东亚粗叶木属(茜草科)植物的分布及其生物地理意义

茜草科粗叶木属植物是亚洲热带原始林下优势地位明显的一类灌木植物.依据标本资料和分类学修订,研究了东亚产粗叶木属植物33个种的地理分布式样,并将其划分为热带亚洲、东亚和中国特有3个分布区类型,其中热带亚洲分布型可以进一步划分为印度(喜马拉雅)至马来西亚分布、印度(喜马拉雅)至中国南部和大陆东南亚分布及中国南部至大陆东南亚分布3个亚型.中国粗叶木属植物中热带亚洲分布型占总种数的72.7%,显示了中国热带地区植物区系的热带亚洲亲缘.一些粗叶木属植物种类的分布式样暗示了中国-日本、中国-喜马拉雅森林植物区系的分区及物种形成,喜马拉雅(横断山)-台湾山地植物区系的联系及台湾-琉球-日本物种迁移通道.海南、台湾植物区系缺少特有种反映了它们的植物区系大陆性很强. 粗叶木属植物种类的分布式样对中国热带植物种分布区类型的划分提供了参考.     

中国鸡形目鸟类的分布格局

基于中国鸡形目鸟类分布数据库,运用GIS技术处理物种分布数据,研究了中国鸡形目鸟类的水平、垂直分布状况和分布中心。中国鸡形目鸟类63种,分属2科26属,在水平分布上具有不均匀性,在动物地理亚区上表现为西南山地亚区分布最多(35种),其次是青海藏南亚区(30种)、喜马拉雅山亚区(22种);在垂直分布上则主要分布于从1100m到2900m的中、高海拔地区。中国鸡形目鸟类物种多样性具有2个分布中心:喜马拉雅-横断山中心和滇南山地中心。我国鸡形目鸟类主要涉及以下3个分布型:喜马拉雅-横断山型、东洋型和南中国型。其中以喜马拉雅-横断山型的种类最多,其次为东洋型和南中国型,其他类型较少。     

北极-第三纪成分在喜马拉雅-横断山的发展及演化

通过古植物学及古地史资料,论述了北极地区在第三纪早期气候变迁对喜马拉雅-横断山地区植物区系形成的影响,并通过一些喜马拉雅-横断山地区的特征类群;杜鹃属,槭树属,柳属,桦木属和桤木属以及一些草本类群虎耳草科的落新妇族,金腰属和虎耳草属,忍冬科的莛子镳属的分布式样和起源分化的分析,说明了喜马拉雅-横断山区系中有相当一部分是这些北方起源的,北极-第三纪成分迁移是现代喜马拉雅-横断山植物区系成分的一个重要来源,并且讨论了喜马拉雅-横断山植物区系同北方植物区系可能的迁移路线,指出西南-秦岭-东北通道即西南沿四川盆地经秦岭和黄河至东北和西伯利亚和“中亚高地通道”即向西经帕米尔高原同北方交流,向东经西南-秦岭-东北通道迁移交流是喜马拉雅-横断山植物区系成分同北方交流的主要路线,由于第四纪冰期间冰期反复作用,各类成分在该地区保存,汇集,分化发展,使得该喜马拉雅-横断山地区成了北极-第三纪中心消失以后,在近代形成的温带和高山植物区系新的发展和分化中心。     

横断山地区兰科植物区系的研究

兰科在横断山地区是维管束植物中的大科之一,共有91属,363种及9变种。 4属为我国特有属,其中1属为本地区所特有;155种及9变种为我国特有种。 其中69种及5变种为本地区所 特有。本文对属、种进行了分析,并对全部种的分布格局作了详细的介绍,概述了本地区兰科植物的区系组成及特点。本文从兰科植物属、种的分布提出了四川峨眉山是东亚植物区中划分中国-喜马拉雅植物亚区和中国-日本植物亚区的分界线上的一个重要的点的看法。     

