包头泉山金矿浸矿酸性微生物群落优势度变化的比较研究

【目的】研究不同矿石组成对微生物群落结构的影响。【方法】选取包头泉山金矿的酸性矿坑水(Acid mine drainage,AMD)对4种不同组成的矿石样品进行浸矿,采用16S rRNA-PCR和RFLP相结合的方法,研究浸矿前后浸矿微生物种群优势度的变化情况。【结果】所选取的3个酸性矿坑水考查点之间浸矿微生物的种类及数量相似度较大,浸矿微生物结构相对变化度不大。H71和F11相对其他两个样品的群落结构差异较大,而J72和S71几乎一样,说明在钾长型和石英型矿石的选择压力下,浸矿微生物的被选择趋势是大致相同的。【结论】浸矿前后样品中浸矿微生物的系统发育分析结果表明,所考查的克隆子的序列可分为两大分支:Acidithiobacillus菌属和一个相对独立的菌属,且这两个分支内部菌株之间的发育距离较近。     

内蒙古草原中东部现代表土植硅体组合与植被关系

对内蒙古中东部14个典型植被表土样品进行植硅体分析,同时将其结果作对应分析。结果表明：圆型和齿型在表土组合中占优势。圆型具有超代表性且在针茅草原和羊草草原表土组合中含量超过50％。针茅哑铃型和脊哑铃型在克氏针茅草原以及退化草原表土组合中含量偏高,可指示干的草原生境以及草原退化。蒿属块型表现为低代表性,即便是在冷蒿灌丛表土中,蒿属块型含量也较低。沙地云杉林和榆树灌丛生境特殊,它们的表土植硅体组合特征明显,前者以光滑块型、粗糙块型、规则多边型以及十字型等为主,后者以多铃型、三铃型、哑铃型以及简单哑铃型为特征。高山草甸和山杨林表土与研究区其它植被表土的相似性低。另外,研究区全新世古土壤剖面样品与表土样品的对应分析表明内蒙古中东部表土植硅体分析为恢复研究区全新世草原植被演化提供了参照物。     

城市生态系统：演变、服务与评价——“城市生态系统研究”专题序言

城市化与城市发展是当前对生态环境影响最剧烈的人类活动。目前全球超过50%的人口居住在城市。中国的城镇化率2012年已经达到52.57%。据预测,到2030年,中国城镇化水平将达到60%—70%,城市人口将超过10亿。中国的快速城市化在给中国乃至全球经济发展带来巨大商机的同时,也引发了一系列生态环境问题。城市消耗了全球75%的资源,是各种环境污染物的主要排放源。城市正在面临生态功能退化、空     

广东省水泥工业大气污染治理措施及排放标准初探

通过分析《水泥工业大气污染物排放标准》(GB4915-2004)及国外有关标准,结合调研结果和目前粉尘、二氧化硫、氮氧化物、氟化物等治理技术,对正在制订的广东省水泥工业大气污染物排放标准的控制指标限值展开讨论.提出广东省地方水泥标准排放限值有从严的空间但不太大.将珠江三角洲和山区区别对待,现有水泥厂和新建水泥厂分时段区别对待,引导水泥工业引进新技术和向水泥熟料基地转移,实现"十一五"环保规划的要求,可以作为广东省水泥工业污染物排放标准的一个亮点.     

封闭环境下酸性矿坑水中微生物生态多样性的研究

铜绿山铜矿是世界开采时间最长的矿井之一,在开采过程中有许多矿井被废弃,许多废弃的矿井内产生了大量的对环境有害的酸性矿坑水.酸性矿坑水取自铜绿山铜矿某废弃矿井,利用限制性酶切片断多样性分析(RFLP分析)对酸性矿坑水中的微生物生态多样性进行了研究.研究表明,酸性矿坑水呈酸性,相对于其他极端与非极端生态环境,酸性矿坑水中的细菌与古菌的群落多样性较低.RFLP分析与系统发育分析表明,酸性矿坑水中细菌主要由A.fcrrooxidans(属于gamma-Proteobacteria)和L.ferrooxidans(属于Nitospira)成;古菌主要由Thermoplasma相关古菌组成.在这种封闭环境的酸性矿坑水中首次发现了类似于产甲烷古菌的克隆片断,其占古菌种群的四分之一左右.本研究将促进对酸性矿坑水中细菌及古菌群落组成及其对酸性矿坑水产生的作用的研究.     

