微弹转化葡匐剪股颖使之抗除草剂

Rutegers University的科学家们建立了一种可有效转化商品化葡匐剪股颖品种的系统。稳定整入并嵌合性表达bar(phosphinothricin乙酰转移酶)基因可使之获得对包括Herbiace在内的多种商品化除草荆的活性成份bialaphos的解毒能力。葡匐剪股颖在经多次刈割后可形成分枝细密、质量均一的优质草皮,这是一种用于高尔夫球场保绿的出色的耐冷品种,也可用于航道,高尔夫球场发球地和草坪。 曾有过通过体细胞胚发生作用再生葡匐剪股颖植株和用微弹轰击导入无选择标记的GUS(uidA)基因的报道。而在《Bio/Technology》1994年12期919～923页上叙述的这项研究,则是用选择性标记有效     

热锻炼对高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea）和多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne）抗高温能力的影响

夏季高温胁迫已成为限制冷季型草坪草生长和发育的一个主要问题。以两种耐热性不同的冷季型草坪草高羊茅和多年生黑麦草（前者较耐热）为材料,经过3d 30℃的热锻炼预处理后,分别在38、 42、46℃的高温下处理14h。在这些高温条件下,研究了经过热锻炼预处理的高羊茅和多年生黑麦草叶片膜脂过氧化、抗氧化剂含量以及叶绿体超微结构的变化。结果表明：(1) 热锻炼提高了高羊茅和多年生黑麦草的耐热性,显著缓减了高温条件下两种草坪草叶片膜脂过氧化程度的加剧,降低了叶片过氧化氢（H₂O₂）和超氧阴离子（O•-2）的产生速率。（2）高温条件下,热锻炼使高羊茅和多年生黑麦草叶片中抗氧化剂抗坏血酸（AsA）和谷胱甘肽（GSH）的含量下降程度有所缓减。（3）热锻炼减轻了高温胁迫对高羊茅和多年生黑麦草叶片叶绿体超微结构的损伤。这些结果说明热锻炼能够减轻高温对草坪草叶绿体的伤害可能与其在高温胁迫下和对照相比具有较高的抗氧化剂含量有关,这也可能是冷季型草坪草对高温的适应机制之一。     

热锻炼对高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)和多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)抗高温能力的影响

夏季高温胁迫已成为限制冷季型草坪草生长和发育的一个主要问题.以两种耐热性不同的冷季型草坪草高羊茅和多年生黑麦草(前者较耐热)为材料,经过3d 30℃的热锻炼预处理后,分别在38、42、46℃的高温下处理14h.在这些高温条件下,研究了经过热锻炼预处理的高羊茅和多年生黑麦草叶片膜脂过氧化、抗氧化剂含量以及叶绿体超微结构的变化.结果表明:(1)热锻炼提高了高羊茅和多年生黑麦草的耐热性,显著缓减了高温条件下两种草坪草叶片膜脂过氧化程度的加剧,降低了叶片过氧化氢(H2O2)和超氧阴离子(O2)的产生速率.(2)高温条件下,热锻炼使高羊茅和多年生黑麦草叶片中抗氧化剂抗坏血酸(AsA)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量下降程度有所缓减.(3)热锻炼减轻了高温胁迫对高羊茅和多年生黑麦草叶片叶绿体超微结构的损伤.这些结果说明热锻炼能够减轻高温对草坪草叶绿体的伤害可能与其在高温胁迫下和对照相比具有较高的抗氧化剂含量有关,这也可能是冷季型草坪草对高温的适应机制之一.     

