切除上胚轴对绿豆子叶衰老逆转及其核酸和蛋白质代谢的效应

在绿豆子叶衰老达到不归点(萌发后5～6d)前切除上胚轴可使开始衰老的子叶中核酸和蛋白质含量回升,衰老短期逆转。衰老不归点后的子叶中核酸和蛋白质变化的主要特征是:丧失了较多的核主带DNA、25S、18S rRNA以及大部分可溶性蛋白质组分,一种小分子DNA 组分完全消失。不归点前切除上胚轴可使上述核酸和蛋白质组分明显增加,表明子叶衰老的逆转可能与这些重要功能物质的回升有关。在切除上胚轴的茎顶涂抹IAA,能阻止子叶核酸和蛋白质回升,也消除了切除上胚轴对子叶裹老的逆转作用。     

萌发绿豆子叶衰老期间蛋白质代谢的变化

萌发绿豆子叶自然衰老过程中可溶性蛋白质含量一直下降;从衰老开始到衰老前期,总游离氨基酸含量明显上升;但游离氨基酸各组分在子叶衰老期间的变化趋势并不相同。~3H-亮氨酸掺入蛋白质试验和多聚核糖体的相对量及其与总核糖体的比值(P/T)测定都证明在子叶衰老前期有蛋白质的新合成。子叶衰老期间。氨肽酶活性明显降低;而以酪蛋白为底物的蛋白水解酶活性却急剧上升,承担着催化蛋白质降解的主要功能。     

1,4—二取代酰氨基硫脲类化合物(DATCDs)的植物生理效应与应用研究——Ⅴ.DATCD-A对离体黄瓜子叶扩张及核酸代谢的影响

本实验以离体黄瓜子叶为材料,研究了 DATCD—A 对子叶扩张及核酸代谢的影响。结果表明,DATCD—A 可显著地促进离体黄化子叶扩张,使其鲜重明显增加;并且在处理后期逐渐提高子叶干重。在离体子叶扩张变绿的过程中,DATCD—A 促进离体黄化子叶 RNA、DNA 含量和 DNA/RNA 比率明显上升,且 RNA 的增加发生在 DNA 合成增加之前。凝胶电泳证明,RNA 的增加主要是25s 和18s 的 rRNA。     

平贝母体细胞胚胎发生中的核酸与蛋白质合成研究

在获得比较理想的平贝母体细胞胚胎发生体系的基础上,我们应用放射性同位素液体闪烁计数技术测定了平贝母体细胞胚胎发生过程中球形胚、心形胚、鱼雷胚、子叶胚和成熟胚等时期的DNA、RNA和蛋白质合成动态,实验表明,从球形胚到子叶胚,核酸与蛋白质的合成速度递增。在子叶胚前期RNA合成达到高峰,在子叶胚期蛋白质合成达到高峰,在子叶胚后期DNA合成达到高峰,核酸与蛋白质合成速度的变化与胚体细胞增殖及器官分化相关联。     

光周期对三带喙库蚊发育期间体内核酸动态的影响

作者测试了长短光周期处理的三带喙库蚊Culex tritaeniornynchus(Giles)各虫态与滞育及解滞蚊体内RNA与DNA的变化.结果表明:幼虫与蛹核酸含量最高,成虫期变化比较稳定.短光周期可以降低该蚊发育期间核酸的合成作用.雌蚊卵形成期间DNA相对稳定,吸血后卵巢开始发育,RNA含量明显增加,36—48小时达到高峰,然后逐渐下降.10—15日龄的滞育蚊体内DNA比发育蚊低,解滞蚊RNA与DNA含量均比发育蚊为高.新蚊、发育、滞育与解滞蚊间DNA、RNA含量不同,DNA、RNA减少与增加可用作判断滞育发生与解除的一个生化指标.     

