铬对增强心肌细胞抗病毒作用的研究

本文研究了Coxsackie B_2病毒(XOX B_2V)对人及鼠心肌细胞的感染性以及三氯化铬对心肌细胞生长与对病毒感染佳的影响。实验结果证明人心肌细胞对COX B_2 V感染的敏感性比鼠心肌细胞高。三氯化铬能促进人与鼠心肌细胞的生长,促进鼠心肌细胞的搏动及搏动频率加快,并随着培养时间的增加,细胞生长代谢旺盛,细胞培养液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的含量升高。用含铬培养液培养的人心肌细胞对病毒感染的敏感性有所降低,人心肌细胞培养液中LDH的含量随病毒对细胞损伤的程度而升高。     

黄芪总黄酮对柯萨奇B3病毒感染乳鼠心肌细胞miRNA378和miRNA378*表达的影响

目的：研究柯萨奇B3病毒（CVB3）感染乳鼠心肌细胞miRNA378和miRNA378^*表达的作用。方法：原代培养乳鼠心肌细胞分3组（n=6）：对照组（正常细胞）、CVB感染组（正常细胞+CVB3）、黄芪总黄酮组（正常细胞+CVB3+黄芪总黄酮）。CVB感染组感染CVB3,黄芪总黄酮组感染CVB3同时给予黄芪总黄酮20 mg/L。采用免疫组化方法检测乳鼠心室肌细胞α-SMA蛋白,实时荧光定量PCR技术检测各组心肌细胞miRNA378及miRNA378^*表达。结果：①与对照组相比较,CVB感染组心肌细胞miRNA378及miRNA378^*表达明显减少（P<0.01）;②与CVB感染组比较,黄芪总黄酮心肌细胞miRNA378及miRNA378^*表达明显增加（P<0.01）。结论：黄芪总黄酮可以减少CVB3感染心肌细胞miRNA378及miRNA378^*表达。     

黄芪总黄酮对柯萨奇B3病毒感染乳鼠心肌细胞内质网应激及Calumenin蛋白和缝隙连接蛋白CX43的作用

目的:研究黄芪总黄酮对柯萨奇B3病毒(CVB3)感染心肌细胞内质网应激、网腔钙结合蛋白(calumenin)及缝隙连接蛋白43(CX43)作用。方法:原代培养的乳鼠心肌细胞分3组:对照组(正常细胞)、柯萨奇病毒感染组(正常细胞)、黄芪总黄酮组(正常细胞+黄芪总黄酮)。柯萨奇病毒感染组感染,黄芪总黄酮组感染同时给予黄芪总黄酮20 mg/L。采用免疫组化方法检测培养乳鼠心肌细胞α-SMA蛋白,Western blot技术检测各组心肌细胞Calumenin蛋白及内质网应激伴侣蛋白GRP78,CX43表达。结果:1与对照组相比,柯萨奇病毒感染组心肌细胞GRP78表达增多(P0.01),calumenin蛋白及CX43表达减少(P0.01);与柯萨奇病毒感染组比较,黄芪总黄酮组心肌细胞GRP78表达减少(P0.01),Calumenin蛋白及CX43表达增多(P0.01)。结论:CVB3可引发心肌细胞内质网伴侣蛋白GRP78表达增加进而发生内质网应激,并使Calumenin蛋白及CX43表达减少;黄芪总黄酮抑制CVB3感染心肌细胞内质网应激伴侣蛋白GRP78表达从而减轻内质网应激,同时使Calumenin蛋白及CX43表达增多,该实验结果可能与其抗病毒性心肌炎并发心律失常作用密切相关。     

黄芪、人参增强人心肌细胞抗病毒感染的实验研究——降低对病毒敏感性及诱生干扰素作用

在培养的人心肌细胞上研究了黄芪、人参抗Cox B-3及Echo-19病毒的作用及诱生干扰素的效应,结果表明两种药物分别作用于人心肌细胞48小时及感染病毒的心肌细胞在含药物的营养液中培养均可降低细胞对两种病毒感染的敏感性,此作用与药物诱导心肌细胞产生IFN有关。     

