人跨模型和跨膜稳定型肿瘤坏死因子—α的基因表达产物对体外培养的脑胶质瘤细胞的影响

为了探讨人跨膜型和跨膜稳定型肿瘤坏死因子－α（TNF－α）对脑恶性质瘤基因治疗的有效方法,研究应用了基因重组、细胞培养以及免疫组化等技术。通过真核表达pcDNA3转染NIH3T3细胞,并在体外观察了THF－α对脑胶质瘤生长的影响。结果显示：与对照组相比,TM－TNF－α组和TM－TNF－αm组中GFAP和S－100免疫反应阳性肿瘤细胞的数量、胞体截面积、周长、平均光密度皆明显减少。统计学分析提示差异有显性意义。这表明TNF-α基因的表达可明显抑制胶质细胞的生长和分化。而且,还发现跨膜稳定型TNF－α的杀瘤效果较跨膜型TNF－α强。这为TNF-α基因用于胶质瘤的基因治疗提供了一定的实验依据,提示大剂量的TNF－α在临床治疗可能产生毒副作用。     

溶血磷脂酸对离体培养的大鼠胚胎神经干细胞向神经胶质细胞分化的影响

本研究用免疫细胞化学荧光双标技术观察了溶血磷脂酸（lysophosphatidic acid,LPA）对大鼠胚胎神经干细胞（neural stem cells,NSCs）分化为少突胶质细胞（galactocerebroside—positive,Gal-C阳性）和星形胶质细胞（grim fibrillary acidic protein-positive,GFAP阳性）的影响,并且用RT-PCR技术对NSCs可能表达的LPA受体进行分析。结果显示：（1）加入不同浓度（0．010．0μmol／L）LPA,第7天进行检测时,少突胶质细胞数量呈明显的剂量依赖性增加,峰值出现在1．0μmol／LLPA组,少突胶质细胞所占百分比从对照组的8．5％增加到32．6％;（2）星形胶质细胞的分化几乎不受LPA的影响,第7天时各LPA处理组星形胶质细胞百分比与对照组相比均无显著性差异;（3）RT-PCR结果显示,大鼠胚胎NSCs的LPA1和LPA3受体表达明显,而LPA3受体表达很弱。以上结果表明,较低浓度的LPA可能作为细胞外信号,通过LPA1和LPA3受体促进大鼠胚胎NSCs向少突胶质细胞分化和生成,但对星形胶质细胞的分化过程无明显影响。     

人神经干细胞的体外生物学特性

本实验利用有丝分裂因子,体外诱导生成人神 经干细胞(NSCs),观察其生长特性并进行鉴定。取胎龄10-22周的大脑半球,分散细胞后种于添加表皮生长因子(EGF,20ng/ml)和/或碱性成纤维生长因子(bFGF,20ng/ml)的培养基中。利用免疫组织化学方法鉴定分化后的细胞类型。同时,进行细胞克隆分析、传代培养及端粒酶活性检测。结果显示:NSCs呈悬浮生长的干细胞球,其特异性抗原nestin阳性。NSCs具有增殖能力,可连续传代而不丢失其增殖和多分化潜能的干细胞特性。撤除EGF和bFGF的作用,细胞停止分裂,并分化为神经元、星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞。克隆分析显示NSCs生长呈密度依赖性。人NSCs表达较低的端粒酶水平,并随培养时间延长而下调。研究表明,利用有丝分裂因子,可在体外成功诱导生成人NSCs,其生长,分化受内外源因素的调节,相关的机制还有待阐明。     

