基于好氧反硝化及反硝化聚磷菌强化的低温低碳氮比生活污水生物处理中试研究

【背景】低碳氮比生活污水很难达标处理,多级A/O工艺、生物强化技术及生物膜技术的有机结合可有效解决这一问题。【目的】开发出一种泥膜共生多级A/O工艺并进行中试研究,驯化出高效脱氮除磷菌剂并对系统进行生物强化。【方法】通过测定中试设备出水及污水处理厂出水化学需氧量(Chemical oxygen demand,COD)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝氮(NO_3~--N)、总氮(Total nitrogen,TN)、总磷(Total phosphorus,TP)对比分析两种工艺的污染物去除效能,利用高通量测序技术对比生物强化技术对系统微生物群落结构的影响。【结果】中试设备对COD、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、TN、TP的去除效果均优于污水处理厂的处理工艺;驯化的低温好氧反硝化菌TN去除率最大值可达84.21%,驯化的低温反硝化聚磷菌群对磷的去除率最高可达85.75%;利用驯化菌群对中试设备进行生物强化后较好地改善了系统NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、TN、TP的去除效果;经生物强化后,具有好氧反硝化和反硝化聚磷功能的Pseudomonas菌群明显增多。【结论】泥膜共生多级A/O工艺对于低碳氮比生活污水的处理具有很好的效果,利用生物强化技术可有效提高低温条件下系统污染物去除效能。     

好氧反硝化菌强化生态浮床对水体氮与有机物净化机理

好氧反硝化菌强化生态浮床通过挂膜将异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌与填料结合,并添加曝气强化措施,提高浮床对富营养化水体中氮和有机物的去除效果。结果表明,在7天内,好氧反硝化菌强化生态浮床在COD_(Cr)/TN=1.7~2.9的进水下,对NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、TN和COD_(Cr)的去除率分别为54.5%、100%、59.8%和56.3%,对TN和COD_(Cr)的去除率比传统生态浮床分别提高了47.1%和36.3%;在COD_(Cr)/TN=3.3~5.0的进水下,对NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、TN和COD_(Cr)的去除率分别为55.4%、100%、48.9%和65.6%,对TN和COD_(Cr)的去除率比传统生态浮床分别提高了21.0%和20.0%。好氧反硝化菌强化生态浮床中,曝气和异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌的添加提高了浮床对有机物的降解,增强了其在高溶解氧水平下的反硝化作用,克服了曝气生态浮床对NO_3~--N降解效果差的缺点。利用Monod动力学方程对好氧反硝化菌强化生态浮床初期降解氮素和有机物过程进行描述,相关系数为0.9,说明Monod动力学方程适用于描述好氧反硝化菌强化生态浮床的反应动力学。     

红树植物人工湿地对生活污水的净化效果

研究了潜流型海桑（Sonneratia caseolaris）人工湿地、桐花树（Aegiceras corniculatum）人工湿地和木榄（Bruguiera gymnorrhiza）人工湿地对生活污水的净化效果。一年来,3种红树植物人工湿地对BOD5、CODCr、TP、TN、NH4^＋-N和NO2^--N的平均去除率分别达到83%、71%、41%、55%、50%和84%以上。人工湿地各处理周期之间,BOD5和CODCr去除率波动较小,而TP、TN、NH4^＋-N和NO2^--N去除率波动较大。3种红树植物人工湿地对各种污染物的净化效果存在一定的差异。海桑人工湿地和桐花树人工湿地对BOD5、CODCr、TP、TN和NH4^＋-N去除率明显高于木榄人工湿地,而海桑人工湿地和桐花树人工湿地相比较,除TP外,BOD5、CODCr、TN和NH4^＋-N去除率没有显著差异。人工湿地单一处理周期内,去除率随水力停留时间（HRT）的延长而增加。BOD5、CODCr、TN和NH4^＋-N在HRT为1d和2d的去除率分别为HRT为3d去除率的54%-65%和73%-84%,NO2^--N在HRT为1d和2d的去除率分别达到了HRT为3d的70%-81%和85%-94%,而TP在HRT为1d和2d的去除率分别只有HRT为3d的39%-50%和65%-74%。另外,红树植物人工湿地与风车草（Cyperus alternifoliu）人工湿地相比,前者的BOD5、CODCr、TP、TN和NH4^＋-N去除率明显小于后者（P〈0.05）。总体上看,3种红树植物人工湿地对生活污水的净化效果呈现海桑人工湿地≈桐花树人工湿地〉木榄人工湿地。     