黄芪注射液对网腔钙结合蛋白基因沉默阿霉素损伤心肌细胞内质网应激伴侣蛋白GRP78,GRP94 mRNA的作用

目的：研究黄芪注射液对网腔钙结合蛋白（calumenin）基因沉默阿霉素损伤心肌细胞内质网应激伴侣蛋白GRP78,GRP94 mRNA的作用。方法：实验将体外培养的1~3 d乳鼠心肌细胞分为5组：对照组、模型组（正常细胞+3 mg/L阿霉素）、calumenin基因沉默模型组（慢病毒感染细胞+3 mg/L阿霉素）、黄芪组1（正常细胞+3 mg/L阿霉素+200 g/L黄芪）、黄芪组2（慢病毒感染细胞+3 mg/L阿霉素+200 g/L黄芪）。构建慢病毒-calumenin质粒,转染乳鼠培养心肌细胞,采用实时荧光定量分析（real-time PCR）检测各组心肌细胞calumenin及内质网应激伴侣蛋白GRP78、GRP94 mRNA表达。结果：①与对照组比较,模型组心肌细胞calumenin mRNA表达减少（P<0.05）,而calumenin基因沉默模型组及黄芪组2心肌细胞calumenin mRNA表达明显减少（P<0.01）;与模型组比较,黄芪组1心肌细胞calumenin mRNA表达增加（P<0.05）;与calumenin基因沉默模型组比较,黄芪组2心肌细胞calumenin mRNA表达明显增加（P<0.01）。②与对照组相比较,模型组及calumenin基因沉默模型组心肌细胞内质网应激伴侣蛋白GRP78、GRP94 mRNA表达明显增多（P<0.01）;与模型组比较,黄芪组1心肌细胞GRP78、GRP94 mRNA表达明显减少（P<0.01）;与calumenin基因沉默模型组比较,黄芪组2心肌细胞内质网应激伴侣蛋白GRP78、GRP94 mRNA表达明显减少（P<0.01）。结论：①阿霉素损伤可引起心肌细胞calumenin表达减少。②Calumenin可缓解阿霉素损伤所诱导心肌细胞内质网应激。黄芪注射液可抑制阿霉素损伤所诱导心肌细胞内质网应激,这种作用可能系通过calumenin介导实现的。     

黄芪甲苷后处理对乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧复氧损伤的作用研究

目的:观察黄芪甲苷(AstragalosideⅣ,AsⅣ)后处理对缺氧复氧损伤(simulated ischemia reperfusion injury,SI/RI)的SD乳鼠心肌细胞是否具有保护作用。方法:将乳鼠原代心肌细胞平均分为五组,即空白对照组(Control)、缺氧复氧处理组(SI/RI)、黄芪甲苷预处理(5,10、20μM)+SI/RI组(AsIV+SI/RI)。各组细胞经处理后,四氮唑溴盐比色法(MTT)检测各组细胞存活率;TUNEL染色法测定各组细胞凋亡率;SOD测试盒检测培养液中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量,总嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)测试盒检测丙二醛(MDA)含量。Western blot法检测各组细胞抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2和促凋亡蛋白Caspase-3的表达。结果:与空白组相比,缺氧复氧损伤组细胞活力显著下降(P0.05),凋亡率显著上升(P0.05),其培养液中SOD水平显著降低(P0.05),MDA水平显著升高。而不同浓度AsⅣ后处理组的心肌细胞存活率显著上升,凋亡率显著下降,培养液中SOD水平显著上升,MDA水平显著下降(P0.05),且呈浓度呈依赖性。Western blot结果显示AsⅣ后处理组细胞中的Bcl-2表达明显上升,Caspase-3明显下降。结论:黄芪甲苷后处理对缺氧复氧诱导的乳鼠心肌细胞损伤具有显著的保护作用,能够显著上调抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达,下调促凋亡蛋白Caspase-3的表达。     

pEGFP-N1质粒转染乳鼠心肌细胞的分布及效率

目的: 研究pEGFP-N1质粒转染心肌细胞的分布及效率.方法: 培养乳鼠心肌细胞,根据乳鼠心肌细胞的不同生长时间(1～3 d)进行pEGFP-N1质粒转染心肌细胞的实验研究.结果: 乳鼠心肌细胞生长1 d时,pEGFP-N1质粒转染心肌细胞的效率显著高于乳鼠心肌细胞生长2 d、3 d时;pEGFP-N1质粒转染心肌细胞后EGFP均匀地充满胞浆和胞核.结论: pEGFP-N1质粒转染乳鼠心肌细胞的效率与心肌细胞的生长期有关;EGFP在心肌细胞中均匀分布于胞浆和胞核.     

