百山祖常绿阔叶林木本植物的生境相关性分析

中性理论和生态位理论在解释热带雨林中物种共存机制上发挥了重要作用.本文通过Torus-translation榆测方法对百山祖常绿阔叶林5 ha样地中DBH≥1 cm、个体数大于5的89种木本植物与4个根据地形和物种组成划分的小生境进行了关联性分析.同时按植物的胸径径级大小将其分为幼树期、生长期、成熟期3个生长阶段,并分别分析了植物在这3个生长阶段与生境的关联性.结果表明:89个木本植物中,没有表现出显著的生境相关件的物种多是稀有种或是个体数较少的物种,而大部分的常见种表现出与生境的显著相关性;通过对每个物种不同生长阶段的生境相关性比较,发现多数物种的生境相关性会发生改变,其中只有麂角杜鹃(Rhododendron latoucheae)、褐叶青冈(Cyclobalanopsis stewardiana)和厚叶红淡比(Cleyera pachyphylla)在生长的3个生长阶段没有发生改变.这表明,生境异质性对亚热带常绿阔叶林中木本植物的生物多样性的维持起着重要作用,同时对不同生长时期的物种与生境相关性的分析结果表明,大部分物种与生境的相关性会随着生长阶段的变化而发生变化.     

林隙对小兴安岭阔叶红松林树种更新及物种多样性的影响

研究了小兴安岭阔叶红松林不同林隙梯度(林隙中心、林隙近中心、林隙边缘)中主要树种的数量特征,以及林隙大小对树种更新的影响.结果表明:不同梯度林隙内灌木树种的密度均明显高于非林隙,同种灌木密度的比值在1.08～18.15之间;随林隙面积增加,乔木幼苗更新密度逐渐增大,幼树Ⅰ(高度H≥1 m,胸径DBH≤2 cm)和幼树Ⅱ(H≥1 m,2 cm＜DBH≤5 cm)的更新密度呈多峰曲线.林隙灌木总体更新密度主要随幼苗和幼树Ⅰ数量而变化.林隙内不同位置幼苗的平均树高、平均基径、种密度和个体密度有所差异.从林隙中心到非林隙,更新层乔木幼苗重要值的大小顺序为:林隙中心＞林隙近中心＞林隙边缘＞非林隙;物种均匀度呈高-低-高的变化,物种多样性的变化为早期林隙＞中期林隙＞晚期林隙.     

不同邻体大头茶幼苗的适应特征

 在亚热带常绿阔叶林自然林窗下,以大头茶幼苗为基株,分别以马尾松、川灰木和大头茶幼苗为邻体。研究不同邻体如何改变可利用资源,影响大头茶幼苗基株生长动态和形态、树冠结构和生物量效应,并探讨影响基株生长的邻体的主导因素。结果表明,不同邻体的生长和截光效应差异明显;基株生长特征与邻体的树高、叶生物量、总生物量和树冠距地表10cm处截光量相关极小,却与邻体树冠距地表30cm处截光量相关极大,故影响基株生长的邻体主导因素是遮挡基株树冠的邻体的可利用光资源;基株生长动态,如树高、叶数、叶面积和叶大小,树冠结构和生物量显著受到不同邻体的影响,并且基株树高及增长量、叶面积、冠幅和生物量均为大头茶单株(GNO)>大头茶+川灰木(GNS)>大头茶+马尾松(GNP)>大头茶+大头茶(GNG)。大头茶幼苗种内竞争明显强于种间竞争。     

中国木本植物幼苗生长对光照强度的响应

光照是影响植物幼苗生长的重要的环境因子,定量化研究光照对木本植物不同生活型幼苗生长的影响具有重要意义。系统收集了有关光照对我国木本植物幼苗生长影响的国内外文献,采用Meta分析的方法对幼苗的生长效应进行评估。研究结果表明:(1)与全光照下幼苗生长相比,由于遮阴处理对幼苗基径增长量的抑制作用强于对株高增长量的作用,幼苗出现株高基面积比增高的形态特征变化;(2)与灌木相比,乔木树种幼苗对不同光照强度的响应更加敏感;(3)在小于20%和20%—40%全光照条件下,落叶阔叶和常绿阔叶树种幼苗基径均受到显著抑制,而常绿针叶树种的基径并没有受到遮阴的明显抑制;(4)落叶阔叶和常绿阔叶树种的株高基面积比均显著高于全光照,而常绿针叶树种的株高基面积比与全光照相比差异较小。我们的这一研究将有助于更好的理解木本植物幼苗生长对光照的响应机理。     