不同氮源下好氧反硝化菌Defluvibacter lusatiensis str.DN7的脱氮特性

研究了不同氮源下好氧反硝化菌Defluvibacter lusatiensis str.DN7的脱氮特性。结果表明:菌株均能以硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐为唯一氮源进行好氧反硝化作用。反应4 h,NO-3-N和NO-2-N的去除率分别达83.35%和85.72%。亚硝酸盐完全还原比硝酸盐提前42 h。硝酸盐还原过程中基本无亚硝酸盐积累,而亚硝酸盐还原过程中则检测到明显的硝酸盐积累,反应4 h,NO-3-N积累量达到21.83 mg/L。培养液中同时存在硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐时,菌株优先选择硝酸盐作电子受体。亚硝酸盐共存对硝酸盐还原无显著影响,但培养液中残留的NO-2-N随亚硝酸盐比例上升而增加,当亚硝酸盐比例从10%升至50%时,NO-2-N残留量由3.38 mg/L增至7.60 mg/L。少量硝酸盐的加入对亚硝酸盐的还原产生抑制作用。当硝酸盐比例为10%时,72 h NO-2-N的去除率仅为74.79%,远低于以亚硝酸盐为唯一氮源情况(去除率100%)。以氨氮为唯一氮源时,菌株同时进行异养硝化和好氧反硝化反应,72 h,NH+4-N去除率达85.66%,且基本无硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐积累。少量氨氮共存(氨氮比例<30%)有利于促进菌株的好氧反硝化作用,反之亦然。     

Acinetobacter sp. Y1的氨氮去除性能及其关键酶活性

【目的】研究Acinetobacter sp.Y1的氨氮(NH_4~+-N)去除性能及其关键酶的提取与酶活性。【方法】以柠檬酸钠为碳源,硫酸铵为氮源,研究菌株Y1的NH_4~+-N去除性能;采用正交实验优化超声波破碎法提取粗酶的条件,SDS-PAGE分析比较渗透压休克法和超声波破碎法获得的粗酶;检测关键酶——羟胺氧化还原酶(HAO)、亚硝酸盐还原酶(NIR)、硝酸盐还原酶(NAR)的酶活性。【结果】24 h内菌株Y1的菌密度(OD600)可达1.280,对NH_4~+-N、总氮(TN)和COD的降解率分别达到98%、94%和92%,硝化过程中羟胺、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮不积累,反硝化产生N2;超声波破碎法提取粗酶的最佳工作条件为:破碎功率50 W,工作与间歇时间分别为4 s和7 s,OD600为1.250,总工作时间20 min,关键酶HAO、NIR和NAR的比活力分别为0.011、0.002和0.018 U/mg;渗透压休克法得到的HAO比活力是0.067 U/mg。【结论】Acinetobacter sp.Y1能同时高效去除NH_4~+-N、TN和COD。优化超声波破碎法提取粗酶的条件,检测到HAO、NIR和NAR的酶活性,且渗透压休克法比超声波破碎法更适合用来提取HAO。     

脱氮功能菌去除市政废水中氮素的研究

为了探讨实验室筛选获得的氨氧化细菌CM-NRO14和反硝化细菌CM-NRD3联合去除市政废水中氮素的应用价值,采用了两级A/O工艺进行菌株去除废水中氮素的小试实验,最后将菌株用于废水脱氮工程中。结果表明,脱氮功能菌实现了短程硝化-反硝化,氨氮去除率在98%以上,总氮去除率在75%以上, COD (化学需氧量)去除率大于90%,出水各项指标均低于城镇污水处理厂污染物排放一级(A)标准。脱氮功能菌在去除市政废水中氮素方面有很高的应用价值,可用于城镇污水处理厂提标改造等。     

