中国苦荞麦及其近缘种的遗传多样性研究

采用等位酶电泳技术测定了四川,云南省27个县,市的苦荞麦及其近缘种共8种1变种50个居群的遗传多样性和分化,经过7个酶系统的12个位点的检测,完成了遗传多样性,杂合性基因多样度比率,遗传距离和遗传一致度的测量,结果表明,栽培苦荞麦的遗传多样性较低,各种野荞麦的遗传多样性较高,这些种的近交繁育系数F值－0．54－0．80,为随机交配的居群,杂合体过多,营养繁殖为主的金荞麦的FST值最高,相对较多的遗传多样性存在于居群间,长柄野荞麦相对较少的遗传多样性存在于居群间,更接近于自由交配,苦荞麦及其近缘种种间的遗传一致度平均值55．30％－65．20％,与种子植物属内种间遗传一致度平均值接近,指出细柄野荞麦是与栽培的苦荞麦和荞麦的亲缘关系最近的野生种,金沙江流域是苦荞麦及其近缘种的分布中心和起源中心。     

四川省凉山州北部栽培苦荞麦的遗传多样性研究

用等位酶电泳技术测定了四川省凉山彝族自治州北部越西和甘洛２县的苦荞麦「Ｆａｇｏｐｙｒｕｍ ｔａｔａｑｒｉｃｕｍ（Ｌ．）Ｇａｅｒｔｎ．」１７个栽培居群的遗传多样性和分化,结合农业生物学性状进行了分析。对７个酶系统的１５个位点的检测表明,苦荞麦居群内的遗传多样性水平高于该州南部的苦荞麦和其他地区甜荞麦,每个位点的等位基因平均数为１．９,多态位点比率为５２．１％,平均实际杂合度和预期杂合度分别为０．１９     

缙云山特有植物缙云黄芩的遗传多样性研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳检测了重庆缙云山特有植物缙云黄芩7个居群70个个体的过氧化物酶、细胞色素氧化酶、超氧化物歧化酶、淀粉酶和酯酶5种等位酶,获得20个基因位点的资料,由此分析了其遗传分化水平。结果表明：缙云黄芩遗传多样性水平较高,多态位点比率P为45．7％,平均每个多态位点的等位基因数目A为1．46,平均预期杂合度He为0．205,平均观察杂合度Ho为0．352。缙云黄芩居群间遗传分化水平较高,Gst=0．401,居群间遗传一致度和遗传距离的平均值分别为0．741和0．300。缙云黄芩遗传多样性的40．1％来源于居群之间的基因差异,59．9％属于居群内的遗传分化,因而对缙云黄芩遗传多样性的保护,应保护其较多的居群。     

普通野生稻保护和未保护居群遗传多样性的比较

为了评价普通野生稻自然居群遗传多样性,用24对SSR引物对5个保护居群（江西东乡庵家山JXD、湖南茶陵HNC、湖南江永HNJ、广东高州大岭GDD、海南儋州HND）和3个未保护居群（广西武宣GXW、广西来宾GXL、广东高州朋山GDP）,共计356个单株进行了遗传多样性分析。24个位点均表现为多态,其中18个位点表现杂合子不足,RM339位点观察杂合度最高,RM336位点预期杂合度最高。SSR分析结果表明,8个居群的遗传多样性都较高,其中5个保护居群的Ae变幅为1．780（JXD）～2．504（HNJ）,肌变幅为0．397（JXD）～0．555（HNJ）;3个未保护居群Ae变幅为2、153（GDP）～3．226（GXL）．He变幅为0．492（GDP）～0．640（GXL）。5个保护居群与3个未保护居群之间的遗传距离较大（0．6585）。这说明虽然有些居群得到了保护,但未保护居群的保护、收集价值仍然很大。居群间遗传分化明显（Fst=0．399）,居群间遗传距离最小的HNJ居群与GXL居群的相似系数也只有0．43。F一统计显示所用居群都偏离了Hardy—Weinbery平衡（Fis=0．147）,其中GDD、GDP、HND居群Fis〈0,表现为杂合子过剩;居群JXD的Fis为0．109,表现轻微的杂合子缺乏;HNC、HNJ、GXW、GXL的F括〉0,Fis值变幅为0．315（GXW）～0．473（HNJ）,说明这4个居群中杂合子不足,可能与这些居群自交比例高有关。     

