内蒙古金斯太洞穴遗址发掘简报

2000—2001年间,金斯太洞穴遗址先后经历了两次发掘,面积约80m2, 发掘出土石制品4000余件和大量动物化石。洞穴地层堆积厚达6m以上, 可划分为8层。第3层以下为旧石器时代文化堆积,可分为上、中、下三个文化层。遗址经过14C测年, 旧石器层位年代为距今3.6万年至1.8万左右, 处于旧石器时代中晚期过渡至晚期之末。通过对石、骨制品和部分动物化石的分析可知, 这是一处以旧石器遗存为主,兼有全新世遗存的洞穴遗址。遗址石器工业整体上属于小石器工业, 中文化层阶段出现了勒瓦娄哇技术, 上文化层阶段出现了细石叶工业,并占主体地位, 与小石器工业并行发展。该遗址的发掘为探索北方主工业的分布范围和文化内涵提供了新的材料, 对于探讨旧石器时代的文化交流以及细石叶工业的产生具有重要的意义。     

泥河湾盆地葡萄园旧石器遗址

本文报道的葡萄园石制品79件,发现在泥河湾盆地东端河北省阳原县官厅村北小长梁更新世早期旧石器遗址东侧的后石山基部,文化层由下更新统湖滨相冲-洪积砾石层构成,层位与小长梁文化层大致相当,位于Matsuyama负极性时的Jaramillo正极性亚时层段之下,而靠近Olduvai正极性亚时层段顶面,推断其年龄为150~160万年。     

泥河湾盆地大长梁旧石器地点

大长梁旧石器地点位于泥河湾盆地东端 ,埋藏在泥河湾层里。它东距小长梁遗址170米 ,野外观测和地层对比显示 ,二者的地层层位及文化层一致 ,应为同时期遗址。该地点试掘近 7平方米 ,共获得33件石制品和一些动物化石。出土石制品以小型为主 ,原料剥片利用率高 ,成器率低 ,动物化石多为哺乳类肢骨。其年代大于107万年 ,属旧石器时代早期。     

“许家窑人”埋藏地层与时代探讨

“许家窑人”化石发现于河北省阳原县泥河湾盆地西端的侯家窑遗址。该遗址20世纪70年代历经数次发掘,发现古人类化石20件、石制品数万件以及大量的哺乳动物化石。虽然已有大量关于遗址的研究成果发表,但人类化石和考古遗物的出土地层仍有些模糊,文化层时代也存在较大争议;年代数据在20 kaBP到500 kaBP的大范围间变化,影响学者们对“许家窑人”及其文化遗存演化位置的认识。鉴于此,河北省文物研究所（现河北省文物考古研究院）在2007~2012年对该遗址开展了持续的考古调查及发掘,重要目的之一在于廓清遗址埋藏的地貌部位和文化层的分布状况等基本信息。侯家窑遗址的地层包含上、下两个文化层;下文化层以下2~3 m（距地表约14.5 m）处确认了不整合接触面,其下为泥河湾层堆积,之上为河流阶地堆积。综合对20世纪70年代发掘的地层描述、新发掘地层以及人类化石保存状态的认识,“许家窑人”化石应出自遗址地层沉积序列的上文化层中,而非湖相的泥河湾层中。通过对目前遗址已有测年数据的重新梳理,我们认为,上文化层即“许家窑人”化石的时代为200~160 kaBP,主要对应深海氧同位素6阶段早期;下文化层的准确年代仍需验证,目前光释光年龄为198±15 kaBP, ²⁶Al/ ¹⁰Be埋藏年代为240±50 kaBP。     

河南织机洞旧石器遗址的洞穴堆积和沉积环境分析

MIS3阶段晚期是末次冰期中一个气候比较温暖的间冰阶,当时人类活动相当活跃,在世界各地这一时期的人类文化遗址不仅数量多,而且文化面貌也发生明显的变化。织机洞遗址是一处以旧石器时代中晚期为主的洞穴遗址,洞穴中堆积地层可以划分为四层:下部含丰富的打制石器称下文化层,属旧石器中晚期;中部不含石器;上部含少量打制石器称中文化层,属旧石器晚期;顶部含有裴李岗和秦汉时期的文化遗存称上文化层,属全新世时期。根据光释光年代测定,文化遗存最为丰富的下文化层,年龄为距今3·5—5万年,相当于MIS3阶段的中晚期,正处于"旧石器晚期革命"的前夕。孢粉分析结果表明,下文化层所处的MIS3阶段气候比较温暖湿润,为暖温带草原-疏树草原环境,良好的气候环境有利于当时古代人类的生存与繁衍。     

