湘潭市白蚁防治研究初探

湘潭市是湖南省白蚁危害地区之一。通过调查,我市发现白蚁近４０种,造成直接经济损失５００多万元,现就近几年在白蚁防治方面所做的研究整理如下。１白蚁防治调查１．１不同药剂诱杀家白蚁的防治效果用白蚁喜食的材料做成诱杀箱,埋放在白蚁经常出没的地方,待诱集到一定数量的白蚁后,用灭蚁灵粉剂或砒粉剂喷杀,其防治效果见表１。１．２不同药剂防治散白蚁的防治效果用氯丹、溴氰菊酯、砷铜合剂全面喷洒蚁害活动区,或用灭蚁灵剂喷入分飞孔内及对危害区域多点喷施,其防治效果见表２。１．３不同药剂防治土栖白蚁的防治效果用氯丹、溴…     

白蚁松桩诱杀坑的效果观察

在房屋仓库中进行防治白蚁工作,往往由于对它们的结构特别是地下情况弄不清楚,使药剂的效果受到很大的影响,因此必须考虑用诱杀法来消灭白蚁。 (一)在什么情况下决定做诱杀坑 在有白蚁的地方如果经过多次施药仍未见效又无法找到蚁巢,就得分析产生这种原因的各个因素:建筑物的基地可能埋藏棺木、树头没有清除而成了蚁巢;建筑时遗留下多量零碎木材埋入地下;建成后常堆放带有白蚁的物品经久不加清理,白蚁因需水分已有相当一部分钻入土中,但当清除物品时又未进行过药物处理;因房屋受白蚁蛀蚀损坏而进行拆修时惊动白蚁大量逃向地下等等。由于以上原因白蚁多从地下钻出为害。对于这些情况作充分调查研究后便可决定做诱杀坑。     

物理屏障预防白蚁技术的研究及应用

白蚁是破坏性极大的世界性害虫。白蚁预防主要为化学屏障和物理屏障2种方法。但随着包括我国在内的国际社会签署的《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》的生效,采用化学屏障预防白蚁的方法受到越来越大的挑战。文章阐述了物理屏障预防白蚁的研究历史、屏障材料类型及相应规格、屏障实施程序、国内外应用现状,并对物理屏障预防白蚁技术的发展前景进行探讨,以期为预防白蚁提供指导。     

桑树白蚁的防治

为害桑树的白蚁,在我省主要是家白蚁Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki,作者防治实践中看到,在历史性家白蚁为害地区,几乎90％古老桑树有蚁巢,它不仅直接蛙食树身,并且常伸展到建筑物上为害。如钟祥县邵台的白蚁在桑树根部营巢,使附近八间民房     

家白蚁危害矿井坑木的初步调查

<正> 家白蚁Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki是我国主要蚁害之一,其对地面建筑物及各种物品的危害性早已为人们所熟知,但对地下纵深几十米矿井的危害情况国内至今尚未见报道。近年来,我区不少矿区反映井下坑木遭受白蚁为害。1984年仅东罗矿务局所属的七个主要     

植物性杀虫剂防治白蚁研究进展

白蚁是建筑物和树木的重要害虫,利用化学方法对其种群进行控制仍是当前减少白蚁危害的主要措施。但使用化学杀虫剂对生态环境和人类健康带来的问题促使人类去寻找一些环境友好型生物农药来代替化学制品,而植物性杀虫剂由于其优点而越来越受到重视。本文综述了目前在白蚁防治中有杀虫潜能的植物种类、主要分布科目及作用效果,探讨了植物性杀虫剂防治白蚁存在的问题,同时对植物性杀虫剂应用于白蚁防治进行了展望。     

从家白蚁实验群体培育出有翅繁殖蚁

家白蚁(Coptotermes formosanus Shirahi)是我国破坏房屋建筑物的主要白蚁种类,也是世界性的大害虫。在自然情况下成熟的群体在每年一定时间内以有翅成虫从巢飞出,建立新群体进行为害。家白蚁新群体建立后,究竟多少年达到成熟,亦即新巢群多少年后才能产生有翅成虫进行新的扩大为害,目     

Advances in research on botanical insecticides for termite control

白蚁是建筑物和树木的重要害虫,利用化学方法对其种群进行控制仍是当前减少白蚁危害的主要措施.但使用化学杀虫剂对生态环境和人类健康带来的问题促使人类去寻找一些环境友好型生物农药来代替化学制品,而植物性杀虫剂由于其优点而越来越受到重视.本文综述了目前在白蚁防治中有杀虫潜能的植物种类、主要分布科目及作用效果,探讨了植物性杀虫剂防治白蚁存在的问题,同时对植物性杀虫剂应用于白蚁防治进行了展望.     