合流污水固形物自然沉降性能研究

采用累积沉降法对合流污水悬浮固体(SS)进行自然沉降试验研究及与化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH4+-N)相关性分析, 研究结果表明: 合流污水沉降30 min, SS 的去除率即达到88.69%, 在沉降初期可去除大部分污染物; 经沉降 120 min, SS 的去除率即可达96.14%, COD、TN、TP 和NH4+-N 的去除率分别为90.63%、54.22%、66.95%和4.1%; 在自然沉降过程中, 合流污水中的污染物COD、TN、TP 浓度变化规律与SS 的浓度变化规律有极显著的正相关性, 线性方程分别为y=79.99+0.66x、y=21.58+0.65x、y=5.44+0.17x, 相关系数R2 分别达到0.974、0.961、0.989, 而NH4+-N 在合流污水中基本上都是以溶解态存在, 与SS 的沉降关联不大, 去除率随SS 的去除变化较小; 初始SS 浓度对合流污水沉降性能影响显著, 初始浓度越高, 一定时间内去除率越高, 并通过对各污染物沉降规律的函数拟合得出COD、TN、TP、SS 自然沉降规律函数分别为y=1020.61e(–x/10.05)+92.49、y=28.2e(–x/6.92)+22.56、y=13.24e(–x/10.0)+5.69、y=1533.22e(–x/8.58)+47.03, 相关系数分别为R2=0.972、R2=0.936、R2=0.938、R2=0.914。     

间歇曝气对微污染源水生物接触氧化修复系统脱氮性能的影响

针对寡营养生境下生物脱氮过程碳源不足等问题,开展不同间歇曝气方式对微污染源水生物接触氧化修复系统脱氮性能的影响研究,探究修复系统短程硝化反硝化的可行性与过程机理.结果表明:在停曝-曝气时间为8 h-16 h的间歇曝气方式(Ⅰ)下启动的生物接触氧化修复系统,其铵态氮(NH+4-N)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、总氮(TN)的平均去除率分别稳定在93.0%、78.1%、19.4%;而在停曝-曝气时间为16 h-8 h的间歇曝气方式(Ⅱ)下运行修复系统,其NH+4-N、CODMn平均去除率仍能分别维持在81.2%、76.4%,体系内NO-2-N发生积累,TN去除率增至50%以上.对工况Ⅱ下修复系统周期内氮素转化特性分析发现,在确保出水NH+4-N、溶解氧(DO)浓度达标的前提下,缩短曝气时间可将体系DO长时间控制在0.5～1.5 mg·L-1,亚硝酸氧化菌(NOB)生长及其活性受到抑制,NO-2-N明显累积,最终实现了微污染源水生物接触氧化修复系统的短程生物脱氮.     

浮床植物净化生活污水中N、P的效果及N2O的排放

在温室内采用浮床无土栽培技术,研究了黑麦草(Lolium mutliflorum)、水芹(Oenanthe javanica)和香根草(Vetiveria Zizanioides)3种植物对生活污水中N、P的去除效果及净化过程中N2O的排放特征。结果表明,浮床植物系统对生活污水的TN、NH4 -N和TP具有良好的净化效果。同对照系统相比,浮床黑麦草、水芹和香根草系统对TN的平均去除率分别提高了26.2%,22.9%,4.1%;对NH4 -N的去除率分别提高了31.4%,14.5%,3.0%;对TP去除率分别提高了33.1%,54.2%,15.5%。净化周期内,浮床各系统的TN、NH4 -N和TP浓度随着污水停留时间的延长直线下降,而NO3-N浓度却因系统内硝化强度大于反硝化强度而产生了累积;植物的存在明显的促进了浮床系统的N2O排放,浮床黑麦草、水芹、香根草和对照系统N2O的平均排放通量分别为174.44μg/(m2.h),82.19μg/(m2.h),112.49μg/(m2.h)和44.81μg/(m2.h)。浮床系统N2O排放通量的日变化呈现出夜间下降而白天增加的规律,与温度的昼夜变化规律基本相同,表明温度的升降直接影响了N2O的生成及排放。     

后置反硝化生物滤池脱氮效果研究

采用生活污水处理厂的二级出水为原水,以醋酸钠和硝酸钾为外碳源和氮源,挂膜15天后分析进、出水COD、TN和NO3--N。试验表明,挂膜成功后COD去除率稳定在72%～83%,出水COD平均浓度为11.71mg/L,低于污水厂二级出水值;反硝化细菌不断增值,到第8天达到最佳状态,TN和NO3--N的最高去除率分别为66.33%和65.34%,出水浓度分别为11.28mg/L和9.54mg/L,可以达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A标准。     