H_2O_2预处理及高温胁迫下杜鹃叶片活性氧及抗氧化酶亚细胞定位分析

为明确H_2O_2在杜鹃耐热性形成中的作用机制以及高温胁迫下杜鹃活性氧清除系统的亚细胞分布,该研究以3个耐热性不同的杜鹃品种为实验材料,进行H_2O_2预处理后再进行高温胁迫,分析叶绿体、线粒体和细胞溶质等亚细胞组分中活性氧产生和清除系统的变化。结果表明:(1)‘胭脂蜜’、‘红月’、‘红珊瑚’分别为耐热、较耐热和热敏感品种。(2)高温胁迫下,3个杜鹃品种H_2O_2含量的亚细胞分布为细胞溶质叶绿体线粒体,各亚细胞组分中超氧阴离子自由基■产生速率差异不显著;3个杜鹃品种均以细胞溶质中的丙二醛(MDA)含量最高,且热敏感杜鹃‘红月’和‘红珊瑚’中MDA亚细胞分布与H_2O_2相一致,但‘胭脂蜜’线粒体中MDA含量高于叶绿体。(3)高温胁迫下,‘胭脂蜜’和‘红珊瑚’亚细胞组分超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性排序为细胞溶质叶绿体线粒体,‘红月’相应排序为细胞溶质线粒体叶绿体;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性在‘胭脂蜜’和‘红月’亚细胞组分中的排序相同,线粒体中CAT活性高于细胞溶质和叶绿体,而在‘红珊瑚’中叶绿体CAT活性最高。(4)H_2O_2预处理可以通过增强耐热杜鹃的抗氧化防御能力,减轻杜鹃幼苗的过氧化损伤,尤其是对耐热性较差的杜鹃品种效果显著。研究发现,杜鹃叶片MDA、活性氧、抗氧化酶活性的亚细胞分布在高温胁迫下存在品种差异,MDA亚细胞分布与活性氧的分布并不完全一致,热敏感杜鹃‘红月’和‘红珊瑚’叶绿体所受的过氧化损伤程度高于耐热品种‘胭脂蜜’;高温胁迫下,H_2O_2预处理对不同杜鹃品种各亚细胞器的活性氧和抗氧化酶的影响程度也表现出品种间差异。     

胶质芽胞杆菌对黑麦草生长特性的影响

研究了从玉米(K02)、草地早熟禾(K05)、披碱草(K09)、多年生黑麦草(K11)、匍匐翦股颖(K12)根际土壤中分离到的5株胶质芽胞杆菌菌株对黑麦草株高、叶绿素含量以及根系活力的影响。结果表明在苗期(播种后10 d)、中期(播种后50 d)以及收获期(播种后90 d)3个采样期各处理黑麦草株高、叶绿素含量和根系活力均高于对照(CK)。研究表明施入胶质芽胞杆菌菌剂对黑麦草株高、叶绿素含量和根系活力具有一定的促进作用,其结果可为生物钾肥的研制提供必要的数据。     

盐胁迫对玉米叶片叶肉细胞生物膜超微结构的影响

研究了NaCl胁迫对玉米叶肉细胞生物膜超微结构的影响. 结果表明：NaCl胁迫破坏了玉米叶片叶肉细胞生物膜的正常结构,50 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理胁迫下,玉米叶肉细胞核膜,线粒体膜,细胞膜,叶绿体膜,液泡膜都受到不同程度的破坏,叶绿体基粒类囊体膨胀,间质片层空间增大,片层紊乱。100 mmol·L^-1 NaCl处理胁迫下,质膜,液泡膜,线粒体,叶绿体都受到严重的破坏。细胞质膜破坏,破损的叶绿体充斥在细胞间隙中;叶绿体外膜破坏,甚至解体消失,叶肉细胞中充满膜结构,基粒排列方向改变,垛叠层数减少,基粒和基质片层界限模糊不清,有的基粒解体消失,甚至叶绿体完全解体;核膜破坏、解体,核中的染色质高度凝缩;线粒体的数量增多,线粒体膜破坏,脊的数量减少,甚至整个线粒体破损解体;液泡膜破坏;由于各种生物膜的破坏,使细胞内充满许多囊状小泡、多泡体或斑层小体;叶肉细胞发生严重的质壁分离,严重时发生细胞壁断裂;甚至整个细胞溶解。     

高山植物叶绿体与线粒体位置相关性研究

利用透射电镜对生长于青藏高原东北部达坂山(海拔3900m)的4种高山植物叶肉细胞进行了超微结构观察。首次在蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum)和乳白香青(Anaphalis lacten)的叶肉细胞中发现了叶绿体“吞噬”线粒体的现象。在所研究的4种高山植物中,线粒体的数量均较多,线粒体在细胞中的分布表现出不均一,且常分布在叶绿体附近,二者靠的很紧,常常可以观察到5～6个线粒体将叶绿体包围起来的现象。研究表明,高山植物叶肉细胞中叶绿体和线粒体在位置上的这种变化是对逆境的一种适应,是青藏高原特殊生态条件长期胁迫的结果。     