博尔纳病病毒核蛋白调控神经干细胞存活增殖及ERK1／2信号通路的实验研究

目的观察博尔纳病病毒核蛋白（Borna disease virus p40,BDV p40）对大鼠海马源性神经干细胞（Neural stem cells,NSCs）增殖、存活、分化及ERK1／2信号通路的影响,揭示BDV引起神经精神疾病的部分发病机制。方法（1）分别用pEGFP—N1—p40及pEGFP—N1质粒转染NSCs,观察转染效率并鉴定BDVp40在NSCs中的表达。（2）实验设置3组：未转染组、pEGFP—N1空转对照组及pEGFP—N1—p40转染组,用CCK-8试剂盒、Brdu摄入实验及免疫组化分别检测细胞存活、增殖及分化为神经元、星型胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞的比例的变化,并经Western Blot检测ERK1／2磷酸化的改变。结果（1）成功建立表达BDVp40的NSCs模型;PCR结果显示只有pEGFP—N1-p40转染组细胞有BDVp40基因表达。（2）BDVp40抑制NSCs的存活、增殖,但对于转染后贴壁分化14d时3组细胞分化为神经元、星型胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞的比例未见显著差异。WesternBlot结果显示BDVp40下调了磷酸化ERK1／2在蛋白水平的表达。结论BDVp40抑制NSCs的存活、增殖,但是对NSCs的分化方向没有明显的影响。BDVp40有可能通过下调磷酸化ERK1／2活性对NSCs的存活、增殖起抑制作用。     

一些细胞因子对哺乳动物神经干细胞增殖分化的影响

神经干细胞(neural stem cells,NSCs)的增殖、分化与中枢神经系统(central nervous system,CNS)的自我更新、神经病理损伤的修复密切相关。细胞因子可以调节NSCs的增殖,诱导NSCs进行特定分化,这对于治疗CNS损伤疾病具有重要的临床意义。该文综述了生长因子(growth factor,GF)、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)、干扰素(interferon,IFN)等常见细胞因子对NSCs增殖和分化的影响及其可能的作用机制。其中,神经生长因子(nerve growth factor,NGF)、碱性成纤维生长因子(base fi broblast growth factor,b FGF)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)促进NSCs增殖,IL-1β、IL-17、IFN-α抑制NSCs增殖。IL-1α、血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)、IFN-γ促进NSCs向神经细胞方向分化,TNF-α、IL-1β促进NSCs向神经胶质细胞分化。有些细胞因子仅对增殖或分化有影响,有些细胞因子对增殖和分化均有影响。此外,大多数细胞因子的不同亚型产生的效应大致相同,但少数亚型可能会产生不同甚至相反的效应。     

胚胎大鼠脑和脊髓神经干细胞的分离和培养

研究采用显微解剖、无血清细胞培养和免疫荧光细胞化学染色等实验技术 ,成功地建立了胚胎大鼠脑和脊髓神经干细胞 (NSCs)的分离和培养方法。结果显示 ,( 1)在含成纤维细胞生长因子 2 (FGF 2 )和表皮生长因子(EGF)的无血清培养液中 ,两种来源的NSCs经体外培养 8- 10代后 ,其细胞数呈指数级增加 ,其中脑来源的NSCs数由原代培养时的 1× 10 6 增加至 1× 10 12 ,脊髓来源的NSCs数从 1× 10 6 增加至 1× 10 11。增殖的细胞表达神经上皮干细胞蛋白 (nestin) ;( 2 )在含 1%胎牛血清 (FBS)的培养条件下 ,它们都能被诱导分化为神经元、少突胶质细胞和星型胶质细胞。但其分化比例可随细胞传代次数的增加而改变 ,其中 ,大脑来源的NSCs分化为神经元的比例从第二代 (P2 )的 11 95± 2 5 %下降至第五代 (P5)的 1 97± 1 16% (P <0 0 1) ,而少突胶质细胞的分化比例则基本保持不变 ,这一分化格局同样可在脊髓来源的NSCs中发现。结果表明 ,我们所分离和培养的细胞在体外经多次传代后仍具有很强的增殖能力和多向分化潜能 ,它们都表达nestin ,属于中枢神经系统的干细胞     