Identifying an interfering factor on chemical oxygen demand (COD) determination in piggery wastewater and eliminating the factor by an indigenous Pseudomonas stutzeri strain

AIMS: This study attempted to demonstrate nitrite interference on chemical oxygen demand (COD) determination in piggery wastewater, and the capability of aerobic denitrification of the SU2 strain which is capable of promoting the efficiency of nitrogen and COD removal from piggery wastewater. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was performed in a 17-litre reactor with a 30% packing ratio, with a ratio of immobilized SU2 cells to sludge of 100:1. The ratio of aeration to nonaeration was 4 : 1.5. Removal efficiency of COD was 86.8%. Removal efficiency of BOD and SS was higher than 90%, and removal efficiency of NH4+-N and TKN was almost 100%. CONCLUSIONS: NO2- -N interference is significant when its concentration in piggery wastewater exceeds 100 mg l-1. COD in piggery wastewater can be indirectly reduced following nitrite reduction by SU2 strain. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Utilizing immobilized SU2 cells in coordination with an SBR system simultaneously reduces nitrite and COD concentrations.     

Enhanced denitrifying phosphorous removal in a novel anaerobic/aerobic/anoxic (AOA) process with the diversion of internal carbon source

A novel anaerobic/aerobic/anoxic (AOA) process is proposed to realize denitrifying phosphorous removal in this study, and the characteristic of the AOA process is transferring part of the anaerobic mixed liquor to the post-anoxic zone for providing the carbon source needed for denitrification. The AOA process was operated for 3 months, and the average removal efficiencies of NH4+-N, TN and PO4(3-)-P were 93.0±3.1%, 70.3±2.9% and 87.3±11.8%, respectively. A mass balance analysis indicated that 0.49±0.02 g VSS(-1) d(-1) of PO4(3-)-P and 0.23±0.04 g VSS(-1) d(-1) of NO3--N were simultaneously removed in the anoxic zone, and it is speculated that denitrifying phosphorous removal occurred in the AOA process. Furthermore, 0.24±0.06 g VSS(-1) d(-1) of TN was removed in the aerobic zone via simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND). The results demonstrate that the multi-zone structure of the AOA process favors the enhancement of denitrifying phosphorous removal and SND for municipal wastewater treatment.     

Nitrogen removal from purified swine wastewater using biogas by semi-partitioned reactor

Nitrate and ammonium removal from purified swine wastewater using biogas and air was investigated in continuous reactor operation. A novel type of reactor, a semi-partitioned reactor (SPR), which enables a biological reaction using methane and oxygen in the water phase and discharges these unused gases separately, was operated with a varying gas supply rate. Successful removal of NO(3)(-) and NH(4)(+) was observed when biogas and air of 1L/min was supplied to an SPR of 9L water phase with a NO(2,3)(-)-N and NH(4)(+)-N removal rate of 0.10 g/L/day and 0.060 g/L/day, respectively. The original biogas contained an average of 77.2% methane, and the discharged biogas from the SPR contained an average of 76.9% of unused methane that was useable for energy like heat or electricity production. Methane was contained in the discharged air from the SPR at an average of 2.1%. When gas supply rates were raised to 2L/min and the nitrogen load was increased, NO(3)(-) concentration was decreased, but NO(2)(-) accumulated in the reactor and the NO(2,3)(-)-N and NH(4)(+)-N removal activity declined. To recover the activity, lowering of the nitrogen load and the gas supply rate was needed. This study shows that the SPR enables nitrogen removal from purified swine wastewater using biogas under limited gas supply condition.     

Nitrate removal by a novel autotrophic denitrifier (Microbacterium sp.) using Fe(II) as electron donor

A novel denitrifying bacterium was isolated using bicarbonate as the sole carbon source in a defined medium. Strain W3 was isolated from deep sediments of East Lake (Wuhan, China). In this study, analysis of 16S rRNA genes showed that strain W3 was affiliated with Microbacterium sp. When using Fe2+ as the only electron donor, this strain could convert 88.6 % of NO3 −-N to N2, corresponding to an Fe2+ oxidation rate of 80 %. Meanwhile, neither NO2 −-N nor NH4 +-N was accumulated after the experiment. In similar experiments with Fe(II)-EDTA, cell encrustations did not occur and supplementary substrates were consumed. The accumulated NO2 −-N was below 2.5 mg L−1. In addition, PCR revealed five kinds of key denitrifying genes: narG, napA, nirS, norB and nosZ. These results indicated that strain W3 could be used as an alternative autotrophic denitrifier for the treatment of groundwater and low C/N ratio wastewater.     