黄芪皂苷Ⅳ对H_2O_2诱导的心肌细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的:探讨黄芪皂苷对H2O2诱导的心肌细胞凋亡的保护作用。方法:以H2O2诱导SD大鼠心肌损伤细胞模型为基础,用黄芪皂苷Ⅳ预处理进行干预。MTT法检测不同时段细胞凋亡情况,Western blot和RT-PCR检测24h时段Cyclin D1蛋白和mRNA表达水平。结果:H2O2对SD大鼠心肌细胞的损伤呈时间依赖性。H2O2可显著诱导SD大鼠心肌细胞凋亡,而这一作用可被黄芪皂苷Ⅳ显著抑制。结论:黄芪皂苷Ⅳ对H2O2诱导的SD大鼠心肌细胞损伤有明显保护作用。     

黄芪皂苷Ⅳ对H2O2诱导的心肌细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的：探讨黄芪皂苷对H2O2诱导的心肌细胞凋亡的保护作用。方法：以H2O2诱导SD大鼠心肌损伤细胞模型为基础,用黄芪皂苷Ⅳ预处理进行干预。MTT法检测不同时段细胞凋亡情况,Western blot和RT-PCR检测24h时段Cyclin D1蛋白和mRNA表达水平。结果：H2O2对SD大鼠心肌细胞的损伤呈时间依赖性。H2O2可显著诱导SD大鼠心肌细胞凋亡,而这一作用可被黄芪皂苷Ⅳ显著抑制。结论：黄芪皂苷Ⅳ对H2O2诱导的SD大鼠心肌细胞损伤有明显保护作用。     

黄芪皂苷IV对H2O2诱导的心肌细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的:探讨黄芪皂苷对H2O2诱导的心肌细胞凋亡的保护作用.方法:以H2O2诱导SD大鼠心肌损伤细胞模型为基础,用黄芪皂苷IV预处理进行干预.MTT法检测不同时段细胞凋亡情况,Western blot和RT-PCR检测24h时段Cyclin D1蛋白和mRNA表达水平.结果:H2O2对SD大鼠心肌细胞的损伤呈时间依赖性.H2O2可显著诱导SD大鼠心肌细胞凋亡.而这一作用可被黄芪皂苷IV显著抑制.结论:黄芪皂苷IV对H2O2诱导的SD大鼠心肌细胞损伤有明显保护作用.     

Chromium Improves Protein Deposition Through Regulating the mRNA Levels of IGF-1, IGF-1R,and Ub in Rat Skeletal Muscle Cells

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of three different chromium forms—chromic chloride (CrCl₃), chromium picolinate (CrPic), and a newly synthesized complex of chromium chelated with small peptides (CrSP)—on protein metabolism in vitro. In cultured skeletal muscle cells, CrSP was able to increase the basal and insulin-stimulated levels of protein deposition in skeletal muscles cells. CrCl₃ and CrPic augmented insulin-stimulated protein synthesis. At the molecular level, insulin significantly increased the mRNA levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor. These impacts could be enhanced by the addition of chromium, especially CrSP. The mRNA levels of ubiquitin were significantly reduced when cells were cultured with chromium or/and insulin. Assuming that the mRNA level increase or decrease results in increased or decreased levels of these proteins, chromium would improve protein anabolism and reduce protein catabolism and then prove protein deposition in rat skeletal muscle cells.     