甘肃不同矿区样品中的细菌多样性

甘肃矿产资源丰富,矿区酸性矿坑水(acid mine drainage,AMD)及周边土壤中嗜酸微生物种类丰富,具有相当大的研究价值.本研究通过Illumina高通量测序方法,对甘肃省4个矿区AMD及周边土壤中的细菌群落组成、相似性及功能组成进行分析.结果 表明,煤矿样品GNM细菌物种组成最为丰富,金矿样品LNJ1与紫金矿样品LNZJK细菌组成最相似,与属于铜矿的BYT物种较相近,与LNJ1同地区的LNJ2样品细菌组成相比较远.所有样品细菌主要分为放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteriodetes)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)四大门,其中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)丰度最高.放线菌门(Actinobacteria)中不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、类诺卡氏属(Nocardioides)和芽球菌属(Blastococcus)表现出较高丰度;厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)中微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium)和芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)表现出较高丰度,且微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium)丰度极高.通过功能预测发现,与煤矿样品GNM相比,LNJ1、LNJ2、BYT和LNZJK4个金属矿区样品中的微生物具有较强的氨基酸与碳源的转运与代谢、转录等功能以及较低的能量生产与转运、无机离子转运与代谢能力.通过探究AMD中的细菌多样性及其与重金属之间的相互关系,了解AMD采样区微生物群落结构,以期挖掘出更为丰富的具有重金属抗性的菌株资源,以应用于生物浸矿和环境修复等领域.     

铝土矿开采对金佛山甑子岩植被生长发育的影响

对金佛山甑子岩植被生长发育的研究表明:1)铝土矿开采区内的植物群落正由矮林退化为灌丛,而远离矿区的群落正发生顺行演替;2)矿区内的物种多样性和均匀度均低于未开矿区;3)矿区开采后的羊踯躅的生长速率极显著地低于开采前的生长速率,而未开采区内的杉木年生长速率无显著差异;4)未开矿区的马尾松年平均生长速率极显著地(P<0.01)高于已开采区马尾松的生长速率:5)已开采区的马尾松平均敏感度高于未开采区、结果表明,铝土矿的开采、污染物的排放以及相关的人类活动已对甑子岩地区的植被造成了明显的负面影响.对此,应加强矿区的管理,控制各种污染,减少植被采伐,同时还要重视退化区的植被保护与恢复重建工作.     

钟落潭种猪场污水的活性污泥法处理

钟落潭种猪场日排放COD值为15000mg·L^-1以上的有机污水约150m³·d^-1,污水处理设计采用水解酸化-传统活性污泥-兼性塘组合方法,原污水经过粗格网筛、调解池、细格阿筛、水解酸化池、一级沉淀池、二级沉淀池、集水池、曝气池、二沉池和缓冲池,最后流入兼性塘,活性污泥通过污泥于化场得到干化.整个污水处理部分占地约150m×50m,兼性塘占地约6000m²,系统正常运行后处理水可以达到“污水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996)”中规定的二级标准.     

土地利用类型对渭河流域关中段地表水硝酸盐污染的影响

地表水硝酸盐(NO~-_3)污染会造成水生态环境损害,引起水生态系统发生退化。通过溯源研究能够及时发现隐患和危害的源头,对保障水生态环境安全具有重要的意义。本研究选取渭河流域关中段13个子流域为研究对象,运用同位素方法结合水化学研究土地利用类型与地表水NO~-_3含量的关系,准确识别NO~-_3的主要污染来源。研究结果表明,整个流域NO~-_3含量范围为4.2—150.1 mg/L,平均含量38.2 mg/L。约有35.3%的样品NO~-_3含量超过《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中硝酸盐的含量。渭河干流污染较支流严重,南岸支流较北岸支流污染严重。渭河干流、支流的源头及上游区域NO~-_3浓度普遍较低,说明受人类活动影响较小,沿着河流流向,NO~-_3浓度逐渐升高。耕地和城乡/工矿/居民用地面积与地表水NO~-_3浓度呈显著正相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为0.627和0.830。而草地和林地与NO~-_3浓度呈显著负相关(P0.05),相关系数分别为-0.775和-0.695。流域内,NO~-_3污染来源主要为动物排泄物及生活污水和工业废水的排放。农业活动中化肥的施用也是NO~-_3升高的一个重要原因。根据流域污染溯源结果,建议规范建设用地,加强污水排放和畜禽粪便的管理,同时提高化肥的使用效率,以达到减少水生态环境损害的目的。     

放牧强度对草原土壤性质和超显微形态特征的影响

本项研究工作是应用宏观和微观相结合的方法,研究放牧强度对羊草,大针茅样地内外土壤性质及超显微形态的影响,为研究草原土壤退化机理和探索改良土壤途径提供依据。研究结果表明,不同放牧强度对土壤性状有明显影响,而采取围栏体牧等措施,是改善生态环境、防止草原土壤退化的有效途径。主要反映在以下几个方面。1.围栏休牧后,牧草生长良好,大量植物残体回归土壤,增加了有机质积累,栏内表土     

A step-wise discriminant analysis of the effects of long term coal mine drainage and coal dredging on phytoplankton of the Guyandotte River