中国野桑蚕遗传多样性的AFLP分析

采用AFLP技术对我国具有代表性的7个省市的10个野桑蚕(Bombyx mandarina)种群和2个家蚕（Bombyx mori)品种的遗传多样性进行了研究。结果表明：杭州、陕西和重庆3个地区的野桑蚕种群间及种群内个体间的遗传距离都比家蚕品种大。野桑蚕存在广泛的变异,7个省市的10个野桑蚕种群之间的遗传距离为0．164－0．444（平均值为0．3826）,平均杂合度为0．7061,表明野桑蚕自然群体的遗传多样性十分丰富。     

光叶珙桐的等位酶分析及其生物地理学意义

采用水平切片淀粉凝胶电泳实验方法,对光叶珙桐(Davidia involucrata var．vilmoriniana)4个居群、78个个体、11种酶系统,21个位点进行了等位酶分析。各居群的多态位点百分比P＝28.6％-47．6％,实际杂合度Ho＝0．177—0.308,平均每个位点的等位基因数A=1．3-1．6。在变种水平上,多态位点百分比P＝52．4％,平均每个位点的等位基因数A＝1．8,实际杂合度Ho＝0．272,期望杂合度Ho＝0．216。基因分化系数FST＝0．1928,说明光叶珙桐居群问分化小。各项指标表明光叶珙桐的遗传多样性水平较高,比原变种珙桐高,外部环境可能是影响珙桐分布格局的重要因素。昭通与宝兴的遗传多样性明显高于其他两个居群,遗传多样性保存较为完整,而处于分布区东、西两侧边缘(云南西北部和湖北五峰)遗传多样性则相对较低,推测四川盆地边缘山地是该种的遗传多样化中心,可能是在地质灾难中(如第四纪冰期),光叶珙桐真正的避难所。分布区东西两侧的居群可能是从四川盆地边缘山地扩散而来。     

四川省凉山彝族自治州南部三县苦荞麦栽培居群的遗传多样性研究

采用等位酶电泳 技术测定了四川省凉山彝族自治州南部金阳、雷波和米易３县的苦荞麦「Ｆａｇｏｐｙｒｕｍ ｔａｔａｒｉｃｕｍ（Ｌ．）Ｇａｅｒｔｎ．」８个栽培居群的遗传多样性和分化,结合农业生物学性状进行了分析。苦荞麦居群的遗传多样性水平较高,每个位点的等位基因平均数为１．８,多态位点比率为４６．６％,平均实际杂合度和预期杂合度分别为０．１８７和０．２１８,ＦＳＴ值为０．２２,居群间存在较明显的遗传分化,     

薇菜SSR分子标记的开发及遗传多样性初步探讨

利用改良FIASCO法(Fast Isolation by AFLP Sequences COntaining repeats)开发出的9对多态性SSR引物评价了薇菜(Osmunda japonica Thunb.)2个野生居群(庐山和恩施)、1个栽培居群(恩施)的遗传多样性和遗传分化水平。结果显示,9个SSR标记在3个薇菜居群中共检测到47个等位基因,每个SSR位点的平均等位基因数为5.222个,观测杂合度和期望杂合度分别为0.000~0.944和0.577~0.834,香农指数为0.962~1.860,表明各SSR位点多态性较高;各居群的平均期望杂合度均大于平均观测杂合度且种内近交系数均为正值,说明3个薇菜居群中都存在非随机交配现象;对各居群的相关遗传多样性参数分析表明,恩施野生居群遗传多样性最高,而其栽培居群最低;庐山野生居群与恩施野生居群间遗传分化系数为0.092,说明两地野生薇菜居群的遗传分化程度较低,AMOVA分析也表明遗传变异主要存在于野生居群内部。     

