气候变化下千金榆在我国潜在分布区预测

气候变化严重影响植物的地理分布格局,植物分布对气候变化响应的区域差异性也将为引种和保存提供重要的指导.本研究基于ArcGIS与MaxEnt模型,利用176个千金榆地理信息和13个气候变量,对当前和未来的生态位进行重建.结果表明:模型模拟当代潜在分布区可信度极高,测试集与训练集AUC值分别为0.973和0.957.主要核心适宜区集中在秦岭、长白山及其各自的邻近区域,其他为零星的“岛屿”式分布.贵州、江西、云南、福建等地未发现千金榆的分布,但存在一定的适宜分布区.随着未来气候变暖,千金榆生态适宜区明显增加,主要表现为“向高海拔地区收缩”、“北扩”和“东扩”.但核心适宜区略有减少,具体表现为“南缩”、“中稳”和“北扩”.千金榆的分布对气候变暖的响应存在明显的区域性,在东部江苏、安徽等地,因其独特的地理位置与气候环境,该地区开始成为千金榆生态适宜区;在较低纬度的南方,原有的低海拔地区可能不再适宜千金榆生存;中部秦岭地区气候为南北的渐变区,有较强的缓冲能力,气候变暖对其分布区影响不大;较高纬度的长白山地区及其邻近区域愈发适宜千金榆生存.     

贵州珍稀濒危植物皱叶瘤果茶的种群生态特征研究（英文）

皱叶瘤果茶(Camellia rhytidophylla)是颇具经济价值的特有濒危植物,分布于贵州高原亚地区(Ⅲ D10d)开阳县花梨镇洛旺河流域海拔573~920 m的常绿阔叶落叶混交林中,研究其种群生命特征与保育利用具有重要意义。选择皱叶瘤果茶疑似分布区(6 km~2)开展踏查,在密集分布区设置样地进行详查,分析其种群结构、动态和空间分布格局。结果表明:皱叶瘤果茶种群结构为增长型,幼龄树在种群中占的比重达46.38%,种群密度大小为幼龄树中龄树成年树,种群存活曲线为Deevey-Ⅲ型,死亡率曲线和消失率曲线分别在Ⅰ龄期和Ⅳ龄期出现2个高峰,随后又同时在Ⅲ龄期和Ⅵ龄期出现2个低谷。2个样地内的幼树种群在所有尺度下均呈集群分布,中龄树种群在小尺度上呈集群分布,在大尺度上则表现为随机分布,成年树种群由于人为活动干扰和生境异质性而使空间分布格局明显不同。各发育阶段的空间分布格局有较大差异,关系不密切,均表现为负相关或不相关。皱叶瘤果茶种群空间分布格局是其物种生物学特性、生境异质性及人为干扰等因素共同作用的结果,自然繁殖率极低是限制种群扩散的关键因素,生境异质性、山丘阻碍种子散布以及人类活动的干扰是其种群狭限分布的主要原因。     

鼎湖山桫椤的繁殖栽培

桫椤为国家一级保护植物,分布于我国台湾、福建、海南、广东、广西、贵州、四川、云南、西藏等省区（１）,在我国最北可达北纬３０°,海拔２５０—７５０ｍ的静风、高湿、荫蔽的生境中．鼎湖山自然生长的桫椤已人为砍伐殆尽,为保存植物的种质资源,恢复鼎湖山为华南植物种于基因库的作用,进行了桫椤的引种和孢子繁殖栽培,并模拟高湿、荫蔽的生境建立自然的生态群落进行就地保护．     

完达山林区森林采伐和非采伐区马鹿、狍子对冬季生境因子选择的比较

2003—2005年的冬季,在黑龙江省完达山地区的五泡林场,通过样线调查,利用逐步判别分析的方法,对冬季马鹿和狍子在森林采伐区和非采伐区生境选择的差异进行了比较研究,其结果表明,在该地区虽然两物种在生境选择上发生部分重叠,但在生境利用方式上均存在显著差异在采伐区马鹿主要利用中坡位或上坡位、半阴半阳或阳坡、人为干扰距离大于1000m、海拔相对较高、食物丰富度较高、乔木胸径较小、灌木密度较高的灌丛或杂木林生境;狍子主要利用中坡位或下坡位、阳坡、海拔相对较低、食物丰富度适中、乔木胸径较大、灌木密度较低、人为干扰距离要求不严格的杂木林或柞树林生境。在非采伐区,马鹿主要选择距人为干扰大于1000m、海拔较高、食物丰富度较高、乔木胸径较小的杂木林生境;狍子主要选择中坡位或下坡位、人为干扰距离要求不严格、海拔较低、食物丰富度较适中和乔木胸径较大的杂木林或杨-桦混交林生境。     