低温对杂优水稻及其亲本幼苗中超氧物歧化酶的影响

本试验表明,超氧物歧化酶(SOD)普遍存在于“杂优”水稻及其亲本的叶绿体、线粒体及细胞溶质中。在细胞溶质和线粒体中分离出三条 Cu-Zn-SOD 和一条 Mn-SOD 的同工酶,而叶绿体中只分离出三条 Cu-Zn-SOD 的同工酶。各细胞器以叶绿体中的 SOD 对低温反应最敏感,线粒体次之。杂交后代(F_1)叶绿体的 SOD 对低温的敏感性接近母本。     

植物细胞器遗传工程的曙光

众所周知,生物的性状是由其遗传物质DNA决定的。在高等植物细胞中,除细胞核外,叶绿体和线粒体中也都有各自的DNA。叶绿体是光能转换,光合作用的场所。线粒体是氧化磷酸化的场所。线粒体和叶绿体的DNA,都具有细胞内半自主独立的自我复制能力,在遗传上表现为特有的母性遗传。在植物细胞中,叶绿体和线粒体具有许多与细菌共同的特性。这就给人们一个启示:那些有用的来自原核生物的目的基因能否以具有原核性的叶绿体和线粒体DNA做为它们的遗传受体,用以进行光合作用的遗传工程,生物固氮及其它遗传转化的研究。     

线粒体与叶绿体在细胞分裂过程中是否也分裂?以什么方式分裂?

问 :线粒体与叶绿体在细胞分裂过程中是否也分裂 ?以什么方式进行 ?答 :在教学“细胞增殖”一节时 ,经常有同学问到 ,细胞在分裂过程中 ,各种细胞器变化怎样 ?特别是象线粒体、叶绿体这样重要的细胞器是否也分裂 ?如果分裂是通过什么样的方式进行的 ?最终是否又平均的分配到两个子细胞中去 ?下面我就线粒体、叶绿体的增殖谈一谈 ,供读者参考。线粒体、叶绿体是真核生物细胞中存在的重要细胞器 ,它们的数量和形状因细胞的功能而异。线粒体、叶绿体中含有 RNA(m RNA、t RNA、r RNA)、核糖体、氨基酸活化酶 ,说明这两种细胞器均有能自我繁…     

Comparison of early development of three grasses: Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera and Poa pratensis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: To improve the management of grass communities, early plant development was compared in three species with contrasting growth forms, a caespitose (Lolium perenne), a rhizomatous (Poa pratensis) and a caespitose-stoloniferous species (Agrostis stolonifera). METHODS: Isolated seedlings were grown in a glasshouse without trophic constraints for 37 d (761 degrees Cd). The appearance of leaves and their location on tillers were recorded. Leaf appearance rate (LAR) on the tillers and site-filling were calculated. Tillering was modelled based on the assumption that tiller number increases with the number of leaves produced on the seedling main stem. Above- and below-ground parts were harvested to compare biomass. KEY RESULTS: Lolium perenne and A. stolonifera expressed similar bunch-type developments. However, root biomass was approx. 30 % lower in A. stolonifera than in L. perenne. Poa pratensis was rhizomatous. Nevertheless, the ratio of above-ground : below-ground biomass of P. pratensis was similar to that of L. perenne. LAR was approximately equal to 0.30 leaf d(-1) in L. perenne, and on the main stem and first primary tillers of A. stolonifera. LAR on the other tillers of A. stolonifera was 30 % higher than on L. perenne. For P. pratensis, LAR was 30 % lower than on L. perenne, but the interval between the appearance of two successive shoots from rhizomes was 30 % higher than the interval between two successive leaf stages on the main stem. Above-ground parts of P. pratensis first grew slower than in the other species to the benefit of the rhizomes, whose development enhanced tiller production. CONCLUSIONS: Lolium perenne had the fastest tiller production at the earliest stages of seedling development. Agrostis stolonifera and P. pratensis compensated almost completely for the delay due to higher LAR on tillers or ramets compared with L. perenne. This study provides a basis for modelling plant development.     