河北省侧蒴藓类植物区系的主成分分析

根据较系统全面地野外调查、标本鉴定和整理,采用植物区系谱的主成分分析方法,对河北省侧蒴藓类植物区系进行了研究。结果表明;河北省侧蒴藓类植物共计196种(包括种以下单位),隶属于17科,66属。其中,北温带地理分布类型占主导地位,共计98种,占总种数的50．79％;东亚地理分布类型54种,占总种数的27．77％;中国特有分布类型16种,占总种数的8．38％;东亚—北美分布类型9种,占总种数的4．71％;旧世界温带分布类型9种,占总种数的4．71％;热带分布类型(包括泛热带分布类型和热带亚洲分布类型)仅有3种,占总种数的1．57％。运用植物区系谱的主成分分析对河北省与我国相邻地区侧蒴藓类植物关系的研究表明：西藏和横断山为一组,相异系数分别为31．9和43．5,与河北的联系相差最远;河北—东北—秦岭—内蒙古—山东为一组,内蒙古和山东在地理位置上与河北接壤,但相异系数分别达21．0和15．6,而河北与东北、秦岭相异系数分别为6．4和12．0,它们在区系关系上更为接近。分析结果对吴鹏程(1998)关于中国苔藓植物分布路线的观点以有力的支持,即存在喜马拉雅南麓地区—秦岭—东北的苔藓植物迁移路线;同时,说明大的山脉是苔藓植物进行扩散和传播的重要通道。     

巴颜喀拉山地区植物区系研究

巴颜喀拉山地区位于青海省南部,北纬32°20′～35°15′,东经94°50′～101°45′,面积约84 000km2,海拔高程介于3 600m至5 369m之间。本地区拥有种子植物1 116种,分属于64科,295属。区系特征概述如下：1)对属的分布区类型的分析表明,本地区植物区系以北温带成分为主,仅有9个分布区从热带延伸到温带的热带属,且在本区所含种类极少或仅有1种。2)对种的分布区类型的分析表明,大多数种(不包括中国特有种)属于中亚成分和东亚成分,且多呈中亚-喜马拉雅-中国西南或中国-喜马拉雅分布式样。以此为据所得结论是,本地区的种以温带成分为优势,具高原、高山分布的特点。3)本区东南部的生态环境和区系成分的来源均不同于其余地区。东亚分布型及其变型中国-喜马拉雅的种聚集在东南部。这里被认为是那些来源于横断山和西秦岭的区系成分的一个通道。4)对中国特有种的分析表明,本区系与横断山区系和甘肃南部区系联系最为密切。5)在高山特化作用和高山生态因子的选择之下,本区植物获得了适应寒冷和干旱的特性。6)本区植物的耐寒性常常伴随着耐旱和耐湿的双重特性,植物的这些特性也反映在它们的地理分布上。7)本区的区系性质和特点与唐古特地区基本一致,因此本植物区系应视为唐古特区系的一部分。     

古地中海退却与喜马拉雅-横断山的隆起在中国喜马拉雅成分及高山植物区系的形成与发展上的意义

横断山-喜马拉雅植物区系的开端是在晚白垩纪和早古近纪(早第三纪).古植物资料表明在古近纪初期横断山-喜马拉雅植物区系是同古地中海沿岸一致的以照叶林为主的暖湿植物区系.古近纪后期和新近纪(新第三纪)以后古地中海气候逐步旱化,原来的暖湿植物区系在地中海地区逐步消失,而在横断山及喜马拉雅和东亚其他地区得以保存和发展,现代横断山及东喜马拉雅的亚热带森林即是其后裔.古近纪中期以后由于古地中海的逐步退却,气候变得干旱,原暖湿植物区系逐步被现代旱生的地中海植物区系所取代.新近纪以后,旱生的现代地中海植物区系由于喜马拉雅和横断山的隆起而转向适应高山环境,逐步分化形成了现代的中国-喜马拉雅成分.横断山-喜马拉雅地区硬叶高山栎林的起源;铁筷子属,绿绒蒿属,芒苞草属,假百合属及马桑属的地中海、喜马拉雅-横断山间断分布的形成便是古地中海植物区系残遗的体现;黄花木属、独一味属等众多中国喜马拉雅成分就是古地中海祖先的后裔.这些代表类群的分析研究表明现代的喜马拉雅-横断山的高山植物区系以及中国-喜马拉雅成分中有相当的一部分是起源于新生代旱生的地中海植物区系.     