PCDHα在髓鞘形成和少突胶质细胞发育中的作用

该文通过免疫组化及蛋白免疫印迹的方法分别对Pcdhα基因敲除和对照组小鼠的中枢神经系统内的髓鞘碱性蛋白表达以及少突胶质细胞的发育进行了测定。结果表明:1)Pcdhα基因缺失小鼠中枢神经系统中的髓鞘碱性蛋白较对照组小鼠明显减少;2)Pcdhα基因敲除可导致少突胶质细胞发育异常:在小脑中,处于成熟期的少突胶质细胞减少,而处于前体细胞阶段的少突胶质细胞增多。上述结果提示Pcdhα可以通过调控少突胶质细胞的成熟过程进而影响髓鞘的形成。     

APP5肽模拟物P165对体外培养大鼠海马神经干细胞增殖和分化的影响

目的研究一种小分子多肽─APP5肽的模拟物P165对体外培养的大鼠胚胎海马神经干细胞（neuralstem cells,NSCs）增殖和分化的影响,以期能找到一种可代替神经营养因子的小分子物质,能够促进NSCs的增殖或分化,为将来的临床应用提供理论依据。方法（1）原代培养SD大鼠胚胎脑海马NSCs;（2）利用5-溴脱氧尿嘧啶核苷（BrdU）和神经元、星型胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞的特异性标记物微管相关蛋白2（MAP2）、胶质纤维酸性蛋白（GFAP）、2,3-环核苷酸-3磷酸二酯酶（CNPase）对培养的NSCs进行鉴定;（3）将培养的NSCs分为对照组、血清组、APP5肽反序列组和P165组,观察各组细胞形态的变化;（4）将培养的NSCs分为对照组、APP5肽反序列组和P165组,利用细胞计数,测定干细胞克隆形成率、干细胞克隆形成大小的方法分析P165对海马NSCs增殖的影响。结果（1）海马神经干细胞呈神经球聚集生长,BrdU染色阳性;加入血清后神经球周围有细胞呈放射状向四周生长,并带有突起。染色呈MAP2、GFAP或CNPase阳性;（2）海马NSCs加入P165及其反序列后细胞形态上与对照组相比没有明显改变;（3）与对照组相比,加P165后海马NSCs数量明显增加,克隆形成率和克隆形成的直径均有明显的增加,并有统计学差异。结论P165能够促进海马NSCs的增殖,但并不促进其分化。     

人源胚胎神经干细胞移植可对抗大鼠的脑缺血/再灌注损伤

本文旨在研究人源胚胎神经干细胞(human embryonic neural stem cells,h NSCs)移植到脑缺血/再灌注损伤大鼠脑内后的迁移、分化,以及对大鼠脑卒中的疗效。我们在大脑中动脉栓塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion,MCAO)1 h的大鼠模型上,于血流再灌注后第7天注射h NSCs到缺血侧侧脑室,通过焦油紫染色测量大鼠的脑梗死体积,通过检测大鼠的感觉运动行为评估其神经功能的恢复水平,通过免疫荧光共标观察移植后的h NSCs在脑内的迁移与分化。结果显示,h NSCs移植后能够显著减小脑卒中大鼠脑梗死体积,并改善脑卒中大鼠的转棒、错步和转角等运动行为能力;侧脑室注射的h NSCs优先向胼胝体以及梗死区周边迁移,迁移到胼胝体的h NSCs可以分化成少突胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞,迁移到梗死区周边的细胞能够分化成神经元。以上这些结果提示,侧脑室移植的h NSCs可能通过向特定脑区的迁移和分化发挥对脑缺血/再灌注损伤大鼠的保护作用。     

体外诱导鸡胚胎生殖细胞分化为神经干细胞

本研究探讨体外诱导鸡胚胎生殖细胞(EGCs)分化为神经干细胞(NSCs)的可能性.EGCs经类胚体(EB)阶段,以维生素A酸(RA)等进行诱导,在NSCs选择性培养基中筛培养扩增7 d,观察形态变化;采用RT-PCR法检测nestin基因表达及免疫细胞化学法检测nestin等NSCs特异性标志物,并对其扩增及分化能力进行观察.结果显示:EGCs经初级诱导,NSCs选择性培养基筛选培养7 d后,形成大量神经球样结构,可扩增传代;绝大部分神经球样结构呈nestin抗原阳性,表达nestin基因,且可分化为神经上皮样及少突胶质细胞.研究结果表明:RA等诱导的EGCs,经选择性培养基筛选培养可获得NSCs,有望为眼部神经变性疾病的治疗提供新的技术参考.     

