太白山太白红杉种群空间分布格局研究

针对研究区太白红杉种群分布特点,设置了15个20 m×20 m样地,采用离散分布理论拟合和聚集强度测定方法,对太白红杉种群空间分布格局进行了比较分析.太白红杉种群空间分布格局属于聚集型,在25m²和100m²面积上聚集强度较大.随海拔上升,聚集强度降低;在分布下限地区,聚集最强的尺度较小,中下部地区较大;阴坡的种群分布聚集强度大于阳坡.随着年龄增加,种群分布由聚集型向随机型过渡,强度减弱;聚集性最强的格局尺度在幼、老龄期为150m²,中龄期则为100m².分布格局受生物学特性、年龄阶段、群落组成、环境因素等影响.在未来保护与利用中,低海拔和阴坡应该适度间伐乔木层非目的树种;在高海拔和阳坡地区,适度间伐灌木,促进群落内团块状更新;育林作业面积应该与聚集性最强的面积相适应.     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区天然沙棘种群空间分布格局研究

经实地踏查,在黄土高原丘陵沟壑区陕西富县天然沙棘林区,设置10个10 m×10 m样地,采用离散分布理论拟合和聚集强度测定方法,对不同生境和年龄阶段的沙棘种群的空间分布格局及其动态进行了系统研究,以探讨沙棘种群分布格局动态特征.结果显示:(1)沙棘种群空间分布格局属聚集型,在6.25 m2面积上聚集强度较大.天然条件下,种群聚集强度最大的取样尺度,是其种群更新的最佳面积.(2)沙棘种群空间分布格局随海拔上升,聚集强度降低;阴坡的种群分布聚集强度总是大于阳坡.(3)随着种群年龄增加,分布格局由聚集型向随机型过渡,聚集强度减弱.在幼、老龄期聚集性最强的格局尺度为25.00 m2,中龄期为6.25 m2、25.00 m2.研究表明,天然沙棘种群的空间分布格局与其生物生态学特性、生长阶段以及生境条件关系密切,在保护与利用中应针对不同生境的差异以及不同生长阶段的特性进行适度人为干扰,促进种群的生长、更新和群落发育.     

四川卧龙自然保护区珙桐种群的空间分布格局

采用扩散系数的t检验、Poisson分布的x^2拟合检验及Morisita指数的F检验来研究珙桐种群的空间分布格局类型,用负二项参数（K）、Green指数（GI）和Lloyd的平均拥挤度（m^＊）与聚块性指标（PAI）来研究珙桐的聚集强度。同时利用上述指数研究取样尺度、海拔及克隆繁殖对珙桐种群分布格局和聚集强度的影响。结果表明,总体上珙桐种群的分布格局类型为集群分布,具一定的聚集强度。取样尺度、海拔对其分布格局和聚集强度均有不同程度的影响。基株种群和分株种群的分布格局和聚集强度在不同取样尺度和海拔下出现不同的变化。最后对珙桐种群格局在各种因素影响下的变化原因进行了讨论,认为珙桐种群格局呈集群分布的最主要原因是由其本身的繁殖特性决定的。     

长白落叶松人工林天然更新幼苗分布格局及其研究方法的比较

长白落叶松是东北东部地区主要造林树种之一．该文研究了55a生长白落叶松人工林天然更新幼苗的空间分布格局．测定了样地内（30m×18m）所有天然更新幼苗的坐标、地径和苗高．在幼苗坐标点图的基础上,进行了23个取样尺度（离散尺度）下的相邻格子法的空间格局分析：采用Poisson分布、负二项分布和正二项分布拟合幼苗的离散分布,方差均值比、Morisita指数和最近邻体法确定了空间分布格局,C-指数、Green指数和负二项参数K值度量了它们的聚集强度．利用更新幼苗的坐标点图,采用地统计学中自々半方差分析方法和空间点格局方法（采用Ripley二次分析法）研究了尺度连续变化条件下更新幼苗空间分布格局和聚集强度的变化并确定了其聚集规模,利用最近邻体法的计算方法分析了更新幼苗的自然定植特点．结果表明：1）更新幼苗所有离散尺度下（样方面积从1m^2到18m^2）均呈聚集分布．连续尺度下,在0—10．5m的半径区间内呈聚集分布,在10．5—12．3m的半径区间内呈随机分布．2）离散尺度下（样方面积从1m^2到18m^2）,聚集强度随尺度的增加而增加．连续尺度下,在0．10．5m的半径区间内,聚集强度随尺度的增加表现出先增加后降低的趋势,在半径（尺度）为4．2m处聚集强度最大．3）此次调查的样地范围内天然更新幼苗呈现聚集状态生长的平均最大聚集斑块（聚集规模）的半径为4．79m．4）天然更新幼苗之间的平均距离为0．30-0．42m,更新幼苗生长在与母树相距2．99—3．26m之外的空间．5）相邻格子法（传统的样方方法）和空间点格局分析法对格局的判别和格局强度的确定基本一致,但是空间点格局分析法能够反映出尺度连续变化条件下格局和格局强度的变化．它与最近邻体法和地统计学方法等以种群分布的坐标点图为数据源的     