天然食用色素新秀毛药红淡

毛药红淡,又名黄瑞木(Adinandra millettii),属山茶科植物。福建省内各地常见,多生于海拔1500米以下的山地路旁灌丛或山地阳坡沟谷疏林中,同时也广泛分布于广东、广西、湖南、江西、浙江及安徽南部。毛药红淡作为药用植物,其根、叶入药。味苦,性凉。功能凉血止血,消肿解毒,主治衄血、尿血、肝炎、痄腮、疖肿、蛇虫咬伤。但其中的药效成分目前尚未见报道分析。     

完达山林区森林采伐和非采伐区马鹿、狍子对冬季生境因子选择的比较

2003—2005年的冬季，在黑龙江省完达山地区的五泡林场，通过样线调查，利用逐步判别分析的方法，对冬季马鹿和狍子在森林采伐区和非采伐区生境选择的差异进行了比较研究，其结果表明，在该地区虽然两物种在生境选择上发生部分重叠，但在生境利用方式上均存在显著差异：在采伐区马鹿主要利用中坡位或上坡位、半阴半阳或阳坡、人为干扰距离大于1 000 m、海拔相对较高、食物丰富度较高、乔木胸径较小、灌木密度较高的灌丛或杂木林生境；狍子主要利用中坡位或下坡位、阳坡、海拔相对较低、食物丰富度适中、乔木胸径较大、灌木密度较低、人为干扰距离要求不严格的杂木林或柞树林生境。在非采伐区，马鹿主要选择距人为干扰大于1 000 m、海拔较高、食物丰富度较高、乔木胸径较小的杂木林生境；狍子主要选择中坡位或下坡位、人为干扰距离要求不严格、海拔较低、食物丰富度较适中和乔木胸径较大的杂木林或杨-桦混交林生境。     

浙江红山茶色染体核型的分析

<正> 引言 山茶属植物将近二百种,分布于东南亚热带和亚热带地区,其中近90％以上的种集中在我国的南部。浙江红山茶(Camellia chekiangoleoso Hu)又名浙江红花油茶,属于山茶属(Camellia)山茶亚属(Subgen.Camellia)的山茶组(Sect.Camellia),是我国特有的树种,分布于浙江、安徽、湖南、江西和福建北部海拔600—1400米的山地。这种植物具有硕大而美丽的红花,为庭园观赏佳品;其种子含油量较高,可供食用。目前已有不少     

濒危植物秦岭冷杉种群空间分布格局及动态

为阐明秦岭冷杉种群分布格局动态特征,达到有效保护和恢复的目的,通过野外调查,采用相邻格子样方法,离散分布拟合、扩散系数、Morisita指数、均方-曲线等方法,对不同生境和年龄阶段的秦岭冷杉种群的空间分布格局及其动态进行了系统研究。结果表明：（1）秦岭冷杉种群空间分布格局在不同发育阶段和不同生境条件下基本属于聚集型分布,在25m^2、150m^2和300m^2的面积上聚集强度较大。天然条件下,种群聚集强度最大取样尺度,可能是其种群更新的最佳面积。（2）秦岭冷杉种群空间分布格局随海拔上升,聚集强度降低;聚集强度在海拔1300～1700m较小,在海拔1700～2100m地区较大;阴坡种群分布聚集强度大于阳坡。（3）随着种群年龄增加,分布格局由聚集型向随机型过渡,聚集强度减弱;聚集性最强的尺度规模在幼、中龄期为50m^2,老龄期为300m^2。（4）种群的空间分布格局与生物生态学特性、生境条件关系密切。在未来森林经营和种群恢复中,应针对生境和种群年龄,森林抚育管理作业面积应该尽量接近聚集强度最大的尺度。低海拔和阴坡应该适度间伐非目的乔木树种,高海拔和阳坡地区,应适度清理灌木和草本层,为群落内团块状更新创造空间;实行就地保护,减少人为干扰,促进天然更新保护策略。     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区天然沙棘种群空间分布格局研究

经实地踏查,在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区陕西富县天然沙棘林区,设置10个10 m×10 m样地,采用离散分布理论拟合和聚集强度测定方法,对不同生境和年龄阶段的沙棘种群的空间分布格局及其动态进行了系统研究,以探讨沙棘种群分布格局动态特征.结果显示:(1)沙棘种群空间分布格局属聚集型,在6.25 m2面积上聚集强度较大.天然条件下,种群聚集强度最大的取样尺度,是其种群更新的最佳面积.(2)沙棘种群空间分布格局随海拔上升,聚集强度降低;阴坡的种群分布聚集强度总是大于阳坡.(3)随着种群年龄增加,分布格局由聚集型向随机型过渡,聚集强度减弱.在幼、老龄期聚集性最强的格局尺度为25.00 m2,中龄期为6.25 m2、25.00 m2.研究表明,天然沙棘种群的空间分布格局与其生物生态学特性、生长阶段以及生境条件关系密切,在保护与利用中应针对不同生境的差异以及不同生长阶段的特性进行适度人为干扰,促进种群的生长、更新和群落发育.     