粉煤灰基质上草坪草苗期生长状况及其评价

在未施肥的条件下,采用盆栽试验对粉煤灰、粉煤灰 泥炭土、粉煤灰 黄砂土、泥炭土、黄砂土5种基质上8种草坪草的苗期生长状况进行了研究。结果表明,白三叶、红三叶、黑麦草、高羊茅和马蹄金种子在粉煤灰基质上出苗快,其出苗率、苗高、分蘖数均高于粉煤灰 泥炭土和粉煤灰 黄砂土基质;但在后期出现叶片纤细、叶绿色浅淡。剪股颖在粉煤灰基质上出苗率低,结缕草和紫羊茅在粉煤灰基质上不出苗。     

Neozygites abacaridis sp. nov. (Entomophthorales), a new pathogen of phytophagous mites (Acari,Eriophyidae)

A new entomopathogenic fungus, described here as Neozygites abacaridis n. sp. (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales), has been found on the mites Abacarus hystrix, Aculodes dubius, and A. mckenziei (Acari: Eriophyidae). It differs from other Neozygites species affecting mites by its small, globose primary conidia, short-ovoid, smoky coloured capilliconidia, and very short capillary conidiophores-which are usually not longer than the spore length. This pathogen infected mite individuals in autumn (from mid-August until mid-November) on Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera, and Festuca rubra. It caused 0.5-1% host's mortality in the vicinity of Siedlce (Eastern Poland) and up to 2-8%, on an average in Puszczykowo (Wielkopolski National Park near Poznań), where its prevalence on some plants reached 13%.     

Cytochrome and alternative pathway activity in roots of thermal and non-thermal Agrostis species in response to high soil temperature

Partitioning of respiration between the cytochrome pathway (CP) and the alternative pathway (AP) may play an important role in plant adaptation to extreme environments. We examined changes in partitioning between CP and AP, and viability of roots associated with plant exposure to high soil temperature for two Agrostis species: Agrostis scabra Willd., a species adapted to high-temperature soils in geothermal areas in Yellowstone National Park, and Agrostis stolonifera L. (cv. Penncross) a heat-sensitive grass widely used in cool-climate regions. Roots of A. scabra and A. stolonifera were exposed to soil temperature of 37 or 20°C, while shoots were exposed to 20°C for 28 days. Root viability decreased, and total root respiration increased for both species at 37°C. The decline in root viability and the increase in respiration rates were less pronounced for A. scabra than for A. stolonifera . A larger proportion of total root respiration was attributed to the AP in A. scabra compared with that in A. stolonifera when both species were exposed to 37°C. At 7 and 14 days at 37°C, the relative proportion of respiration passing through AP increased by 12 and 10%, respectively, in A. scabra , whereas in A. stolonifera , AP increased by 4 and 1%, respectively. Our results suggest that maintaining a higher proportion of AP at a high soil temperature may contribute to root thermo-tolerance in A. scabra in comparison with A. stolonifera , and alternative respiration may play an important role in plant adaptation to high soil temperature.     

干旱胁迫下内生真菌感染对黑麦草实验种群光合、蒸腾和水分利用的影响

 以黑麦草(Lolium perenne L．)为实验材料,研究在不同强度的干旱胁迫下内生真菌(Neotyphodium lolii (原 Acremonium lolii))感染对其净同化速率、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率的影响。结果显示：1)在干旱胁迫前期,内生真菌感染(EI)种群和非感染(EF)种群之间的群体净同化速率无显著差异;到胁迫后期,在重度胁迫下EI种群的净同化速率高于EF种群;复水后,各个胁迫强度EI和EF种群的净同化速率均迅速恢复,差异消失;2)在群体蒸腾速率上,干旱胁迫对其影响大于内生真菌的影响;3)在群体水分利用效率上,只是在重度胁迫后期,EI种群才高于EF种群。     

Assimilation and allocation of carbon and nitrogen of thermal and nonthermal Agrostis species in response to high soil temperature

We studied whether changes in the assimilation and allocation of carbon and nitrogen are associated with plant tolerance to high soil temperatures. Two Agrostis species, thermal Agrostis scabra, a species adapted to high-temperature soils in geothermal areas in Yellowstone National Park (USA), and two cultivars of a cool-season species, Agrostis stolonifera, L-93 and Penncross, were exposed to soil temperatures of 37 or 20 degrees C, while shoots were exposed to 20 degrees C. Net photosynthesis rate, photochemical efficiency, NO(3) (-)-assimilation rate and root viability decreased with increasing soil temperatures in both species. However, the decreases were less pronounced for A. scabra than for both A. stolonifera cultivars. Carbon investment in growth of plants exposed to 37 degrees C decreased more dramatically in both A. stolonifera cultivars than in A. scabra. Nitrogen allocation to shoots was greater in A. scabra than in both creeping bentgrass cultivars at 37 degrees C soil temperature. Our results demonstrate that plant tolerance to high soil temperature is related to efficient expenditure and adjustment of C- and N-allocation patterns between growth and respiration.     