云南西双版纳地区羽叶金合欢的遗传多样性研究

羽叶金合欢（Acacia pennata）是一种重要的经济植物。本研究使用微卫星（SSR）分子标记技术对分布于云南西双版纳地区的7个羽叶金合欢自然居群进行了遗传多样性和居群遗传结构的研究,旨在从分子水平探讨其自然居群的遗传多样性,制定科学的保护策略,为今后的持续利用提供科学依据。我们用筛选出的6对SSR引物对采自7个自然居群的124个个体进行了扩增,共检测到23个等位基因。平均观察等位基因数（Na）为3．381,有效等位基因数（Ne）为2．460,平均期望杂合度（He）为0．573,Nei’s多样性指数（h）为0．567。其中景洪居群具有较高的遗传多样性,曼腊居群遗传多样性相对较低。遗传分化系数FST仅为0．113。结果表明羽叶金合欢的自然居群具有较高的遗传多样性水平,居群间分化较小,遗传变异主要来源于居群内。羽叶金合欢为多年生植物,分布范围广泛,这可能是其具有较高水平遗传多样性的原因;同时其繁育系统可能为异交,种子可远距离传播,这些特性也可能导致其较高的遗传多样性水平和较低的居群遗传分化。我们建议在对羽叶金合欢进行迁地保护时,要在遗传多样性较高的居群内进行大量取样,同时也要对不同居群进行取样。     

极濒危植物中华水韭休宁居群的遗传结构

采用超薄平板微型聚丙烯酰胺等电聚焦电泳方法对极濒危蕨类植物中华水韭(Isoetes sinensis)现存于安徽休宁的5个亚居群的等位酶多样性和遗传结构进行了研究。结果表明：中华水韭居群每位点平均等位基因数A=1．7,平均多态位点比率P=55．56％,平均预期杂合度He=0．201。居群中半数的多念位点表现为等位基因的“固定杂合”,5个亚居群的遗传多样性无显著差异,但都表现出严重偏离Hardy—Weinberg平衡的杂合子过昔;其遗传变异主要发生于亚居群内(94．27％),亚居群之间的遗传分化较小(Gsl=0．0573),亚居群间遗传一致度较高(I=0．960—0．999)。我们推断这可能是由于居群构建之初的奠基者效应或者原种群曾经历了较为严重的遗传瓶颈所导致;此外亚居群间便利的基因交流也可能起到了很大作用(Nm=4．5062)。取自休宁居群的75株样品由13个专一多位点基因型(18个位点等位酶基因型)组成,亚居群及个体间高度遗传均质。本文还就中华水韭休宁野生居群濒危的遗传因素进行了探讨,并提出了相应的保育策略。     

湖北星斗山台湾杉居群的遗传多样性研究

采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)方法对孑遗植物台湾杉分布于湖北星斗山的野生和栽培居群共42个个体进行了遗传多样性分析。从60个随机引物中筛选出13个引物,共扩增出155条清晰谱带,多态位点百分率为72.9%。野生居群和栽培居群的多态位点百分率分别为65.81%和59.35%;Nei’s基因多样性分别为0.2001和0.1911;Shannon’s信息指数分别为0.3120和0.2946。野生居群的遗传多样性高于栽培居群,表明这些原生古树的后代出现了一定程度的遗传衰退。用UPGMA方法对42个单株聚类可知,来自野生群体的个体和来自栽培群体的个体明显地各聚为一类。尽管孑遗物种台湾杉在湖北仅有一个野生群体,且为零星分布,总个体数40多株,但仍保持较高的遗传多样性水平,这说明遗传多样性不是导致其种群濒危的主要原因,导致台湾杉种群濒危的原因可能与台湾杉自然种群及群落所处生境的直接破坏及其本身生物学和生态学特性所导致的自然更新不良有着密切的联系。     

青岛耐冬山茶的多样性（Ⅱ）

采用等位酶电泳技术,检测了青岛近海岛屿———长门岩岛、大管岛和浙江普陀山的天然山茶居群的遗传状况,并与青岛植物园和杭州植物园的栽培山茶居群作了比较。分析结果表明：青岛近海岛屿山茶居群内的遗传多样性水平较高,每个位点的等位基因平均数为２３,多态位点比率为８３３％,平均观察杂合度与期望杂合度分别为０２４５及０３２０,这个结果可以为青岛耐冬山茶的保护提供依据。为了探讨形态分化与等位酶变异之间的关系,对山茶居群内一些形态特殊类型的酶谱作了比较     

Sampling strategy for wild soybean (Glycine soja) populations based on their genetic diversity and fine-scale spatial genetic structure