Beta 1 integrin-mediated effects of tenascin-R domains EGFL and FN6-8 on neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in vitro

Neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) have the capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into major classes of central nervous system cell types, such as neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. The determination of fate of NSCs appears to be regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Mounting evidence has shown that extracellular matrix molecules contribute to NSC proliferation and differentiation as extrinsic factors. Here we explore the effects of the epidermal growth factor-like (EGFL) and fibronectin type III homologous domains 6-8 (FN6-8) of the extracellular matrix molecule tenascin-R on NSC proliferation and differentiation. Our results show that domain FN6-8 inhibited NSC proliferation and promoted NSCs differentiation into astrocytes and less into oligodendrocytes or neurons. The EGFL domain did not affect NSC proliferation, but promoted NSC differentiation into neurons and reduced NSC differentiation into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Treatment of NSCs with beta 1 integrin function-blocking antibody resulted in attenuation of inhibition of the effect of FN6-8 on NSC proliferation. The influence of EGFL or FN6-8 on NSCs differentiation was inhibited by beta 1 integrin antibody application, implicating beta 1 integrin in proliferation and differentiation induced by EGFL and FN6-8 mediated triggering of NSCs.     

In vitro characterization of subventricular zone isolated neural stem cells,from adult monkey and rat brain

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent, self-renewable cells who are capable of differentiating into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. NSCs reside at the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the adult brain permanently to guarantee a lifelong neurogenesis during neural network plasticity or undesirable injuries. Although the specious inaccessibility of adult NSCs niche hampers their in vivo identification, researchers have been seeking ways to optimize adult NSCs isolation, expansion, and differentiation, in vitro. NSCs were isolated from rhesus monkey SVZ, expanded in vitro and then characterized for NSCs-specific markers expression by immunostaining, real-time PCR, flow cytometry, and cell differentiation assessments. Moreover, cell survival as well as self-renewal capacity were evaluated by TUNEL, Live/Dead and colony assays, respectively. In the next step, to validate SVZ-NSCs identity in other species, a similar protocol was applied to isolate NSCs from adult rat’s SVZ as well. Our findings revealed that isolated SVZ-NSCs from both monkey and rat preserve proliferation capacity in at least nine passages as confirmed by Ki67 expression. Additionally, both SVZ-NSCs sources are capable of self-renewal in addition to NESTIN, SOX2, and GFAP expression. The mortality was measured meager with over 95% viability according to TUNEL and Live/Dead assay results. Eventually, the multipotency of SVZ-NSCs appraised authentic after their differentiation into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. In this study, we proposed a reliable method for SVZ-NSCs in vitro maintenance and identification, which, we believe is a promising cell source for therapeutic approach to recover neurological disorders and injuries condition.

     

胎鼠脊髓源性神经干细胞分离培养与鉴定

目的:研究胎鼠的脊髓源性神经干细胞的分离培养方法并观察其增殖和分化能力。方法:利用显微操作技术分离获得胎鼠脊髓组织、无血清培养技术和酶消化法结合机械法传代培养神经干细胞、免疫细胞化学方法鉴定神经干细胞和分化情况。结果:建立了胎鼠脊髓源性神经干细胞的分离、培养和鉴定的方法,观察到了脊髓源性神经干细胞具有较强的增殖能力,在添加有5ng／mlEGF和5ng／mlbFGF的无血清培养液中可贴壁分化为神经元、少突细胞和星形胶质细胞。结论:在体外培养条件下分离培养的胎鼠脊髓源性神经干细胞具有干细胞的特性即较强的增殖能力和多向分化潜能。     