山东百部种群的空间分布格局

采用扩散系数的t检验、Poisson分布的x^2拟合检验及Morisita指数的F检验研究了山东百部（Stemona shandongensis）种群的空间分布类型;用负二项参数（K）、Cassie指标（1／K）、Green指数（GI）和Lloyd的平均拥挤度（m^＊）与聚块性指标（PAI）研究其聚集强度。同时利用上述指数研究了取样面积、苗龄对山东百部种群分布格局和聚集强度的影响,分析了分布格局形成的原因。结果表明,总体上山东百部种群的分布格局类型为集群分布,种群聚集尺度多为8m^2;当年生植株种群聚集强度高于多年生种群;整个种群分布格局的演化趋向于高聚集强度的集群分布。     

秦岭林区锐齿栎次生林种群空间分布格局

以秦岭林区阳坡、阴坡2个典型地段上的锐齿栎次生林为研究对象,运用点格局分析方法 O-ring函数分析了不同坡向、不同发育阶段种群空间分布格局及不同坡向锐齿栎种群的种内与种间空间关联性,探讨锐齿栎空间格局形成和种群维持机制。结果表明:阴坡锐齿栎种群聚集程度高于阳坡;两种坡向种群各发育阶段空间分布格局相似,从幼树到大树均呈现出聚集到随机甚至均匀分布的规律;不同坡向种群各发育阶段间关联性不同,阳坡各发育阶段间呈一定的正相关,而阴坡呈一定的负相关;阳坡中,山杨与锐齿栎种群分布呈一定正相关,灯台树、鹅耳枥与其呈一定负相关,在阴坡,山杨、漆树与锐齿栎呈一定正相关,灯台树、青榨槭、鹅耳枥与其呈一定负相关。结果表明:目前,阳坡锐齿栎种群结构较好,种内、种间竞争不激烈,而阴坡种群不仅受种间竞争的影响,同样受到种内竞争的制约,最终导致其林分结构较差,更新不良,从长远上看,适当疏伐可以增加林内透光性,有益于促进种群的更新与稳定。     

微地形对优势种群点格局和关联性的影响

不同的空间格局类型和关联性可以反映出不同生境下植物种群的资源环境适应策略.老鹳草与米口袋是甘南亚高寒草甸的主要物种,通过野外群落调查和室内试验,运用点格局分析法中的Ripley K函数,对不同坡向的米口袋和老鹳草种群的空间分布格局及种间关联性进行分析.结果表明:从阳坡-西坡-阴坡,土壤含水量和养分含量逐渐增加,土壤温度和光照度逐渐降低.米口袋和老鹳草在3个坡向(阴坡、西坡、阳坡)上的分布呈现出明显差异,随着坡向由阴坡向阳坡的转变,米口袋种群数量呈递增趋势,老鹳草种群数量则表现出递减趋势.在阴坡,米口袋种群在0~1.8 m尺度上呈聚集分布,在1.8~5.0 m尺度上聚集强度减弱并趋向于随机分布,老鹳草种群在0~5.0 m尺度上均以聚集分布为主;在西坡,米口袋种群在0~1.2 m尺度上呈聚集分布,在1.2~5.0 m研究尺度上趋向于随机分布,老鹳草种群在0~2.2 m尺度上呈聚集分布,在2.2~5.0 m研究尺度上趋向于随机分布;在阳坡,米口袋与老鹳草种群在0~5.0 m尺度内均表现出随机分布.阴坡上这两种物种在0~1.0 m尺度上表现为正相关,在1.0~5.0 m尺度不相关;西坡上两物种在0~2.1 m尺度上呈负关联,在2.1~5.0 m尺度上两个物种间关联度均趋向于不相关;阳坡上这两个物种在0~5.0 m尺度上表现出不相关.     