鹅掌楸致濒的生态因素研究

鹅掌楸（Liriodendronchinense（Hemsl．）Sarg．）为古老残遗植物,该属植物在第三纪曾广布于北半球。由于第四纪冰川的压力,现存中国鹅掌楸局限星散分布于被称作“避难所”的长江流域以南亚热带山地,其种群大小和结构,受到与其共存的优势树种的竞争压力及人为干扰等多方面因素影响。目前天然分布的鹅掌楸,其种群规模小,在原生境中往往种子饱满率偏低,尤其是位于分布区东部的种群,正处于非适宜的“濒危生境”中。如果物种陷入了因地质历史变化、种间竞争或其他灾难引起的“濒危生境”中,运用迁地保护手段,可有效地保护该物种。     

Human-induced changes on fine-scale genetic structure in Ulmus laevis Pallas wetland forests at its SW distribution limit

Human activities have deeply transformed the Mediterranean landscape for millennia. Wetland and riverbed vegetation are among the most affected ecosystems because of the value of these areas for agriculture, due to their rich soil and water availability. This has caused the fragmentation, population reduction, and extinction of many species. We focus our study on Ulmus laevis Pallas, an endangered tree species in the Iberian Peninsula, as an extreme example of these formations. We study the diversity and fine-scale spatial genetic structure of two human disturbed wetland populations with chloroplast markers and nuclear microsatellites. We evaluate their recovery possibilities, and how they will be affected by future aridification and water table depletion. Our results show that although these populations have suffered bottlenecks and have low genetic diversity, they maintain the same diversity levels as the European populations. Despite the low genetic variation that could contribute to inbreeding problems in the future, we discuss that the main threat of the species is habitat destruction. Finally, we propose some management and conservation policies to ameliorate these effects.     

Molecular variation and population structure in endangered <Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">Limonium</Emphasis><Emphasis Type="BoldItalic">bicolor</Emphasis>: genetic diversity of microsatellite markers and amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis

Knowledge and analysis of the genetic structure of an endangered species is important for its conservation and evolutionary process. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs) were used in evaluation of the genetic diversity and population differentiation in Limonium bicolor (Plumbaginaceae), an endangered herb with high medicinal and horticulture value. A total of 117 alleles were detected with an average 5.85 alleles per locus using SSR and 222 bands from AFLP were amplified in six populations. It was found that L. bicolor was characterized by high levels of genetic polymorphism (100 and 83.78%), low levels of total genetic diversity (\(H_{\mathrm{t}}=\) 0.2824 and 0.2424), and moderate degrees of genetic differentiation among populations (\(\Phi _{\mathrm{ST}} =\) 0.284 and 0.251). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed that the main variation component existed within populations (71.56%; 74.93%) rather than among populations (28.44%; 25.07%). Four main clusters were displayed in the UPGMA using TFPGA, which was consistent with the result of principal coordinate analysis (PCA) using NTSYS. Mutations or infrequent gene flow among populations can increase the plant slowly, thus in situ conservation policies should be implemented first for effective and sustainable development. At the same time, ex situ measures, such as those individuals with rare alleles, to maintain the relationships between individuals and populations are also proposed.     

The effects of habitat and competitive/facilitative interactions on reintroduction success of the endangered wetland herb,Arenaria paludicola

Establishing new populations is essential for preventing the extinction of critically endangered plant species. However, defining the range of environmental conditions suitable for the most severely endangered species is challenging, since few wild populations remain for study. Experimental reintroductions of these species can achieve multiple conservation goals by improving our understanding of habitat and management requirements while simultaneously establishing new populations. We demonstrate this with Arenaria paludicola, a critically endangered wetland plant species now known from a single wild population in coastal California. Before transplanting, we tested salinity tolerance in the greenhouse, and found tolerance of a broader range of soils than expected based on the current distribution. We then transplanted A. paludicola in three different habitat types, with and without neighbor removal. Success of A. paludicola transplants differed dramatically between the three habitat types, indicating the importance of variation at the habitat and microhabitat level. The best practices for transplant management are context-dependent: neighbor removal may promote the growth of A. paludicola, but neighbors may also facilitate transplant establishment in unstable substrates. After one year, A. paludicola continued to thrive in habitats dominated by Oenanthe sarmentosa with open canopies and moist soil. This habitat differs from that of the remaining wild population. Our discovery of an additional habitat type suitable for A. paludicola will allow more effective selection of future transplant sites.     