Uptake of chromium(III) and chromium(VI) compounds in the yeast cell structure

The study presented in this article investigated the influence of different Cr(III) and Cr(VI) compounds in the cultivation medium on the uptake and localization of chromium in the cell structure of the yeast Candida intermedia. The morphology of the yeast cell surface was observed by the scanning electron microscopy. Results demonstrated that the growth inhibitory concentration of Cr(III) in the cultivation medium induced changes in the yeast cell shape and affected the budding pattern, while inhibitory concentration of Cr(VI) did not cause any visible effects on morphological properties of the yeast cells. The amount of total accumulated chromium in yeast cells and the distribution of chromium between the yeast cell walls and spheroplasts were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. No significant differences were found neither in total chromium accumulation nor in the distribution of chromium in yeast cell walls and spheroplasts between the two of Cr(VI) compounds. Conversely, substantial differences between Cr(III) compounds were demonstrated in the total uptake as well as the localization of chromium in yeast cells.     

Quantitative X-ray microanalysis of adrenal medullary cells of young adult and aged rats after glutaraldehyde fixation and potassium dichromate treatment

X-ray microanalysis has been used to detect chromium in the histochemical reaction product resulting from the reaction of noradrenaline with glutaraldehyde during fixation of the rat adrenal medulla and subsequent treatment with potassium dichromate. In unstained ultrathin sections, noradrenaline cells can be identified by their content of highly electron-dense storage granules, which enables individual granules to be analysed quantitatively to assess the amount of bound chromium within them. In young adult (4-month-old) rats the mean chromium content of noradrenaline-containing adrenal medullary granules was 443.6±50.7 mM/kg dry weight. In aged (24-month-old) animals the mean chromium content was 267.0±64.0 mM/kg dry weight which was significantly (P<0.01) lower then the value for the young adult rats. Some noradrenaline cells contained granule populations, which were markedly less electron dense than those in the young adults and this is reflected in the ranges of chromium values recorded between individual cells in the 24-month-old animals. There were also noradrenaline cells in the medulla of the aged animals, which contained highly electron-dense granules but these did not contain as much bound chromium as the highest values recorded in the young adult animals. The results are discussed in the context of the growth of the rat adrenal medulla throughout the lifespan and with respect to the effects of age on the integrity of storage granules.     

Conditions that influence the genetic activity of potassium dichromate and chromium chloride in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Potassium dichromate and chromium chloride were analyzed for their ability to induce mitotic gene conversion and point reverse mutation in D7 diploid strain of S. cerevisiae. We used cells from the stationary phase of growth with and without metabolic activation (S9 hepatic fraction) and cells from the logarithmic phase, that contain a high level of cytochrome P-450 and have a greater permeability. In the present work we confirmed the genetic activity of K2Cr2O7 in cells from the stationary phase, with and without S9 fraction and in cells from the logarithmic growth phase. A slight increase in genetic activity was observed in experiments with CrCl3 using phosphate buffer, but no genetic effects were noted in Tris-HCl buffer. Our studies suggest that phosphate ion may be the carrier responsible of the entrance of trivalent chromium in the cells. The higher cellular permeability may account for the different results obtained with both compounds in cells from the stationary and logarithmic phases of growth.     

Effect of different doses of chromium picolinate on protein metabolism in infant rats.

This 12-day study was conducted to evaluate the effects of three different levels of dietary chromium (100, 200, and 500 microg/day) in the form of chromium picolinate (CrPic) on growth and protein use in weaned rats. No significant effect of CrPic on body weight gain, food intake, or food conversion rate was observed. Elevated doses of CrPic seemed to increase muscle mass, either by stimulating protein anabolism by activation of insulin by chromium or by lowering protein degradation. However, these effects had no repercussions on overall growth, suggesting that any anabolic effect of chromium due to the action of insulin was probably marginal.     

两种价态铬(Ⅲ,Ⅵ)对真核酵母细胞谷胱甘肽水平影响

工业的迅猛发展使得重金属污染加剧,得到了人们的广泛关注。铬(Cr)在化工业中的广泛应用,使其成为一种主要的环境污染重金属离子。酿酒酵母是研究金属毒性最常用的生物之一。本文比较了三种铬盐(三氯化铬、三氧化铬、重铬酸钾)对酿酒酵母生长的影响,半抑制浓度的两种价态铬(Cr^3+,Cr^6+)处理酵母细胞,Cr^6+引起细胞的致死率更高。已有研究表明谷胱甘肽是胞内重要的还原剂,常用于细胞的重金属解毒,因此探究了两种价态的铬对酵母胞内谷胱甘肽水平的影响。结果显示重铬酸钾和三氧化铬浓度的升高都会引起胞内含量显著降低,而三氯化铬基本不变,过表达GSH1基因有利于提高酵母细胞对Cr^6+的抗性,但对Cr^3+没有明显效果,这说明两种价态铬在胞内生化作用方式不同,细胞应对的解毒机制也不一样。该研究对工业含铬废弃物处理和微生物治理环境污染提供了理论依据。     