PS1沼泽红假单胞菌对集约化对虾养殖废水的净化作用

应用光合细菌PS1——沼泽红假单胞菌（Rhodopseudomonas palustris）净化集约化对虾养殖废水,探讨不同温度、不同菌浓度下PS1对养殖废水的净化效果。研究结果表明：PS1可有效降低对虾养殖废水中的COD、NH4^＋-N、NO3^-N、PO4^3--P,但对NO2^--N无降解效果,反而使之持续升高;PS1对养殖废水96h的降解率受温度和添加菌浓度的影响显著（P〈0．05）。当温度为26℃时,PS1对废水的降解活性较好;不同菌浓度组间的净化效果差异明显（P〈0．05）,综合净化效果,以12．5×10^5 CFU／ml的菌浓度为宜。     

Effect of carbon source on biological nutrient removal in a sequencing batch reactor

Sequencing batch operation was used for nutrient (COD, NH4-N, NO3-N, PO4-P) removal from synthetic wastewater by using different carbon sources. Operation consisted of anaerobic, anoxic, oxic, anoxic and oxic (An/Ax/Ox/Ax/Ox) phases with durations of 2/1/4.5/1.5/1.5 h. Glucose, acetate and a mixture of glucose/acetate were used as carbon source to yield a COD/N/P ratio of 100/5/1.5 in the feed. Sludge age was kept constant at 10 days. COD, NH4-N, NO3-N and PO4-P removal efficiencies were maximum at the levels of 96%, 87%, 81% and 90% respectively, when a mixture (50/50) of glucose and acetate was used.     

Denitrification of wastewater containing high nitrate and calcium concentrations

The removal of nitrate from rinse wastewater generated in the stainless steel manufacturing process by denitrification in a sequential batch reactor (SBR) was studied. Two different inocula from wastewater treatment plants were tested. The use of an inoculum previously acclimated to high nitrate concentrations led to complete denitrification in 6h (denitrification rate: 22.8mg NO(3)(-)-N/gVSSh), using methanol as carbon source for a COD/N ratio of 4 and for a content of calcium in the wastewater of 150mg/L. Higher calcium concentrations led to a decrease in the biomass growth rate and in the denitrification rate. The optimum COD/N ratio was found to be 3.4, achieving 98% nitrate removal in 7h at a maximum rate of 30.4mg NO(3)(-)-N/gVSSh and very low residual COD in the effluent.     

Influence of nitrate and COD on phosphorus, nitrogen and dinitrotoluene (DNT) removals under batch anaerobic and anoxic conditions

In this study, the effects of COD to NO(3)-N ratio in the feed on PO(4)-P removal was investigated. Maximum PO(4)-P uptake was obtained in the anoxic reactor when the COD to NO(3)-N ratios were between 2 and 3.75. With the influent COD of 800-1500 mg COD/L a total of the maximum removable PO(4)-P was 56 mg PO(4)-P/L through 20 days of anaerobic/anoxic incubation, indicating 98% P removal in the anoxic reactor. Similarly, for the COD to NO(3)-N ratios varying between 2 and 3.75 maximum denitrification was observed. Through anoxic operation the poly-P bacteria are capable of removing NO(3)-N using VFA, COD as carbon source and NO(3)-N as the electron acceptor after methanogenesis has been completed. High NO(3)-N concentrations stopped significantly the P uptake. A total of 97-99% dinitrotoluene removal efficiencies in the reactors containing COD to NO(3)-N ratio of 2 and 3.75 after 20 days of incubation period. For maximum NO(3)-N and PO(4)-P removals optimal COD to NO(3)-N ratios, COD and NO(3)-N concentrations were 2-3.75, 2000-4000 mg COD/L and, 800-1500 mg NO(3)-N/L, respectively.