the use of tea-tree oil in the treatment of acne, and demonstrates that terpinen-4-ol is not the sole active constituent of the oil.     

Antimicrobial effects of terpinen-4-ol against oral pathogens and its capacity for the modulation of gene expression

Abstract

This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of terpinen-4-ol against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus and its influence on gbpA (S. mutans) and slpA (L. acidophilus) gene expression. As measured by XTT assay, the concentrations of terpinen-4-ol that effectively inhibited the biofilm were 0.24% and 0.95% for S. mutans and L. acidophilus, respectively. Confocal microscopy revealed the presence of a biofilm attached to the enamel and dentin block surfaces with significant terpinen-4-ol effects against these microorganisms. The expression of the gbpA and slpA genes involved in adherence and biofilm formation was investigated using RT-PCR. Expression of these genes decreased after 15?min with 0.24% and 0.95% terpinen-4-ol in S. mutans and L. acidophilus, respectively. These findings demonstrate the antimicrobial activity of terpinen-4-ol and its ability to modulate the expression of gbpA and slpA genes, emphasizing the therapeutic capacity of terpinen-4-ol as an alternative to inhibit adherence in biofilm.     

Insecticidal and synergistic effects of Majorana hortensis essential oil and some of its major constituents

The essential oil from leaves of Majorana hortensis Moench (Lamiaceae) was isolated by hydrodistillation with a yield of 1.6% (wt/wt). The insecticidal activity of the oil was evaluated against fourth instars of Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and adults of Aphis fabae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The oil showed a remarkable toxic effect against S. littoralis in a topical application assay (LD₅₀ = 2.48 μg per larva) and in a residual film assay (LC₅₀ = 3.14 g/l). The oil of M. hortensis also exhibited a pronounced toxic effect against A. fabae adults with LC₅₀ values of 1.86 and 2.27 g/l in rapid dipping and residual film assays, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of M. hortensis essential oils revealed the presence of 31 compounds and the main components were terpinen-4-ol (30.0%), γ-terpinene (11.3%), and trans -sabinene hydrate (10.8%). Repeated column chromatography of M. hortensis oil on silica gel led to the isolation of two major constituents, which were characterized based on ¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometric data, as terpinen-4-ol and γ-terpinene. These two components were examined for their insecticidal and synergistic activities towards S. littoralis and A. fabae . Terpinen-4-ol and γ-terpinene exhibited a significant insecticidal activity against both insects, but γ-terpinene was more toxic than terpinen-4-ol. When tested in a binary mixture with the synthetic insecticides profenofos and methomyl, it was found that both compounds enhanced the insecticidal activity of these insecticides by two- to threefold. These results show that terpinen-4-ol and γ-terpinene have a synergistic effect on the insecticidal activities of synthetic insecticides profenofos and methomyl.     

Effect of the method of preparation on the composition and cytotoxic activity of the essential oil of Pituranthos tortuosus

The aerial parts of Pituranthos tortuosus (Desf.) Benth and Hook (Apiaceae), growing wild in Egypt, yielded 0.8%, 0.6%, and 1.5% (v/w) of essential oil when prepared by hydrodistillation (HD), simultaneous hydrodistillation-solvent (n-pentane) extraction (Lickens-Nickerson, DE), and conventional volatile solvent extraction (preparation of the "absolute", SE), respectively. GC-MS analysis showed that the major components in the HD sample were beta-myrcene (18.81%), sabinene (18.49%), trans-iso-elemicin (12.90%), and terpinen-4-ol (8.09%); those predominent in the DE sample were terpinen-4-ol (29.65%), sabinene (7.38%), gamma-terpinene (7.27%), and beta-myrcene (5.53%); while the prominent ones in the SE sample were terpinen-4-ol (15.40%), dill apiol (7.90%), and allo-ocimene (4E,6Z) (6.00%). The oil prepared in each case was tested for its cytotoxic activity on three human cancer cell lines, i.e., liver cancer cell line (HEPG2), colon cancer cell line (HCT116), and breast cancer cell line (MCF7). The DE sample showed the most potent activity against the three human cancer cell lines (with IC50 values of 1.67, 1.34, and 3.38 microg/ml against the liver, colon, and breast cancer cell lines, respectively). Terpinen-4-ol, sabinene, gamma-terpinene, and beta-myrcene were isolated from the DE sample and subjected to a similar evaluation of cytotoxic potency; significant activity was observed.     

Monoterpenoid accumulation in 1,8-cineole,terpinolene and terpinen-4-ol chemotypes of Melaleuca alternifolia seedlings

Individual leaves of the three most common chemotypes of Melaleuca alternifolia were examined both quantitatively and qualitatively for volatile constituents from the emergence of the first true leaves, through to 6-week-old tenth leaf set material. The 1,8-cineole and terpinolene chemotypes were investigated and compared with the recently reported commercial terpinen-4-ol chemotype. The 1,8-cineole chemotype was found to accumulate 1,8-cineole and associated p-menthanes limonene, terpinen-4-ol and alpha-terpineol gradually with increasing leaf set number. As with the terpinen-4-ol variety, higher than expected concentrations of the pinenes and terpinolene were found only in the early leaf sets. The terpinolene variety showed two stages of terpinolene accumulation, the first at leaf sets 2-3 similar to the unexpected biosynthesis of terpinolene in the terpinen-4-ol chemotype and the second at leaf sets 8-9 which is characteristic of the terpinolene variety.