植物邻体干扰的研究范畴、热点及意义

系统介绍了确定邻体和度量邻体竞争指数的常用方法,以及邻体干扰研究的热点问题和研究意义。植物邻体干扰研究热点主要包括：(1)邻体干扰对植物个体存活率的影响;(2)邻体干扰对生物多样性的影响;(3)构件水平上的邻体干扰效应;(4)基株对邻体干扰的适应;(5)邻体干扰对植物个体生长速率的影响。     

从空间分布特征认识珍稀植物领春木的种群动态

领春木(Euptelea pleiosperrnum)系第三纪孑遗植物和东亚特有种,目前已被列为国家Ⅲ级重点保护植物.基于空间定位数据以最近邻体距离统计研究了神农架地区领春木的空间分布特征,比较幼苗(DBH≤2.5cm)、幼树(2.5～7.5cm)和成树(＞7.5cm)各径级(代表各生活史阶段)形成的时间序列上的空间格局差异,进而探讨空间格局与立苗、补员、种内竞争等种群动态过程的相互关系.结果显示,在邻域尺度上,领春木的空间格局呈聚集态;幼苗(或幼树)的大小与其距离最近幼树(或成树)的远近没有相关性,幼树(或成树)周围一定距离以内出现同等大小个体的概率约等于幼苗(或幼树)出现的概率,且幼树与最近幼苗(或成树与最近幼树)的平均距离与幼树之间(或成树之间)的平均最近邻体距离没有显著差异;任意个体的大小、任意个体与相应最近邻体的大小之和与相应的最近邻体距离均为显著的正相关关系,但幼树间的最近邻体距离并不大于幼苗随机死亡产生的最近邻体距离,成树间最近邻体距离也不大于幼苗+幼树随机死亡产生的最近邻体距离.这些结果表明,领春木的聚集分布可能与种子散布、生境异质性对立苗格局的作用有关;已定植的大个体可能不限制其邻域内小个体的布局与生长,但是长期的补员过程与邻体间的相互作用不无关系;邻体间存在一定程度的竞争作用,但是竞争强度并未充分激化至发生距离依赖的死亡.     

天童国家森林公园主要森林植被过去30年的动态变化

在气候变化和人类干扰的双重影响下,植被的演替和发展是生态学研究的热点之一,也是关系到人类社会可持续发展的一个重要问题.以浙江天童国家森林公园6种森林植被类型(典型常绿阔叶林的3个亚群丛、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、常绿针叶林和毛竹林)为研究对象,对比分析1982年和2012年其物种组成、群落结构和物种多样性等变化特点.结果表明:30年间群落的整体空间格局保存完好,群落分布未发生质的变化,主要优势植物种类变化不大;群落中幼树所占比例上升,小径级个体增多,群落更新状况良好且自然更新能力增强;乔木层物种多样性增高,常绿成分增加,灌木和草本层物种多样性下降.在过去30年里,随着温度上升,该地主要森林群落呈正向演替趋势,表明天童森林群落受到了较好的保护,也表明气候变化与常绿阔叶林的演替和发展存在一定的潜在正相关.     

从叶内生物量分配策略的角度理解叶大小的优化

叶大小的变化是许多因素综合作用的结果, 对叶大小优化机制的研究有助于我们更好地理解植物的适应进化和生活史策略。该研究通过对浙江省清凉峰常绿阔叶混交林中的19个常绿阔叶物种和30个落叶阔叶物种叶水平上的相关性状进行分析, 探讨叶内生物量分配策略对叶大小优化的限制性影响。研究结果显示: 无论叶大小用面积还是质量表示, 常绿物种和落叶物种均呈现出叶内生物量分配到支撑结构的比例随着叶大小的增加而增加的规律, 这主要是由叶柄大小与叶片大小之间显著的异速生长关系导致的。这种异速生长关系在常绿物种和落叶物种中普遍存在。然而, 由于常绿物种对叶柄具有较高的机械以及抵抗冰冻栓塞等不利环境的需求, 在某一给定的叶面积下, 常绿物种比落叶物种具有更高的叶柄生物量投资。这些结果表明: 作为整个植株支撑投资的一个重要组成部分, 叶内支撑投资所占的生物量比例对叶大小的优化具有一定的限制性影响。     