西藏色季拉山林线冷杉种群结构与动态

急尖长苞冷杉(Abies georgei var.smithii)是西藏东南部地区高山林线森林群落的主要建群树种,主要分布在色季拉山海拔3600～4400m区域,并成为阴坡高山林线的优势树种。通过对色季拉山林线群落交错区域的定位调查,分析了急尖长苞冷杉的个体生长、种群结构与动态以及林线特征。分析结果表明:(1)西藏色季拉山海拔4320m处为森林郁闭上限,该区域存在两种类型的高山林线,阳坡为渐变型林线,林线树种为方枝柏(Sabina saltuaria);阴坡为急变型林线,林线树种为急尖长苞冷杉。阳坡与阴坡林线分布海拔上限分别为4570m和4390m,阳坡高于阴坡180m;阳坡与阴坡林线群落交错区垂直宽度分别为250m和70m,阳坡比阴坡宽180m。(2)阴坡海拔3700～3800m属急尖长苞冷杉分布的最适范围,种群径级结构表现为典型的反"J"型,种群密度约380株/hm2;种群年龄结构表现为"金字塔"型,属于扩展型种群。(3)静态生命表和种群存活曲线反映了急尖长苞冷杉种群在形成初期的20a和生长发育的60～160a分别经历了强烈的环境筛选和竞争自疏,以及后期与环境变化相关的死亡波动,200a左右为急尖长苞冷杉的生理寿命,种群后期基本稳定,400a左右为极限寿命。     

新疆天山峡谷不同坡向野核桃种群分布格局

在天山峡谷野核桃分布的4条沟谷的阳坡和阴坡设置8个4000 m²样地,应用相邻格子法对野核桃每木调查,在不同尺度(面积)上采用方差/均值比率法和偏离指数(C_x)、负二项参数(K)、丛生指数(I)、平均拥挤度(m^*)、聚块性指数(PAI)、聚集指数(C_a)等聚集强度指数对野核桃种群分布格局进行分析.结果表明: 随尺度增大,野核桃种群由集群分布向随机分布过渡;在25 m²尺度上,种群整体呈集群分布,但不同样地种群聚集强度存在较大差异,西沟阴坡种群聚集程度最大,南沟阴坡种群聚集程度最小;在50～400 m²尺度上,种群整体呈随机分布.在25 m²尺度上,幼树、小树和壮年树均呈集群分布,壮年树聚集强度最大,小树聚集强度最小;当取样尺度达到200～400 m²时,幼树、小树、壮年树和大树均呈随机分布.野核桃种群格局规模为25 m²,格局强度为2.49～9.38 m²;种群组分中小树格局强度最大,壮年树格局强度最小.取样尺度与种群斑块大小接近,采用适合的测定方法并应用多指数综合判定,一般可获得可靠的结论.     

檫树群落主要树种分布格局及其动态分析

采用7种聚集度指标测定方法研究了天然更新檫树[Sassafras tsumu (Hemsl.)Hemsl.]群落4个主要树种在不同取样尺度上的空间分布格局。研究结果表明,4个优势树种的空间分布主要呈聚集分布。在研究种群分布格局时,檫树种群的最适样方面积为100m^2;丝栗栲（Castanopsis fargesii Franch.）和拟赤杨[Alniphyllum fortunei(Hemsl.)Makino]种群的最适样方面积为50m^2;光皮桦（Betula luminifera H.Winkl.）的最适样方面积为25m^2。檫树和光皮桦种群在幼树、中树和大树阶段均为聚集分布;丝栗栲和拟赤杨在幼树及中树阶段为聚集分布,但聚集强度渐弱,到大树阶段即为随机分布。上述结果为调查研究中取样技术的确定提供了理论依据。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.