A comparison of the insulin-sensitive transport of chromium in healthy and model diabetic rats

In response to insulin, chromium(III) is moved from the blood to the tissues where it is ultimately lost in the urine, apparently as the oligopeptide chromodulin; this transfer of chromium is mediated by the protein transferrin. To examine the effects of type 1 and type 2 diabetes on the transport of chromium, the fate of chromium from intravenously introduced (51)Cr(2)-labelled transferrin was monitored after 2 h in healthy and diabetic model rats; the effects of insulin on the transport of chromium in these groups were also examined. Diabetic rats had greater urinary chromium loss, greater movement of chromium from the blood to the tissues, most notably to the skeletal muscle, and an alteration of the distribution of chromium in the blood plasma.     

Lack of genotoxic effects in hematopoietic and gastrointestinal cells of mice receiving chromium(VI) with the drinking water

Chromium(VI) is genotoxic when tested in vitro or injected parenterally in such a way to escape detoxification mechanisms. However, its genotoxicity and potential carcinogenicity are lost, depending on dose and administration route, due to efficient reduction in body fluids and nontarget cells. Chromium(VI) is a Group 1 IARC carcinogen, but only in the respiratory tract and in well-defined occupational settings that involved heavy exposures. Recently, concern has been expressed that oral chromium(VI) may be a gastric carcinogen. We demonstrated that administration of very high doses of chromium(VI) with the drinking water does not induce any clastogenic effect in hematopoietic cells of adult mice and their fetuses. Thereafter, we investigated whether administration of chromium(VI) with the drinking water may induce local genotoxic effects in the gastrointestinal tract. Sodium dichromate dihydrate was administered to mice for 9 consecutive months, at doses corresponding to 5 and 20 mg chromium(VI)/l, which exceed drinking water standards by 100 and 400 times, respectively. Under these conditions, chromium(VI) failed to enhance the frequency of DNA-protein crosslinks and did not cause oxidative DNA damage, measured in terms of 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine, in the forestomach, glandular stomach and duodenum. When cells from the same organs were isolated and challenged in vitro with chromium(VI), as positive controls, the same genotoxicity biomarkers were evidently affected. Thus, consistently with the knowledge accumulated in 50 years of research on chromium(VI) kinetics and metabolism, oral chromium(VI) appears to be devoid of genotoxicity in the gastrointestinal tract. After 9 months, we did not observe any variation of tumor yield in skin, lung, forestomach, glandular stomach, and duodenum of chromium(VI)-treated mice. These results are discussed in the light of literature data, also including a recent 2-year carcinogenicity study performed by the National Toxicology Program.     

Role of physiological antioxidants in chromium(VI)-induced cellular injury.

Chromium(VI) compounds are well known to be potent toxic and carcinogenic agents. Because chromium(VI) is easily taken up by cells and is subsequently reduced to the trivalent form, the formation of chromium(III) or other intermediate oxidation states such as chromium(V) and (IV) is believed to play a role in the adverse biological effects of chromium(VI) compounds. Recent in vitro studies have shown that this reduction process generates free radical species such as active oxygen radicals. Furthermore, physiological antioxidants are reported to modify the genotoxic and toxic effects of chromate. This article reviewed the recent in vitro and in vivo studies of the effects of antioxidants including active oxygen scavengers; glutathione; vitamins B2, E, and C, on chromate-induced injury such as DNA lesions; lipid peroxidation; enzyme inhibition; cytotoxicity; mutation; and so on. In addition, the mechanism of action of these antioxidants was discussed with respect to the formation of active oxygen radicals and paramagnetic chromium such as chromium(V) and (III). Such studies may help elucidate the mechanism of chromium(VI) toxicity as well as the mechanism of protection.