Phytoplankton was sampled from the lower 60 miles portion of the Guyandotte River where three active coal dredging operations presently exist and five more permits are pending. Comparisons were made with phytoplankton from a similar stretch of the Mud River, a stream of minimal mine drainage and no coal dredges along its entire course.Diatoms were the predominant planktonic algae on both streams. The number of all phytoplankton species was 24% higher for the Mud River than for the Guyandotte River. Equitability and species diversity indices plus the distribution of mine water indicator algae show that the Guyandotte River is heavily polluted with domestic wastes and mine drainage. No correlation could be established for turbidity, specific conductance, or pH and locations of dredging operations, when the data were analyzed for differences among sampling stations.Step-wise discriminant analysis was used to compare the two streams and the biological, physical, and chemical variables. Based on coefficients for canonical variables, conductivity and pH are the two most influential variables in separating the two streams. Analysis of variance indicates that the canonical means of the stations on the Guyandotte River are significantly different from the Mud River stations.     

硫铁矿酸性矿山废水对大型底栖动物群落结构的影响

2006年11月和2007年1月通过金属和生物指标的量化监测,就酸性矿山废水对大型底栖动物群落结构的影响及高岚河污染现状进行研究。典型对应分析表明：酸性废水对高岚河上游大型底栖动物群落结构影响最大。对高岚河大型底栖动物群落结构和功能摄食类群进行分析,研究硫铁矿酸性矿山废水对河流大型底栖动物群落的影响,结果表明：高岚河自矿源起约16km河段,大型底栖动物群落结构已经遭到严重破坏;多足摇蚊Polypedilum tritum和真凯氏摇蚊Eukiefferiellab rehmi对酸和金属均具有较强的耐受力;捕食者和刮食者对矿山酸性废水带来的污染反应最为敏感。逐步回归分析表明：大型底栖动物生物多样性受Al、Ca、Cd、Fe、Mg、Mn等金属影响最大;密度受Ca、Cr和Mg的影响最大。     

Changes in water and sediment bacterial community structure in a lake receiving acid mine drainage

Water and sediment bacterial communities in a freshwater impoundment were studied over a 13-month period for stress-related responses to a point source of acid mine drainage (AMD). Comparisons of community structure were made on collections taken at the mouth of the acid stream, at a point 2 km downstream, and at the mouth of an uncontaminated stream. Monthly measurements of pH and specific conductance indicated the expected decrease in the AMD pollution with increasing distance from the source. Acridine orange direct counts did not differ significantly among the sites; however significantly fewer viable heterotrophs were observed by plate counts at the acid impacted station relative to the uncontaminated site. The diversity of the communities was significantly lower at the sites receiving mine drainage as compared with the unaffected station, and comparisons of community similarity showed that collections from the impacted sites were more like each other than like the control site. The assemblage at the latter site contained many bacterial guilds not found at the contaminated sites. The guilds unique to the control site showed a reduced in vitro ability to tolerate heavy metals as compared with the general community.     

An integrated algal sulphate reducing high rate ponding process for the treatment of acid mine drainage wastewaters

Acid mine drainage pollution may be associated with large water volume flows and exceptionally long periods of time over which the drainage may require treatment. While the use and role of sulphate reducing bacteria has been demonstrated in active treatment systems for acid mine drainage remediation, reactor size requirement and the cost and availability of the carbon and electron donor source are factors which constrain process development. Little attention has focussed on the use of waste stabilisation ponding processes for acid mine drainage treatment. Wastewater ponding is a mature technology for the treatment of large water volumes and its use as a basis for appropriate reactor design for acid mine drainage treatment is described including high rates of sulphate reduction and the precipitation of metal sulphides. Together with the co-disposal of organic wastes, algal biomass is generated as an independent carbon source for SRB production. Treatment of tannery effluent in a custom-designed high rate algal ponding process, and its use as a carbon source in the generation and precipitation of metal sulphides, has been demonstrated through piloting to the implementation of a full-scale process.The treatment of both mine drainage and zinc refinery wastewaters are reported. A complementary role for microalgal production in the generation of alkalinity and bioadsorptive removal of metals has been utilised and an Integrated 'Algal Sulphate Reducing Ponding Process for the Treatment of Acidic and Metal Wastewaters' (ASPAM) has been described.     