杉木雌配子体与后胚发育过程中核酸、蛋白质和类脂的消长

在杉木胚胎分化期至成熟期,每个雌配子体总核酸和DNA,RNA含量在初期增加,后期则随着胚的分化发育逐渐下降,而蛋白质和类脂则一直上升。每胚总核酸、DNA,RNA则相应增加,而蛋白质、类脂的含量和干重亦逐渐增加。在胚分化早期RNA的迅速合成与细胞的分化及器官形成有关。但以胚干重为单位的DNA、RNA含量却随着胚的发育而有所减少;蛋白质含量先增加,至成熟后才下降。授粉前的胚珠,以及雌配子体、胚中都发现有凝集素存在。     

黄瓜子叶离体后的一些生理变化

成熟种子的子叶离体后,在无外源激素和营养供应的滤纸保湿（26±1℃,2．92Wm-2,14h光照）条件下培养。0—4d内子叶的面积大小和鲜重迅速增加而干重基本保持不变,4d后子叶面积和鲜重继续增加但速度减慢,干重迅速下降;呼吸速率和叶绿素含量4d前稳定上升,第4天达到峰值后下降．离休后6d内,子叶中矿质元素含量发生了一定的变化;除Put含量在第2天有所下降外,子叶中Spm、SPd和Cad含量均不断上升,但上升幅度不相同,因此,离体并没有削弱黄瓜子叶多胺合成;GA3和ABA含量有不同程度的上升,但IAA和ZT含量剧增,表明离休子叶有很好的激素合成能力．离体后2d内,子叶中DNA含量、RNA含量、酸溶蛋白含量均成倍增加,此后DNA含量迅速下降,酸溶蛋白含量呈彼动状,RNA含量基本保持同样水平;0—4d碱溶蛋白含量不断减少,这表明子叶离体0—4d有活跃的核酸、蛋白质代谢活动．     

莲胚发育与核酸,蛋白质含量的变化

莲胚发育达到最大鲜重(开花后21d)前,胚轴和子叶的DNA,RNA都持续增长。开花13d后,蛋白、淀粉等贮藏物质显著积累,核酸增长速度加快。成熟胚轴的DNA和RNA含量很高,而子叶中积累大量的淀粉、可溶性糖和蛋白质。发育前期胚乳的生长速度较快,开花后16d左右鲜重和物质积累达到高峰。胚生长后期胚乳逐渐败育,贮藏物质和结构物质都减少,膨大的子叶逐步取代了胚乳的地位。 莲胚生物大分子物质含量的模式属于双子叶植物类型。讨论了莲胚细胞多倍化的问题。     

烟草愈伤组织继代培养与分化期间核酸代谢的比较研究

柳叶烟草愈伤组织在分化和芽原基形成期间,DNA 和RNA 含量均高于继代培养物;在芽原基形成后和幼芽生长期间(12天以后),DNA和RNA 含量持续上升,而同期继代培养物巳进入生长静止期,DNA 和RNA 含量基本不变或略有下降。根据RNA 电泳结果还进一步分析了两种愈伤组织培养物各RNA 组分变化与总RNA 含量变化的关系。分化培养物在芽原基形成时有明显升高的RNase 活性峰和持续上升的RNA 合成速率;而此时期继代培养物的RNase 活性及RNA 合成能力均较低;分化愈伤组织的DNA 合成速率在幼芽生长期间仍维持上升趋势,且显著高于同期继代愈伤组织的合成速率。这些结果表明,烟草愈伤组织分化培养物比继代培养物有更旺盛的核酸代谢能力。     

东亚砂藓(Rhacomitrum canescens)RNA提取方法的比较和改进

方法:以东亚砂藓为材料,用CTAB法、热硼酸盐法和改良的SDS/酸酚法提取东亚砂藓总RNA,并采用3种方法进行沉淀,从提取RNA的纯度、完整性、产量、耗时和RT-PCR效果等分析确定适用于东亚砂藓总RNA提取的方法。结果:研究表明:CTAB法提取的RNA 28S rRNA明显缺失,泳道模糊不清,杂质多,热硼酸法和改良的SDS/酸酚法提取RNA 28S rRNA,18S rRNA条带清晰,OD260/OD280都在1.7以上,纯度高,但热硼酸法提取出的RNA有DNA污染,RNA的含量(15.68~35.2μg.g-1)低于SDS/酸酚法提取RNA的含量(46.5~51.9μg.g-1)3种沉淀方法比较认为无水乙醇配合LiCl沉淀RNA节省时间,反转录和RT-PCR效果好。结论:改良的SDS/酸酚法适合东亚砂藓RNA的提取。     