内生真菌感染对干旱胁迫下黑麦草生长的影响

 内生真菌是生活在健康植物的茎叶内,形成不明显感染的一类真菌。以黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.）为实验材料,研究在不同强度的干旱胁迫下内生真菌（Neotyphodium lolii）侵染对其叶片延伸生长、分蘖数和生物量的影响。结果表明,与非感染种群相比,内生真菌感染对黑麦草叶片延伸速率无明显促进作用;内生真菌感染种群具有明显较多的分蘖数;在重度胁迫并经过恢复期后,内生真菌感染种群具有较高的根冠比。因而内生真菌可能通过提高植物的分蘖能力和促进有机物向根系的分配来促进宿主植物的营养生长并提高其抗旱性     

垃圾堆肥复合菌剂对干旱胁迫下草坪植物生理生态特性的影响

从生活垃圾堆肥中提取有益微生物菌种,配成不同浓度的复合微生物菌剂（CM）,施入草坪基质,研究了复合微生物菌剂对干旱胁迫下草坪植物生理生态特性的影响。结果表明：在干旱胁迫下,接种过复合微生物菌剂的草坪植物叶片的丙二醛（MDA）含量显著低于未接种菌剂的对照,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性显著高于对照。不同草坪植物品种生理生态特性在接种CM后对干旱胁迫的响应程度不同。即高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea L.）,当接种200倍稀释液的菌剂,叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性达到最大,分别是对照的8.13、1.53和2.46倍;而黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.）则当接种100倍稀释液的菌剂,POD和CAT活性分别高出对照64.4%和56.1%,而SOD活性是对照的6.50倍。和对照相比,各接种菌剂处理的脯氨酸（Pro）含量、可溶性蛋白含量明显降低,离体叶片持水力却保持了较高的水平。上述结果表明,接种复合微生物菌剂后,植物能够通过自身的保护酶活性和渗透调节物质含量来减轻干旱伤害,维持植物体的正常生理代谢功能,从而有效缓解干旱胁迫对草坪植物的伤害,提高草坪植物的抗旱性,为干旱环境草坪植物的建植提供依据。     

土壤干旱条件下保水剂对多年生黑麦草光合特性的影响

以多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne Linn．）为研究对象,对土壤干旱条件下（土壤含水量12．6％、10．5％、8．4％和6．3％）使用保水剂后叶片光合特性的动态变化进行了分析。结果显示：随土壤含水量的降低和胁迫时间（12d）的延长,多年生黑麦草叶片的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、蒸腾速率（Tr）和光能利用效率（LUE）呈逐渐下降的趋势;随土壤含水量的降低,胞间CO2浓度（Ci）逐渐升高、瞬时水分利用效率（WUE）逐渐降低,但随胁迫时间的延长Ci和WUE则呈现不同的变化趋势;总体上,在土壤含水量不同的条件下及不同的胁迫时间各指标均有显著差异（P〈0．05）。与未添加保水剂的各处理组相比,添加质量分数2％保水剂后多年生黑麦草叶片的Pn、Gs、WUE和LUE值均增大,而Ci和Tr值则降低,差异达显著水平（P〈0．05）。研究结果表明：合理使用保水剂能提高多年生黑麦草叶片的光合能力以及土壤的保水能力,增强多年生黑麦草对干旱环境的适应性。     

Influence of drought and flowering on growth and water relations of perennial ryegrass populations

Spring-sown (vegetative) and autumn-sown (flowering) swards of Lolium perenne cvs Melle, Aurora and their hybrid growing in 0.9 m deep bins of soil in the glasshouse were compared, a) as drought progressed from June to August 1986, and b) after cutting, fertilising and re-watering.
During drought, vegetative plants produced more herbage, had initially higher leaf extension rates, had longer and wider leaves, maintained more tillers, had lower mortality, adjusted osmotic potential more effectively and had stomata less sensitive to stress than did flowering plants. On re-watering, previously stressed flowering plants regrew more slowly than the irrigated controls, whereas previously stressed vegetative plants regrew more rapidly than the controls.
Aurora was the most drought-resistant population, mainly because of low tiller death rates. The hybrid tended to have the lowest leaf water potentials and conductances and grew poorly during drought. Possible underlying physiological mechanisms are discussed.