微生物防治家白蚁的室内试验效果

利用微生物防治白蚁的研究,国外已经进行了二十多年,但至今未见有关微生物防治家白蚁Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki取得满意效果的研究报告。本研究目的是克服使用化学药剂对人畜有毒、造成环境污染以及对地下巢和树巢效果不好等缺点。 几年来,我们筛选过102株菌种。对家白蚁致病力高的菌种有从死家白蚁巢叶分离出的黄曲霉~(**)Aspergillus flavus Link和从松毛虫尸     

杀白蚁药剂的筛选方法

长期以来,国内外用氯丹、灭蚁灵等有机氯农药预防和防治白蚁。由于对环境和人类健康的严重危害性,一些发达国家已前后禁止使用有机氯农药。如美国分别于1976年和1987年开始禁止使用灭蚁灵和氯丹、七氯等有机氯农药。我国也正在逐步缩小有机氯农药的使用范围。从现有新杀虫剂中筛选出取代有机氯农药的杀白蚁药剂,成为广大白蚁防治研究者的一项迫切任务。近年来国外有许多有关这方面的研究报道。本文介绍国外有关筛选杀白蚁药剂的室内和野外试验方法,供国内广大白蚁研究者和防治工作者参考。1室内试验1．1接触毒性测定1．1．1点滴法：Su…     

多功能植物增效剂防治害螨研究

多功能植物增效剂是由多种天然植物制成的水剂,属高新科技、专利产品(944110480x),对人畜无毒,不伤害天敌昆虫,无三废残留;与化学农药混用,可节省化学农药50～90％,降低空间毒性,减轻污染和残留,而防效接近或高于单用化学杀螨剂;单用,可杀虫治螨灭菌,促作物生长发育作用,增产显著。     

植物-微生物联合修复化学农药污染土壤的研究进展

化学农药的高毒性、生物积累性和扩散性极易对环境及人类健康造成危害,环境中化学农药的去除尤为重要。植物-微生物联合修复技术因其高效、环境友好和修复成本低等优点受到越来越多的关注,植物-微生物联合修复化学农药污染土壤是一种很有前景的方法。植物为根际和内生细菌提供养分,而细菌通过化学农药的降解和解毒来支持植物生长。本文综述了影响化学农药在植物体内吸收和转运的因素以及植物-微生物修复技术的原理,并讨论了植物与微生物在化学农药污染土壤修复中的协同效应,并对植物-微生物联合修复法在化学农药污染土壤修复中的应用前景进行了展望。     

Analysis of Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) in Frogs and Lizards Illuminates Both Nociceptive Heat and Chemical Sensitivities and Coexpression with TRP Vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in Ancestral Vertebrates

Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) and TRP vanilloid 1 (V1) perceive noxious temperatures and chemical stimuli and are involved in pain sensation in mammals. Thus, these two channels provide a model for understanding how different genes with similar biological roles may influence the function of one another during the course of evolution. However, the temperature sensitivity of TRPA1 in ancestral vertebrates and its evolutionary path are unknown as its temperature sensitivities vary among different vertebrate species. To elucidate the functional evolution of TRPA1, TRPA1s of the western clawed (WC) frogs and green anole lizards were characterized. WC frog TRPA1 was activated by heat and noxious chemicals that activate mammalian TRPA1. These stimuli also activated native sensory neurons and elicited nocifensive behaviors in WC frogs. Similar to mammals, TRPA1 was functionally co-expressed with TRPV1, another heat- and chemical-sensitive nociceptive receptor, in native sensory neurons of the WC frog. Green anole TRPA1 was also activated by heat and noxious chemical stimulation. These results suggest that TRPA1 was likely a noxious heat and chemical receptor and co-expressed with TRPV1 in the nociceptive sensory neurons of ancestral vertebrates. Conservation of TRPV1 heat sensitivity throughout vertebrate evolution could have changed functional constraints on TRPA1 and influenced the functional evolution of TRPA1 regarding temperature sensitivity, whereas conserving its noxious chemical sensitivity. In addition, our results also demonstrated that two mammalian TRPA1 inhibitors elicited different effect on the TRPA1s of WC frogs and green anoles, which can be utilized to clarify the structural bases for inhibition of TRPA1.     