Studies on energy status and mitochondrial respiration during growth and senescence of mung bean cotyledons

Several characteristics of mitochondrial respiration and energy status have been studied during growth and senescence of mung bean ( Phaseolus radiatus L.) cotyledons. The results showed that mitochondrial oxygen consumption, respiratory control, ADP:O ratios, and energy charge changed in the cotyledons during germination and growth of the seedlings. The respiration rate of intact cotyledons approximately reflected the trend of the oxidative activities of the isolated mitochondria. An increase was observed in both whole cotyledon respiration and mitochondrial oxygen uptake at the onset of senescence of mung bean cotyledons (day 3 after germination), which thereafter declined gradually. The capacity and activity of the alternative pathway increased markedly in mitochondria isolated from senescent cotyledons. After the onset of senescence, the mung bean cotyledon mitochondria exhibited a decrease both in the respiratory control ratios and ADP:O ratios, and the cotyledons exhibited a gradual decline in energy charge. All these results showed an irreversible deterioration of energy conservation in mung bean cotyledons. The role(s) of the alternative pathway in senescent mung bean cotyledons is discussed.     

Kinetin-promoted Polyribosome formation in relation to RNA Synthesis in Excised Mung Bean Cotyledons

The relative levels of polyribosomes and total ribosomal materials, the rates of RNA synthesis and the contents of each RNA component were investigated in excised cotyledons of mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus L.) incubated with and without kinetin. 12 h incubation with 50 μmol/ L kinetin markedly increased the levels of polyribosomes and decreased the levels of monoribosome, especially of the ribosomal subunits. In addition, levels of total ribosomal materials (ribosomal subunit+monoribosome+polyribosome) were also increased in cotyledons incubated with kinetin. The kinetin-promoted polyribosome formation could be arrested by the RNA synthesis inhibitor-actinomycin D(ACTD). Kinetin incubation greatly enhanced RNA synthesis and increased that RNA conten. A marked increase was found in the amount of poly(A)+-mRNA, while the levels of other RNA components (25S, 18S rRNA, 4–5S RNA) were also increased to different extent. These results suggest that the promotion of polyribosome formation by kinetin depends upon the de novo synthesis of mRNAs, and the promotion of ribosome con, struction by kinetin may also be related to the synthesis of rRNAs.     

表油菜素内酯对绿豆幼叶衰老的促进作用

表油菜素内酯（ｅｐｉＢＲ）０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ能促进绿豆幼叶的衰老,其叶绿素和蛋白质含量均明显低于对照。绿豆幼叶经ｅｐｉＢＲ处理后,可使过氧化物酶活性明显增加,但同工酶谱无变化;超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活性随ｅｐｉＢＲ处理时间的延长而降低。ｅｐｉＢＲ能促进丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量增加,而其含量与ＳＯＤ和ＣＡＴ活性是显著负相关。     

萌发绿豆子叶衰老期间的呼吸作用与线粒体功能的改变

暗中培养的绿豆幼苗子叶在萌发后3—4天时,外观出现衰老征状,6天后子叶凋落。随子叶日龄的增加,子叶的呼吸强度一直下降,呼吸商始终小于1。当外加L—苹果酸、a—酮戊二酸、琥珀酸和NADH为底物测定离体线粒体氧化活性时,衰老子叶的线粒体对上述四种底物的氧化活性有不同程度的增加;抗氰呼吸也有所升高。子叶衰老时,线粒体的ADP／O和呼吸控制(RC值均降低);线粒体ATPase水解ATP的活性升高。衰老绿豆子叶线粒体氧化磷酸化偶联效率的降低和ATPase水解活性的增强是与线粒体结构改变相联系的一种功能变化,它导致能量亏缺,并进一步加速了衰老的恶化进程。     