紫金山铜矿酸性矿山废水微生物群落多样性

【背景】为避免环境污染,酸性矿山废水需经处理后才能排放,处理后的废水理化性质会发生显著变化,将影响整个微生物群落的结构。【目的】分析处理前后的细菌和真菌群落变化及其与理化参数的关系,为矿山废水的处理提供参考指标,并为矿山污染场地的修复提供理论基础。【方法】采集福建紫金山铜矿的酸性矿山废水并测定其理化性质。采用基于原核微生物16S rRNA基因V4区和真菌18S rRNA基因ITS的高通量测序技术分析水样的微生物群落结构。【结果】经中和处理后的回水与矿坑水和生物浸出液相比,pH升高,重金属离子含量显著降低。原核微生物的多样性高于真菌,回水的物种多样性高于矿坑水和浸出液。回水中变形菌门的丰度最高,矿坑水和浸出液中分别以广古菌门和硝化螺菌门的丰度最高。回水中噬氢菌属为优势类群,矿坑水和浸出液中的优势菌是钩端螺旋菌属,铁质菌属等古菌也有一定的比例。pH、Al、Mn、Zn与回水中相对丰度较高的菌属显著相关,而矿坑水和浸出液中的高丰度类群与环境因子没有显著的相关性。【结论】研究表明酸性废水的中和沉淀处理对微生物群落产生了较大的影响,微生物群落变化可以作为矿山酸性废水污染处理效果的一个参考指标。     

Activity of Microorganisms in Acid Mine Water I. Influence of Acid Water on Aerobic Heterotrophs of a Normal Stream

Comparison of microbial content of acid-contaminated and nonacid-contaminated streams from the same geographical area indicated that nonacid streams contained relatively low numbers of acid-tolerant heterotrophic microorganisms. The acid-tolerant aerobes survived when acid entered the stream and actually increased in number to about 2 × 10³ per ml until the pH approached 3.0. The organisms then represented the heterotrophic aerobic microflora of the streams comprised of a mixture of mine drainage and nonacid water. A stream which was entirely acid drainage did not have a similar microflora. Most gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria died out very rapidly in acidic water, and they comprised a very small percentage of the microbial population of the streams examined. Iron- and sulfur-oxidizing autotrophic bacteria were present wherever mine water entered a stream system. The sulfur-oxidizing bacteria predominated over iron oxidizers. Ecological data from the field were verified by laboratory experiments designed to simulate stream conditions.     

Haematological and physiological responses of brook charr, to untreated and limestone-neutralized acid mine drainage

Brook charr, Salvelinus fontinalis , exhibited depressed plasma sodium and elevated plasma glucose concentrations in untreated acid mine drainage effluent (AMD), at two dilutions. Plasma sodium and glucose concentrations remained stable in treated AMD, pulsed, fluidized beds of limestone and carbon-dioxide pre-treatment of influent, and in AMD-free water. Results indicate that effluents produced by this treatment system were not toxic to these fish, despite still containing moderate concentrations of manganese (3–4 mg l^-1 following dilution in exposure systems), and provide justification for field deployment and further biological testing of this treatment in the field.     

Selection of a Microbial Community in the Course of Formation of Acid Mine Drainage

Microbiology - Changes in microbial community composition during formation of an acid mine drainage were studied on a model of two water reservoirs located in the Ozernoye open-cast mine for...     

Diversity and functional profile of bacterial communities at Lancaster acid mine drainage dam,South Africa as revealed by 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing analysis

Extremophiles - This study surveyed physicochemical properties and bacterial community structure of water and sediments from an acid mine drainage (AMD) dam in South Africa. High-throughput...     

Organic matter breakdown as a measure of stream health in New Zealand streams affected by acid mine drainage

Functional indicators of stream health have the potential to provide insights into stream condition that cannot be gained by traditional structural indices. We examined breakdown of leaves, wood, and cotton cloth strips at 18 sites along a gradient of effects of drainage from coal mines in New Zealand to determine the usefulness of these methods as functional indicators of stream health. The pH varied from 2.7 to neutral across the streams, and the more acidic streams typically had higher concentrations of aluminum, iron, zinc, and other metal ions. Precipitates of metal (mainly iron) hydroxides were present in most streams affected by mine drainage, especially in those with a pH of 4–5. Breakdown rates of all organic matter types were highest in several reference streams with neutral pH and lowest in sites with high rates of metal hydroxide deposition. Breakdown was relatively fast in the most acidic streams (pH < 3), in some cases as fast as at reference sites; these sites also had elevated nutrient concentrations. Shredding invertebrates were absent in litterbags from acidic streams and common at only 2 reference sites; their presence contributed to fast breakdown of leaves in the field and in lab microcosms. Microbial respiration was closely related to breakdown rates of leaves and wood; it was high at neutral and highly acidic streams, but lower at sites with pH 4–5, where metal hydroxides were precipitating onto solid surfaces. In these metal hydroxide-stressed streams, leaf and wood breakdown was slower, and associated biota, including microbes, were more affected than by water chemistry stressors (pH, dissolved metals) associated with mine drainage. Litter breakdown and microbial respiration provide insight into the functioning of streams, yielding different responses than traditional structural measures based on macroinvertebrates, which did not accurately distinguish impacts from acid mine drainage.