农药对捕食性天敌的影响研究进展

捕食性天敌在害虫的自然控制方面起着重要作用。当害虫大发生时,需使用化学农药来进行有效控害,但化学农药会对捕食性天敌的生存造成影响。因此,了解农药对捕食性天敌的影响有利于协调化学防治和生物防治的关系。大部分农药对捕食性天敌的生长发育和繁殖表现为抑制作用,但有的为促进作用。在农药的干扰下,多数捕食性天敌的信息识别能力会降低,少部分会通过提高雄虫接收性信息素的能力或增加雌虫性信息素的释放来诱导求偶行为、增加交配频率。有的杀虫剂会影响捕食性天敌的捕食行为及捕食功能,部分杀虫剂会直接使其捕食功能模型由Holling-Ⅱ型转变为Holling-Ⅰ型。在农药胁迫下,捕食性天敌会产生抗药性,其解毒酶活性升高、保护酶活性改变及靶标部位敏感性下降可能是抗药性产生的机理。农药对捕食性天敌的影响研究在协调害虫化学防治和生物防治中有着重要的理论和现实意义,可以有效地推进捕食性天敌在害虫综合治理中的应用。     

Environmental endocrine disruptors: New diabetogens?

The prevalence of type-2 diabetes has dramatically increased worldwide during the last few decades. While lifestyle factors (sedentariness, noxious food), together with genetic susceptibility, are well-known actors, there is accumulating evidence suggesting that endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may also play a pathophysiological role in the occurrence of metabolic diseases. Both experimental and epidemiological evidence support a role for early and chronic exposure to low doses of chemical pollutants with endocrine and metabolic disrupting effects. Most are present in the food chain and accumulate in the fat mass after absorption. In rodents, bisphenol A stimulates synthesis and secretion of pancreatic β cells and disturbs insulin signaling in liver, muscle and adipose tissue through epigenetic changes leading to insulin resistance and β cell impairment. In humans, epidemiological reports show statistical link between exposure to pesticides, polychlorinated bisphenyls, bisphenol A, phthalates, dioxins or aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbides or heavy metals and DT2 after acute accidental releases or early in life and/or chronic, low doses exposure. More prospective, longitudinal studies are needed to determine the importance of such environmental risk factors.     

In vivo catechol activity in the rat locus coeruleus following different nociceptive stimuli and naloxone.

The nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) has been implicated in the processing of spinal reflexes following noxious stimuli. It has been demonstrated that noxious stimuli activate LC neuronal firing, but little is known about the neurochemical changes that might occur following such activation. To determine the effects of different noxious stimuli on LC neuronal activity, anaesthetized rats were exposed to mechanical (tail pinch), thermal (55 degrees C water), and chemical (5% Formalin injected in the hind paw) stimuli; the catechol oxidation current (CA.OC), an index of noradrenergic neuronal activity, in the locus coeruleus was monitored using differential normal pulse voltammetry. In addition, the effect of the opioid antagonist naloxone on the CA.OC in the LC was examined. Exposure to both mechanical and chemical stimuli significantly increased CA.OC indicating an increase in LC noradrenergic neuronal activity, while the thermal stimulus had no effect. Treatment with naloxone (1 mg/kg i.v.) had no effect on CA.OC in the LC. The results show a differential responsiveness of LC noradrenergic neurons to different modes of noxious stimuli and fail to demonstrate a tonic opioid regulation of these neurons in the anaesthetized rat.     