Identification of nucleases related to nutrient mobilization in senescing cotyledons from French bean

The knowledge about the physiological function of plant nucleases is scarce besides that they have been involved in nucleic acid degradation related with programmed cell death processes. Cotyledons provide a suitable system to investigate this process and the changes associated to nutrient mobilization. Nuclease activities have been determined in French bean seedlings. The total nuclease activity in French bean cotyledons is lower than in embryonic axes; however, several nucleases were detected by in-gel nuclease activity assays with extracts from cotyledons of French bean and ssDNA as substrate. The nuclease activities induced during cotyledon senescence showed higher activity at neutral than at acidic pH. Five different nuclease genes belonging to S1/P1 family have been identified in French bean genome database named PVN1 to PVN5. Their relative expression in cotyledons has been determined from the start of imbibition to senescence, and three genes from this family showed expression in cotyledons. PVN1 was expressed during early stages of seedlings development, whereas PVN4 and PVN5 were expressed during cotyledons senescence. The removal of epicotyl in French bean seedlings resulted in a decrease in the activity and in the expression of the genes associated with the cotyledons senescence process, i.e. PVN4 and PVN5. At the same time, the mobilization of reserves in those cotyledons was slowed down. In the same way, the deficit in phosphate and nitrate during seedlings development led to an acceleration of induction of these genes at the same time that reserves were utilized early on the time. Therefore, the induction of PVN4 and PVN5, the two S1 nuclease genes involved in the process of cotyledon senescence, is related to nutrient mobilization, supporting a possible role for nucleic acids in nutrient recycling during cotyledon senescence.     

Nucleic Acid and protein metabolism of senescing and regenerating soybean cotyledons

An alternative to the leaf disk system for studies of the metabolism of senescence is described. The progress of senescence of soybean (Glycine max L.) cotyledons is arrested when the epicotyl is removed. Epicotyl removal at 16 or 17 days reversed the decline in nucleic acid, protein, and chlorophyll content in the cotyledon. Epicotyl removal at 18 days did not reverse the decline in the above components, and therefore the progress of cotyledon has passed the point of no return. Cotyledons lost 90% of their nucleic acid and 80% of their protein before senescence became irreversible. The rate of recovery in various macromolecular components after epicotyl removal did not occur in an equal manner. Nucleic acid was regenerated at a faster rate than chlorophyll, which was regenerated at a faster rate than soluble protein. The heavy nucleic acid components (ribosomal and heavy ribosomal messenger fractions) regenerated at greater rates than did the soluble RNA or DNA. No label from ¹⁴CO₂ was incorporated into DNA of the cotyledons when the epicotyl was present but label was incorporated into DNA after epicotyl removal.     

油菜素内酯促进绿豆上胚轴伸长与蛋白质和核酸合成的关系

用饲喂蛋白质和核酸合成的放射性前体［３ Ｈ］－Ｐｈｅ、［３ Ｈ］－尿嘧啶和［３ Ｈ］－胸腺嘧啶证实了油菜素内酯（ＢＲ）能促进绿豆上胚轴的生长和蛋白质、ＲＮＡ 及ＤＮＡ 的合成。用蛋白质和核酸合成抑制剂（ＣＨ、Ａｃｔ．Ｄ、５－Ｆｕ）进一步探讨它们对上胚轴伸长的抑制作用与蛋白质、ＲＮＡ、ＤＮＡ 和ｍ ＲＮＡ 合成之间的关系。证明了上胚轴的伸长依赖于蛋白质和核酸的合成,尤其是依赖于ｍ ＲＮＡ 的合成。说明ＢＲ是在转录水平上调节基因的表达,进而促进上胚轴的伸长