A total of 892 individuals sampled from a wild soybean population in a natural reserve near the Yellow River estuary located in Kenli of Shandong Province (China) were investigated.Seventeen SSR (simple sequence repeat) primer pairs from cultivated soybeans were used to estimate the genetic diversity of the population and its variation pattern versus changes of the sample size (sub-samples),in addition to investigating the fine-scale spatial genetic structure within the population.The results showed relatively high genetic diversity of the population with the mean value of allele number (A) being 2.88,expected heterozygosity (He) 0.431,Shannon diversity index (/) 0.699,and percentage of polymorphic loci (P) 100%.Sub-samples of different sizes (ten groups) were randomly drawn from the population and their genetic diversity was calculated by computer simulation.The regression model of the four diversity indexes with the change of sample sizes was computed.As a result,27-52 individuals can reach 95% of total genetic variability of the population.Spatial autocorrelation analysis revealed that the genetic patch size of this wild soybean population is about 18 m.The study provided a scientific basis for the sampling strategy of wild soybean populations.     

用SSR标记分析福建漳浦野生稻的遗传多样性

应用平均分布于水稻基因组的21对SSR引物,对福建漳浦野生稻、海南野生稻共计62份材料的遗传多样性进行分析.结果表明:漳浦野生稻具有较高的遗传多样性,21个位点共检测到74个等位变异,平均等位变异数A=3.5238,有效等位变异数Ae=2.0629.平均期望杂合度He=0.4635,实际观察杂合度Ho=0.2465,香农指数I=0.8286;根据固定指数(F=0.3887)估算的异交率t=0.4308,说明漳浦野生稻的繁育系统属于一种自交率较高的混合交配类型;分化程度石潭湖群体高于古塘群体.     

Genetic diversity of wild reindeer <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rangifer tarandus</Emphasis> L. from the eastern part of the Kola Peninsula: Polymorphism of the mtDNA control region

Based on the results of the analysis of nucleotide sequence polymorphism in the hypervariable fragment (left domain) of the mtDNA control region (D loop), the genetic diversity of wild reindeer from the eastern part of the Kola Peninsula (Murmansk oblast, Terskii region) was studied. Low values of the genetic diversity indices for Eurasian wild reindeer were detected. The effect of domestic reindeer breeding on the development of genetic diversity of the wild reindeer population in the studied region (indicating a low degree of hybridization of domesticated and wild reindeer) was estimated.     

Genetic diversity in Isoetes yunguiensis, a rare and endangered endemic fern in China

Isoetes yunguiensis is an endangered and endemic fern in China.Field survey indicated that only one population and no more than 50 individuals occur in the wild.The genetic variation of 46 individuals from the population remaining at Pingha (Guizhou Province,China)was assessed by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)fingerprinting.Twelve primers were screened from sixty ten-bp arbitrary primers,and a total of 95 DNA fragments were scored.Of these,62.1%were polymorphic loci,which indicated that high level genetic variation existed in the natural population.The accumulation of genetic variation in the history of the taxon and the apparent minimal reduction effect on genetic diversity following destruction of habitat might be responsible for the high level genetic diversity presently remaining in the I.yunguiensis population.However,with the continuing decrease of population size,the genetic diversity will gradually be lost.We suggest that the materials from the extant population should be used for re-establishment of the populations.     

Intra-specific genetic diversity in wild olives (Olea europaea ssp cuspidata) in Hormozgan Province, Iran

Wild olive (O. europaea ssp cuspidata) plants grow in various regions of Iran and are expected to have considerable genetic diversity due to adaptation to the various environmental conditions. We examined the genetic diversity of four populations of wild olive growing in Hormozgan Province located in southern Iran by using 30 RAPDs and 10 ISSR markers. The mean value of polymorphism for RAPD loci was 73.71%, while the value for ISSR loci was 81.74%. The Keshar population had the highest value of intra-population polymorphism for both RAPD and ISSR loci (66.86 and 62.71%, respectively), while the Tudar population had the lowest values (20.35 and 28.81%, respectively). Similarly, the highest and lowest number of effective alleles, Shannon index and Nei's genetic diversity were also found for these two populations. The highest value of H(pop)/H(sp) within population genetic diversity for RAPD and ISSR loci was found for the Keshar population (H(pop) = 0.85 and H(sp) = 0.90). OPA04-750, OPA13-650 and OPA02-350 RAPD bands were specific for Tudar, Bondon and Keshar populations, respectively, while no specific ISSR bands were observed. Analysis of molecular variance as well as the pairwise F(ST) test showed significant differences for RAPD and ISSR markers among the populations. The NJ and UPGMA trees also separated the wild olive populations from each other, indicating their genetic distinctness. UPGMA clustering of the four wild olive populations placed the Tudar population far from the other populations; Keshar and Bokhoon population samples revealed more similarity and were grouped together. We conclude that there is high genetic diversity among O. europaea ssp cuspidata populations located in southern Iran. We also found RAPD and ISSR markers to be useful molecular tools to discriminate and evaluate genetic variations in wild olive trees.     