Melatonin antagonizes interleukin‐18‐mediated inhibition on neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are self‐renewing, pluripotent and undifferentiated cells which have the potential to differentiate into neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. NSC therapy for tissue regeneration, thus, gains popularity. However, the low survivals rate of the transplanted cell impedes its utilities. In this study, we tested whether melatonin, a potent antioxidant, could promote the NSC proliferation and neuronal differentiation, especially, in the presence of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐18 (IL‐18). Our results showed that melatonin per se indeed exhibited beneficial effects on NSCs and IL‐18 inhibited NSC proliferation, neurosphere formation and their differentiation into neurons. All inhibitory effects of IL‐18 on NSCs were significantly reduced by melatonin treatment. Moreover, melatonin application increased the production of both brain‐derived and glial cell‐derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF, GDNF) in IL‐18‐stimulated NSCs. It was observed that inhibition of BDNF or GDNF hindered the protective effects of melatonin on NSCs. A potentially protective mechanism of melatonin on the inhibition of NSC's differentiation caused IL‐18 may attribute to the up‐regulation of these two major neurotrophic factors, BNDF and GNDF. The findings indicate that melatonin may play an important role promoting the survival of NSCs in neuroinflammatory diseases.     

Blocking BE301622 gene expression by RNAi initiates differentiation of neural stem cells in rat

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are capable of differentiating into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating NSCs differentiation are not well understood. Our previous research by microarray analysis certified that a lot of genes are differentially expressed in the course of NSC differentiation. In this study we report the function of one of these genes, BE301622, by RNAi techniques. To silence the BE301622 gene, a long, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) was synthesized by using a kit (Ambion T7 MegaScript) and transformed into NSCs. Expression of mRNA was tested through RT-PCR. The result showed the expression of BE301622 gene was specificially suppressed. This finding effectively validated that BE301622 is involved in the differentiation of NSCs.     

Oscillatory expression of Ascl1 in oligodendrogenesis

The proneural gene Ascl1 promotes formation of both neurons and oligodendrocytes from neural stem cells (NSCs), but it remains to be analyzed how its different functions are coordinated. It was previously shown that Ascl1 enhances proliferation of NSCs when its expression oscillates but induces differentiation into transit-amplifying precursor cells and neurons when its expression is up-regulated and sustained. By time-lapse imaging and immunohistological analyses, we found that Ascl1 expression oscillated in proliferating oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) at lower levels than in transit-amplifying precursor cells and was repressed when OPCs differentiated into mature oligodendrocytes. Induction of sustained overexpression of Ascl1 reduced oligodendrocyte differentiation and promoted neuronal differentiation. These results suggest that oscillatory expression of Ascl1 plays an important role in proliferating OPCs during oligodendrocyte formation.     

Protoplasmic astrocytes enhance the ability of neural stem cells to differentiate into neurons in vitro

Protoplasmic astrocytes have been reported to exhibit neuroprotective effects on neurons, but there has been no direct evidence for a functional relationship between protoplasmic astrocytes and neural stem cells (NSCs). In this study, we examined neuronal differentiation of NSCs induced by protoplasmic astrocytes in a co-culture model. Protoplasmic astrocytes were isolated from new-born and NSCs from the E13-15 cortex of rats respectively. The differentiated cells labeled with neuron-specific marker β-tubulin III, were dramatically increased at 7 days in the co-culture condition. Blocking the effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) with an anti-BDNF antibody reduced the number of neurons differentiated from NSCs when co-cultured with protoplasmic astrocytes. In fact, the content of BDNF in the supernatant obtained from protoplasmic astrocytes and NSCs co-culture media was significantly greater than that from control media conditions. These results indicate that protoplasmic astrocytes promote neuronal differentiation of NSCs, which is driven, at least in part, by BDNF.