宁夏水洞沟遗址第8地点发掘简报

水洞沟遗址第8地点是水洞沟遗址群的重要地点之一。2003年,对其进行正式发掘,揭露面积16m2,文化层内包含用火遗迹、石制品、哺乳动物化石及鸵鸟蛋皮串珠等。本文观察和研究的石制品七百余件,总体上显示中国北方地区石片石器工业的技术特征。根据该地点文化层的14C测年数据,该地点的年代为27,040±150 BP,经Int Cal09曲线校正后数据为31,323±101BP,与水洞沟第2地点的第2文化层年代(29.9ka~31.3ka BP)大致相当。     

丹江口库区水牛洼旧石器遗址发掘简报

水牛洼遗址位于湖北省丹江口市均县镇关门岩村,是汉水流域一处同时具有旧石器早期与晚期文化层的重要遗址。2010年3~4月间,吉林大学边疆考古研究中心对该遗址进行了发掘,揭露面积675m2,共获石制品301件,类型包括石核、石片、断块及工具等。地貌和地层对比显示,遗址年代大致为中更新世至晚更新世晚期。遗址可分为上、下两个文化层。上文化层出土石制品246件,属晚更新世;下文化层出土石制品55件,处于中更新世。下文化层石制品特点显示了中国南方砾石石器工业的特点,而上文化层却出现了中国北方石片石器工业的文化因素。     

封面图片简介

<正>水洞沟遗址第7地点位于宁夏回族自治区灵武市水洞沟遗址核心区。2003年至2005年共进行三次系统发掘,揭露面积25m2,出土包含石制品、动物化石、鸵鸟皮及装饰品等文化遗物上万件,OSL年代测定表明古人类在该地点活动的年代大致为距今30 ka～24 ka BP。遗址埋藏在边沟河左岸第二级基座阶地,文化层为灰白-灰黄-灰绿色粉砂及黏土质粉砂,厚度在3m左右。对不同层位的粒度分析、出土遗物的两维     

云南鹤庆天华洞旧石器遗址石制品研究

天华洞旧石器遗址是金沙江中游地区财丰河流域旧石器地点群的代表性遗址之一。本文研究的材料来源于该遗址2010、2013和2016三年度的野外调查和试掘。天华洞遗址试掘位置为洞前缓坡区域,地层堆积可划分为5层,其中2-5层为遗址文化层,属红色亚黏土沉积。遗址文化层沉积结构稳定,年代数据分布在距今9.5-5万年之间。遗址共发现石制品1122件,以玄武岩为主要原料。石制品组合的内涵丰富,剥片技术和工具类型多样,一些特殊类型的石制品标本如预制石核、长石片、似-勒瓦娄哇石片、盘状石核石片、似-基纳型刮削器等代表了天华洞遗址石工业独特的技术文化面貌,也表现出西方旧石器时代中期文化的一些技术特点和因素。     

百色盆地六林岭旧石器遗址试掘报告

本文是对2018年广西百色六林岭旧石器遗址试掘结果的报道。试掘共开7个探方（面积28 m²）和1条探沟,可见9层堆积,从两个层位共获得石制品182件（其中地层出土40件,采集142件）。虽然两个文化层石制品在埋藏和保存状况上存在明显差异,但属于同一个技术传统。石制品分为备料、石锤、石核、石片、断块和石器;石器包括砍砸器、手镐和刮削器。在第一文化层发现了与石制品伴生的玻璃陨石碎片,初步推测其年代为803 kaBP,尚不排除二次堆积的可能;第二文化层在第一文化层之下,年代要早于第一文化层,表明古人类在百色盆地持续活动了相当长的一段时间;两个文化层显示出不同的沉积环境,表明古人类在百色盆地生存环境的复杂性和多样性。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

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Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan     

On the Dependence of the Quadratic Risk of the Classical Predictor and the Prediction-Horizon

When constructing predictors on the basis of the linear model of time series of various indicators often the question arises on the dependence of forecasting accuracy and the changing prediction horizon. The dependency of the quadratic risk of the classical predictor and the time horizon is considered.