东亚植物区系的一些分布式样和迁移路线

本文根据毛茛科等科的一些植物的地理分布划分出由西到东方向的7种分布式样和由西南到东 北方向的8种分布式样,并列出了属于每种式样的植物。根据这些分布式样和对一些植物的地理分布 和亲缘关系的分析,看出了自我国西南部分别向东、向西和向东北诸方向伸展出的三条迁移路线：(1)由 西南部向东,在北部沿秦岭和大别山(秦岭-大别山走廊),在中部沿武陵山、幕阜山等山脉,在南部沿南 岭(南岭走廊)到达华东沿海地区、台湾或进一步到达日本和邻近地区;(2)从西南部向西达喜马拉雅山 区(喜马拉雅走廊);(3)从横断山区向东北方向经秦岭、黄土高原东部、阴山、长白山和小兴安岭,到达西 伯利亚及相邻地区;这条迁移路线可称为中国西南－东北走廊,在第四纪冰期中曾是一些植物从西伯利 亚或我国东北到我国西南部之间的往返通道。此外,还根据半蒴苣苔和吊石苣苔的地理分布,根据光萼 唇柱苣苔和芒毛苣苔的分布,根据斑叶唇柱苣苔、齿叶吊石苣苔、华丽芒毛苣苔、显苞芒毛苣苔、毛线柱 苣苔、光叶楼梯草、多序楼梯草、华南楼梯草、细齿崖爬藤和长蓖木兰的地理分布,根据山豆根属、山桂花 属、盾片蛇菰、滇黔楼梯草、微柱麻和单蓖麻的地理分布,以及根据檬果樟属的地理分布,分别区分出下 列迁移路线：(1)从云南东南和广西西部向东北分布到华东和日本的一条迁移路线;(2)由云贵高原南部 向东沿南岭走廊达台湾的一条迁移路线;(3)由云贵高原南部和中南半岛北部向西沿云南高原的南缘和 西缘达我国西藏东南部或印度东北部,最后沿喜马拉雅走廊达尼泊尔的迁移路线;(4)由云南高原南部 和中南半岛北部向南经马来半岛到苏门答腊和爪哇岛,以及向东南经婆罗洲到菲律宾的二条迁移路 线。根据对一些植物的分析,以及上述诸迁移路线的辐射状分布格局,并根据有关古植物学的研究(被 子植物可能起源于赤道地区;北半球和南半球的温带植物区系是在中白垩纪分化出来的),以及李惠林、 ВУЛЪВ和吴征镒等学者对我国植物区系的起源、性质等方面的重要论断,作者推测云贵高原和四川一带 可能是在中白垩纪,被子植物在赤道地区起源后向北半球扩展到达上述地区形成的一个重要发展中心,在这里发生了强烈的演化辐射,上述的诸条迁移路线就是这个辐射出现后的产物。     

中国画眉科鸟类分布格局探讨

中国现有画眉科鸟类122种,隶属于27属,占我国鸟类总种数的9.15%。通过运用GIS技术处理物种分布数据,研究了中国画眉科鸟类的分布格局和多样性中心。中国画眉科鸟类在水平分布上具有不均匀性,省际单元上云南最多(102种),占绝对优势;在动物地理亚区单元上滇南山地亚区分布最多(80种),其次是西南山地亚区(60种)、喜马拉雅亚区(47种);在垂直分布上,则以700～2700m的海拔地带具有最高的物种多样性。中国画眉科鸟类物种多样性最高的地区位于滇南山地亚区与西南山地亚区的交汇地带—横断山区南端。我国画眉科鸟类主要涉及以下3个分布型:东洋型、喜马拉雅-横断山型和南中国型。     

黄耆属簇毛黄耆亚属生物地理学研究

簇毛黄耆亚属的种类主要沿亚洲的“山链”分布,即横断山,喜马拉雅,查谟和克什米尔,帕米尔—阿赖,兴都库什和苏莱曼山脉,表达了东亚、西亚和中亚的植物区系地理关系。本文基于亚属的分布式样,对其8个分布区进行了分析生物地理学中的成分分析。结果表明,这8个分布区可划分为4类,即1)华北—东北;2)横断山和西藏;3)西喜马拉雅,西巴基斯坦,塔吉克斯坦;4)内蒙古—新疆。在本亚属的分布式样中,有两个地理“结点”,即横断山和西喜马拉雅,后者主要指克什米尔。推断地理上的衍进方向是由东向西发展,喜马拉雅是连接东西分布的通道。     

横断山区唇形科植物的地理分布

横断山区唇形科植物相当丰富,有46属240种,在国内仅次于云南和四川,但明显多于其它省区。通过对其属、种的分布区类型分析,其地理分布表现如下一些特征;1)从属的分布区类型来说,横断山区唇形科植物主要是温带性质,温带分布区类型的属数占总属数(世界分布的不计算在内,下同)85.3%,其中东亚分布类型为数最多,占总属数34.1%,其次是旧世界分布类型和北温带分布类型,分别占总属数29.2%和12.2%,而东亚分布类型中占绝对优势的是中国喜马拉雅分布亚型。2)从种的分布类型来说,我国特有分布的种占绝大多数,占总种数75%,而温带分布类型和热带分布类型分别占总种数20%和5%。在我国特有分布的种中横断山区特有的占72.8%。在横断山区特有分布的种中滇西北一地特有的占横断山区特有总种数32.1%,川西南一地特有的占横断山区特有总种数9.9%,滇西北和川西南两地共同特有的占横断山区特有总种数25.2%,要是把滇西北川西南看成一整体无疑是横断山区特有种分布中心,占横断山区特有总种数67.2%。3)滇西北川西南特有种分布中心,从其特有种组成分析,其成因有历史的也有生态的,但生态成因多于历史成因,因此该中心的植物区系较为年青,这是由于新构造运动强烈、垂直气候带变化明显,冰川多次进退,导致气候上下位移频繁以横断山脉的纵向深切,促进植物在发展过程中强烈分化的结果。     