水杉原生种群核心种质资源的繁殖特性

水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)原生种群天然更新困难, 为探究其原因是否与繁殖特性有关, 本文以其核心种质资源(40株个体)为对象, 通过对生境、母树个体和种子性状的调查, 并结合田间播种试验, 分析其繁殖特性。以方差分析检测不同母树个体间种子性状、发芽率和幼苗生长特征的差异; 采用相关性分析和多元线性回归模型分析个体性状对其种子、发芽率及幼苗生长的影响; 通过Logistic模型拟合, 分析幼苗生长的节律参数。结果显示: (1) 40株母树个体仅有7株产种, 产种率仅为17.50%, 且不同母树个体间产种量差异显著(P < 0.05)。(2)不同母树个体间的种子千粒重、种子发芽率、幼苗存活率和基径生长量均存在显著差异(P < 0.05)。(3) 7株母树个体种子的平均发芽率为19.73%, 幼苗平均存活率为73.42%, 不同母树之间差异显著(P < 0.05)。(4)母树个体的胸径与种子千粒重、种子发芽率呈显著负相关(P < 0.05), 种子发芽率与幼苗存活率呈极显著正相关(P < 0.001), 树高与幼苗存活率呈显著正相关(P < 0.05)、与幼苗基径呈极显著正相关(P < 0.001)。(5)母树树高对幼苗存活率有显著正效应(P < 0.05), 胸径对种子发芽率有显著负效应(P < 0.05)。(6)苗高、基径的生长符合“S”型生长曲线(R ² ≥ 0.928)。水杉原生种群产种量低, 种子发芽率低、幼苗存活率较低, 且不同母树之间差异显著可能是造成其天然更新困难的原因。     

应用“t”检验选择法筛选钟萼木幼树优株的探讨

采用大样本调查方法,以预选优株为调查中心,分别连续调查优株所在样地内5年生钟萼木幼树个体树高、地径的生长性状,应用数理统计进行归类分析。结果表明,多年生幼树群体的树高、地径生长表型分化遵循正态分布,利用"t"检验选择法确定优株筛选的选择标准,应用所确定的选择标准筛选速生优株,共筛选优良单株2株,5年生优株与优株所在群体比较,树高和地径分别增长115.8%、82.9%和251.9%、103.7%。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

Morphology and putative function of the colon and cloaca of marine and freshwater snakes

Among tetrapods, evidence for postrenal modification of the urine by the distal digestive tract (including the colon and cloaca) is highly variable. Birds and bladderless reptiles are of interest because the colon and cloaca represent the only sites from which water and ions can be reclaimed from the urine secreted by the kidney. For animals occupying desiccating environments (e.g., deserts and marine environments), postrenal modification of the urine may directly contribute to the maintenance of hypo‐osmotic body fluids. We compared the morphology and distribution of key proteins in the colon, cloaca, and urogenital ducts of watersnakes from marine (Nerodia clarkii clarkii) and freshwater (Nerodia fasciata) habitats. Specifically, we examined the epithelia of each tissue for evidence of mucus production by examining the distribution of mucopolysaccharides, and for evidence of water/ion regulation by examining the distribution of Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase (NKA), Na⁺/K⁺/Cl^? cotransporter (NKCC), and aquaporin 3 (AQP3). NKCC localized to the basolateral epithelium of the colon, urodeal sphincter, and proctodeum, consistent with a role in secretion of Na⁺, Cl^?, and K⁺ from the tissue, but NKA was not detected in the colon or any compartment of the cloaca. Interestingly, NKA was detected in the basolateral epithelium of the ureters, suggesting the urothelium may play a role in active ion transport. AQP3 was detected in the ureters and coprodeal complex, consistent with a role in urinary and fecal dehydration or, potentially, in the production of the watery component of the mucus secreted by the coprodeal complex. Since no differences in general cloacal morphology, production of mucus, or the distribution of ion transporters/water channels were detected between the two species, cloacal osmoregulation may either be regulated by proteins not examined in this study or may not be responsible for the differential success of N. c. clarkii and N. fasciata in marine habitats. J. Morphol. 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.