几种化学农药对稻田优势种蜘蛛杀伤力的研究

用５种化学农药对稻田优势种蜘蛛杀伤力的盆栽与田间进行测试。结果表明,５种化学农药对稻田４种优势种蜘蛛都有较大的杀伤力,总的杀伤率达６２．１％－９１．７％,盆栽施药比田间施药对蜘蛛的杀伤力大。田间试验结果应当比较符合实际;田间试验对照组蛛虫减退的民政部进一步说明,蜘蛛对目标害虫具有良好的控制作用,在晚稻后期,如果蛛虫比在１：５以下,用不着使用化学农药防治。     

利用人工湿地去除农业径流中农药的研究进展

人工湿地对农业径流污染物去除效果显著,已成为控制农业径流污染的有效措施.本文结合国内外研究,介绍了当前水体农药污染的现状;从物理、化学及生物角度阐述了人工湿地对农药的去除机理和关键过程;归纳总结了人工湿地对农药的去除效率,指出人工湿地对农药的去除效率随农药类型的不同而差异较大:农药的平均去除率,按农药用途分为杀虫剂＞杀菌剂＞除草剂,按农药化学结构分为拟除虫菊酯类>有机磷类>三唑类＞酰胺类＞三嗪类＞脲类;综合考虑,潜流人工湿地在农药去除方面的效果优于表面流人工湿地.在此基础上分析了农药理化性质、人工湿地工艺类型及运行参数、进水中农药浓度、湿地植物等因素对农药在人工湿地中去除的影响.最后指出了当前研究中存在的问题,并提出了研究展望.     

低剂量农药作用下拟环纹豹蛛对褐飞虱的功能反应及搜寻行为

在室内研究了低剂量农药作用下拟环纹豹蛛对褐飞虱的功能反应及搜寻行为。结果表明,拟环纹豹蛛对褐飞虱的功能反应均符合Holling Ⅱ模型,且在最适的低剂量农药(V_药∶V_水为2∶5 000甲胺磷,12∶5 000杀虫双和1∶20烯丙菊酯)刺激下,蜘蛛捕食褐飞虱的数量是最多的,蜘蛛用于对1头褐飞虱进行制服和取食等活动所需的时间（处理猎物时间,Th）短,仅分别为未经农药处理的蜘蛛所需时间的0.45、0.32和0.35倍;而施用较高剂量8∶5 000的甲胺磷、28∶5 000的杀虫双和6∶20的烯丙菊酯的蜘蛛,处理猎物时间长得多,依次是经最适低剂量3种农药作用的蜘蛛所用时间的9.70、13.60和13.62倍。拟环纹豹蛛在稻株上的搜寻行为属非随机搜索型,在相同的低剂量农药作用下,蜘蛛的搜寻效应随飞虱密度的增加而下降;但在相同的猎物密度下,蜘蛛的搜寻效应与使用的农药浓度有密切的关系,在上述最适低剂量农药作用下,豹蛛对猎物的寻找效应最佳,其在稻株上的总滞留时间依次是未施药情形的1.56、1.49、1.48倍,总搜寻距离依次是未施药情形的1.36、1.42、1.39倍。据此,进一步证实了低剂量农药增强了稻田蜘蛛的控虫效能和对害虫的相对活力。     

Excitation of feline cutaneous mechanosensitive C-fiber sensory units by intraarterial administration of potassium ions

Response of low- and high-threshold mechanosensitive C fiber sensory units (MSU) in n. saphenus to close-arterial injection of potassium ions in subnoxious and noxious concentrations (SC and NC) were investigated in anesthetized cats. Two groups of high-threshold units were found: 1) MSU reacting to K⁺ at both SC and NC, but responding very differently to each of these concentrations and 2) MSU responding to NC only. Findings would indicate that high-rather than lowthreshold MSU participate in the perception of noxious stimuli. The possibility of differentiation between subnoxious and noxious stimuli by a proportion of high-threshold MSU is considered. High-threshold MSU discharges accompanying excitation of these units by subnoxious and noxious chemical stimuli are quantified.National Cardiology Research Center, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 147–154, March–April, 1988.