The low mitochondrial diversities in lizardfish Saurida elongate: Recent population expansion and selection

To investigate the phylogeographic pattern and historical demography of Saurida elongata, a 463 base pair fragment of the mitochondrial DNA control region was analyzed in 118 individuals collected from five populations in the East China Sea and South China Sea. The results revealed remarkably low nucleotide diversity in S. elongata, which was probably caused by selection during Pleistocene drastic climate fluctuations. Phylogenetic relationship was continuous, but a localized clade was found dominating Beihai population. Mismatch analyses showed that S. elongata experienced both demographic and range expansions. Among these populations, Beihai population expanded latest. Localization of haplotypes clade in Beihai was likely a result of the selection when new habitat was established during a range expansion, and indicated limited gene flow between Beihai and other populations. Our results suggested Beihai population should be managed separately in fishery.     

濒危植物毛柄小勾儿茶片断化居群的遗传多样性

采用扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)标记对我国特有的濒危植物毛柄小勾儿茶(Berchemiella wilsonii var. pubipetiolata)现存于浙江和安徽的4个片断化居群中的89株个体进行了遗传多样性和遗传结构的研究。结果表明,与其它木本濒危植物相比,毛柄小勾儿茶具有与它们相当的遗传多样性,8对选择扩增引物共扩增出122条清晰的条带,居群的平均多态位点百分率为P_p=26.4%,其中马家河居群最高(29.5%)而湍口居群最低(23.8%),居群的平均基因多样度为H_ep=0.162 8(0.140 5~0.172 4);而在物种水平上的遗传多样性为P_s=36.9%, H_es=0.202 4。居群间的遗传分化系数F_ST=0.193 9,表明居群间有显著的遗传分化,进一步利用AMOVA软件对遗传变异进行等级剖分发现:24.88%的遗传变异存在于地理宗间(浙江地理宗和安徽地理宗),14.71%的遗传变异存在于居群间,60.42%存在于居群内。该研究结果表明,由于人为干扰引起的生境片断化和居群减小导致了毛柄小勾儿茶居群的遗传多样性丧失和遗传分化,并对毛柄小勾儿茶的生存造成潜在威胁。该文还就保育策略进行了讨论。     

Interspecific hybridisation and interaction with cultivars affect the genetic variation of Ulmus minor and Ulmus glabra in Flanders

Interspecific hybridisation and gene flow from cultivated plants may have profound effects on the evolution of wild species. Considering the cultural history and past use of Ulmus minor and Ulmus glabra trees in Flanders (northern Belgium), we investigated the extent of human impact on the genetic variation of the remaining, supposedly indigenous elm populations. We therefore examined the rate of interspecific hybridisation, which is expected to be higher under human influence, the occurrence of clones within and among locations, the presence of cultivars and their possible offspring. Based on results produced using 385 amplified fragment length polymorphic (AFLP) markers, 46 % of the 106 investigated Flemish elms appeared to be F1 hybrids or backcrosses to one of the parent species, while no F2 hybrids (F1?×?F1 progeny) were found. Clonality was mainly found among U. minor and hybrids, which are more likely to form root suckers or sprouts as opposed to U. glabra. The majority of the studied locations (76 % of the locations with multiple samples) showed evidence of clonal reproduction. Several, sometimes distant, locations shared a multilocus lineage. We also found indications of gene flow from cultivated elms into native species. It is conceivable that reproductive material has been moved around extensively, obscuring the natural genetic structure of the elm populations. The results help guide the Flemish elm genetic resources conservation programme.     

Complete genotyping in conservation genetics, a case study of a critically endangered shrub, Stachyurus macrocarpus var. prunifolius (Stachyuraceae) in the Ogasawara Islands, Japan

More than 3,000 species are listed as critically endangered worldwide, and various conservation measures such as habitat restoration, assisted reproduction and establishment of ex situ populations would be required to prevent their extinction. We determined the genotype of all 15 known wild clumps using nuclear microsatellite markers for Stachyurus macrocarpus var. prunifolius, a critically endangered shrub endemic to the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands of Japan. In addition, the seedlings propagated from seeds taken from one wild clumps were genotyped. The results of complete genotyping showed that both wild and nursery populations had population-specific alleles. Two alleles were detected only in the nursery population, indicating the existence of undiscovered mature individuals in the wild. Four alleles were found only in the wild and were detected in two geographically isolated clumps, and this finding may propose that re-introduction and transplantation between different sites requires sensitive handling in terms of the conservation of evolutionary significant units. These results show that complete genotyping can provide essential genetic and ecological information for effective management of endangered species.     