中国卵叶海桑遗传多样性的ISSR研究

卵叶海桑 (Sonneratiaovata)是海桑科濒危红树植物 ,在我国仅分布于海南文昌清澜自然保护区内。采用简单序列重复区间扩增 (ISSR)分子标记技术对该天然居群和东寨港红树林自然保护区引种的人工居群共 3个居群 3 9个个体进行了遗传变异分析。 1 1个引物共扩增出 1 85条带 ,其中 1 2 7条具多态性 ,多态位点百分率为 68.65 %。在居群水平上相对较低 ,多态位点百分率 3 6.76%～ 5 4.5 9% ,平均值为 47.2 1 %。Nei的基因多样性、Shannon信息指数在物种水平上分别为 0 .1 41 1和 0 .2 2 92 ;在居群水平上平均值分别为 0 .1 2 0 9和0 .1 91 0。Nei的遗传分化系数Gst表明 :87.5 8%遗传变异分布在居群内 ,1 2 .42 %的遗传变异分布在居群间。居群间的遗传一致度达 0 .970 7。东寨港迁地保护的人工居群有效地保护了卵叶海桑的遗传多样性。     

Diversity Assessment of an Endemic <i>Carpinus oblongifolia</i> (Betulaceae) Using Specific-Locus Amplified Fragment Sequencing and Implications for Conservation

Carpinus oblongifolia is an endemic species and the extant wild populations show a fragmentation distribution in the Baohua Mountain of Jiangsu Province in eastern China. Understanding of genetic diversity plays an important role in C. oblongifolia survival and sustainable development. The wild C. oblongifolia population was artificially divided into four subpopulations according to the microhabitats, and another two subpopulations were constructed by progeny seedlings cultivated with the mature seeds. Then, the leaf buds of 80 individuals from six subpopulations were sampled to develop single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) using specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq). Based on these SNPs, we aimed to characterize the genetic diversity and population structure of C. oblongifolia and provide an illumination and reference for effective management of such a small endemic population. The level of genetic diversity was low at the species level, and the progeny subpopulations had a relatively higher genetic diversity than the wild subpopulations. This may be attributed to a high gene flow and an excess heterozygosity to reduce the threat of genetic drift-based hazards. Moreover, the progeny subpopulations had the ability to form new clusters and a great contribution to the genetic structure variation of C. oblongifolia. These results will assist with the development of conservation and management strategies, such as properly evacuating competitive trees to provide more chance for pollen and seed flow in situ conservation, and establishing sufficient seedling plantlets under laboratory conditions for reintroduction to enlarge the effective population size.     

Decreasing genetic diversity in wild and captive populations of endangered Itasenpara bittering (Acheilognathus longipinnis) in the Himi region,central Japan,and recommendations for conservation

Biodiversity is increasingly declining as a result of direct human impact and structural alteration of ecosystems resulting from changes in human life styles. Itasenpara bittering (Acheilognathus longipinnis), which has been maintained in floodplain and paddy fields, is a threatened cyprinid fish endemic to central Japan. To aid in the preservation of this species, information on genetic diversity and demographic variables in wild and captive populations was obtained using microsatellite DNA analysis. Temporal changes in genetic diversity and effective population size (N _e) tended to be relatively stable in the wild Moo River population, although lower values were detected in the wild Busshouji River population, suggesting an extremely high risk of extinction in the latter. Captive populations derived from the Busshouji River population demonstrated significant genetic divergence even among intrapopulational cohorts, suggesting the influence of genetic drift caused by geographic isolation and small population size. Active maintenance of genetic diversity in captive population is a necessary part of conservation programs, as are continuous addition of wild individuals and replacement of individuals among captive populations. In addition, increasing or maintaining suitable floodplain areas and artificial habitats such as paddy fields might contribute to the conservation of genetic diversity in the Itasenpara bittering.