青藏高原跳甲亚科昆虫区系研究

讨论青藏高原（包括横断山区）的跳甲亚科昆虫区系。该区已知47属228种。1）据属级阶元的分布类型分析,以东洋属和南型属种显占优势,是区系主体,显示该区跳甲区系的热带渊源,其中高山属种赋予该区以高山区系特征;2）该区物种分化活跃,是某些多种属中国种类的分布中心和分化中心;3）联系中国跳甲亚科区系,在地理分布格局上显示西－东分布,如Hespera属的分布和西南－东北分布或西南－东北的间断分布格局,如Pentamesa和Stenoluperus属的分布。这种地理分布格局反映青藏高原的隆起给中国昆虫区系带来重要影响。     

Notes on the Orchid Flora in the Hengduan Mountain Region,China

The Hengduan Mountain Region on the south-eastern fringe of the Qinghai- Xizang (Tibet) Plateau is located in W. Sichuan, N. W. Yunnan and E. Xizang, with a wide area of juxtaposition from the east to the west, the mountains extending and the rivers flowing from the north to the south. In this paper it covers an area from Daojie, Wayao, Yingping, Yangbi, Dali of Yunnan and Dukou of Sichuan in the south, to Banbar, Dengqeu, Shenda of Tibet and Serxu, Dainkog, Shuajingsi and Nanping (Jiuzhaigou) of Sichuan in the north, and from Lharong, Baxoi and Zayü of Tibet in the west, to Maowen, Wenchuan, Mt. Erlang, Mt. Emei and Xichang of Sichuan in the east (Fig. 1.). The Gongga Mountain is the highest in the region, its summit being at an altitude of 7556m, whereas the Dadu River Valley in the eastern part of the area is only 1150 m above sea level. Therefore, the relative height is about 6400 m in the region. The Hengduan Mountain Region is well-known for its various topography, complex natural conditions and rich flora. The floristic composition and features of orchids in Hengduan Mountain Region. 1. The species of orchids are abundant in the region. As we know so far, orchids in the Hengduan Mountain Region comprise 91 genera and 363 species with 9 varieties, and thus it is one of concentration centres of orchids in China, making up 56.17% of the total number of orchids genera in China, only less than in Yunnan and Taiwan, and 34.87% of the total number of orchids species in China, only less than in Yunnan and Sichuan. 2. The orchids genera in the Hengduan Mountain Region are complex in geographical components as indicated below: (1) Four geneva are endemic to China and one of them is endemic to the region. (2) Fourteen genera are of the north temperate distribution pattern, 2 of the Old World temperate one, 18 of the East-Asian one (including Sino-Himalayan and Sino-Japanese) and 3 of the East-Asian-North American one. (3) Twenty one genera belong to the tropical Asian distribution pattern, 3 to the tropical Asian-tropical African one, 13 to the tropical Asian-tropical Australian one, 1 to the tropical Asian-tropical South American one, 8 to the Old World tropical one and 2 to the pantropical one. (4) Two genera are cosmopolitan. The analysis of genera: Fourty eight genera (containing 151 species with 4 varieties) of the tropical distribution occur in the region, among which Calanthe and Cymbidium distributed in the temperate region, and Bulbophyllum and Peristylus in the subtropical part of China are comparatively abundant (with over 10 species), but the other 25 genera are monospecific and 11 genera each contain only 2-3 species. Some epiphytic genera mainly distributed in tropical Asia and belonging to tropical florestic elements, such as Vanda, Luisia, Schoenorchis, Flickingeria, Monomeria, Kingidium, Acampe, Phalaenopsis, Thrixspermum, Eria, Taeniophyllum, and terrestrial genera, such as Aphyllorchis, Collabium, Mischobulbum, Paphiopedilum, Thunia, Brachycarythis, Satyrium, Corybas, Geodorum, Zeuxine, Tropidia, have the Hengduan Mountain Region as the northern limit of distribution. Of 151 species with 4 varieties, 41 species with 4 varieties are endemic to China, and 14 species with 3 varieties of them are endemic to the area, making up 3.86% of the total in the region under discussion. There are 41 genera (containing 189 species with 5 varieties) of the temperate distribution, which occur in the region. Among them Platanthera (22 species with 1 variety), Cypripedium (17 species), Herminium (16 species), Amitostigma (15 species with 1 variety), Orchis (12 species), Hemipilia (8 species with 1 variety), Neottianthe (4 species), Gymnadenia (4 species), Diphylax (3 species), Bletilla (3 species), have the Hengduan Mountain Region as the distribution centre and differentiation centre. Among the 189 species with 5 varieties, 111 species with 5 