Model‐based conservation planning of the genetic diversity of Phellodendron amurense Rupr due to climate change

Climate change affects both habitat suitability and the genetic diversity of wild plants. Therefore, predicting and establishing the most effective and coherent conservation areas is essential for the conservation of genetic diversity in response to climate change. This is because genetic variance is a product not only of habitat suitability in conservation areas but also of efficient protection and management. Phellodendron amurense Rupr. is a tree species (family Rutaceae) that is endangered due to excessive and illegal harvesting for use in Chinese medicine. Here, we test a general computational method for the prediction of priority conservation areas (PCAs) by measuring the genetic diversity of P. amurense across the entirety of northeast China using a single strand repeat analysis of twenty microsatellite markers. Using computational modeling, we evaluated the geographical distribution of the species, both now and in different future climate change scenarios. Different populations were analyzed according to genetic diversity, and PCAs were identified using a spatial conservation prioritization framework. These conservation areas were optimized to account for the geographical distribution of P. amurense both now and in the future, to effectively promote gene flow, and to have a long period of validity. In situ and ex situ conservation, strategies for vulnerable populations were proposed. Three populations with low genetic diversity are predicted to be negatively affected by climate change, making conservation of genetic diversity challenging due to decreasing habitat suitability. Habitat suitability was important for the assessment of genetic variability in existing nature reserves, which were found to be much smaller than the proposed PCAs. Finally, a simple set of conservation measures was established through modeling. This combined molecular and computational ecology approach provides a framework for planning the protection of species endangered by climate change.     

AFLP and ISSR analysis reveals high genetic variation and inter-population differentiation in fragmented populations of the endangered Litsea szemaois (Lauraceae) from Southwest China

Litsea szemaois (Lauraceae) is an endemic and endangered species from the tropical rain forests of Xishuangbanna, southern Yunnan, SW China, but habitat fragmentation, especially exacerbated by rubber planting, has caused a decline in population size of the species. AFLP and ISSR were used to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of eight populations from across its known distribution. Three AFLP and ten ISSR primer combinations produced a total of 203 and 77 unambiguous and repeatable bands respectively, of which 164 (80.8%) and 67 (87.0%) were polymorphic for the two markers. These two markers showed that Litsea szemaois exhibits comparatively high genetic diversity at species level (heterozygosity (hs) = 0.2109) relative to some other Lauraceae. Most of the genetic variation was partitioned within populations, but genetic differentiation between populations was significant and relatively high (Φ _st = 0.2420, θ^B = 0.1986) compared with other tropical plants. The genetic characteristics of L. szemaois may be related to its outbreeding system, insect pollination and fragmented distribution. Because L. szemaois is dioecious and slow to mature, ex situ conservation across its genetic diversity is unlikely to succeed, although seedlings grow well under cultivation. Thus, in situ conservation is very important for this endangered species, especially as only 133 adult individuals are known in the wild. In particular, the Nabanhe and Mandian populations should be given a high conservation priority due to their higher genetic diversity, larger population size and better field condition, but wider sampling is required across all populations to determine additional areas with significant genetic conservation value.     

野生扬子鳄种群动态变化及致危因素

1998—2003年,采用问卷调查、走访居民、夜间灯光照射计数等方法,对可能有野生扬子鳄(Alligator sinensis)分布的安徽省、浙江省和江苏省的45个地点进行了调查。结果发现：目前野生扬子鳄呈点状分布在至少23个地点,个体总数约120条,主要集中分布在安徽扬子鳄国家级自然保护区内。通过连续调查和对比分析表明：自20世纪50年代扬子鳄数量急剧下降(从5000—6000条下降为120条),但1998年至今其数量保持相对稳定(120条),种群的致危因素主要是栖息地破坏、人为捕杀、环境污染、自然灾害、繁殖力低等。在不同时期导致数量下降的因素不同：1950—1990年问,主要是由于栖息地丧失、人为捕杀等;目前的主要致危因素是缺乏适宜的自然栖息地,环境污染和遗传多样性丧失是潜在的致危因素。旱灾对野生扬子鳄生存的影响并不明显。