varieties are endemic to China, and 54 species with 5 varieties are endemic to the area, making up 14.88% of the total of orchids in the Hengduan Mountain Region. Although the number of temperate distribution genera is smaller than that of tropical distribution ones, several points may be mentioned: (1) The Hengduan Mountain Region is distribution centre and differentiation centre of a number of temperate genera in China, and is the northern limit of many genera mainly distributed in the tropics. (2) The number in the former category is obviously larger than that in the latter. (3) Endemic species in the former category in the area are over three times as many as those in the latter. The differentiation of species of the temperate distribution genera is obviously stronger than the tropical ones, which characterizes the orchid flora in the area as the temperate one. The life forms of genera. The orchid flora in the Hengduan Mountain Region so far known comprises 91 genera, among which 51 are terrestrial, 32 epiphytic and 8 saprophytic, thus with the terrestrial one dominant. The analysis of species: The orchid flora in the Hengduan Mountain Region so far known comprises 363 species with 9 varieties. Their distribution patterns and floristic components, to which they belong, are indicated as follows: (1) Fifty four species, belonging to 33 genera, are widespread, covering the whole East Asian Region, but 6 of them are endemic to China. (2) Forty four species, belonging to 27 genera, are the elements of the Sino-Japanese Subregion, but 22 species of them are endemic to China. (3) One hundred and ninety five species with nine varieties, belonging to 53 genera, are the elements of the Sino-Himalayan Subregion under discussion: (A) Four species (i.e. Aphyllorchis alpine, Listera divaricata, L. pinetorum and Oreorchis micrantha) are distributed in the Himalayan Region and S. E. Xizang (Tibet), western part of this region. (B) Twenty five species, belonging to 17 genera, are distributed in N. W. Yunnan and the Himalayan Region (Appendix, 1.). (C) Sixteen species, belonging to 11 genera, are distributed in the Himalayan region and W. Sichuan. Among them 6 species occur only with Mt. Emei as the easternmost limit and 10 species occur in the region west of Mt. Emei. (D) Ten species, belonging to 9 genera, are distributed in the Himalayan region, this region and S. Shaanxi, S. Gansu or S. E. Qinghai. (E) Eight species, belonging to 6 genera, are distributed in the Himalayan region and this region. Among them 6 species have their range extending eastwards to Guizhou and 2 species eastwards to Guangxi. (F) Five species, belonging to 5 genera, having their range extending from this region southwards to N. Burma. (G) One handred and twenty seven species with nine varieties are endemic to China behind discussion. (4) (A) Three species (i.e. Anoectochilus moulmeinensis, Bulbophyllum forrestii and Liparis chapaensis) are distributed in Indo-China, Burma and the region. (B) Nine species, belonging to 7 genera, are distributed in Indo-China, N. E. India and this region. (C) Forty six species, belonging to 21 genera, are distributed in Indo-China, the Himalayan Region and this region (Appendix, 2.). (D) Twelve species, belonging to 11 genera, are distributed in Indo-China and this region (Appendix, 3.) 3. The vicarism is obvious in the orchid flora of the Hengduan Mountain Region. There are 10 species-pairs (in genera Calanthe, Tropidia, Anoectochilus, Mischobulbum, Bulbophyllum, Gymnadenia, Pogonia, Tipularia, Tulotis, Orchis, etc.) of the horizontal vicarism and 7 species-pairs (in genera Epigeneium, Epipogium, Platanthera, Pogonia, etc.) of the vertical vicarism in the region. 4. The endemic species are prolific in the region. In the orchid flora of the Hengduan Mountain Region there are 155 species and 9 varieties endemic to China: (1) Six species are widespread in the whole East-Asian Region. (2) Twenty two species are the elements of the Sino-Japanese Subregion. (3) One hundred and twenty seven species with nine varieties are the elements of the Sino-Himalayan Subregion. Among them 69 species with 5 varieties are endemic to the region (Appendix, 4.), making up 19% of the total in the region; other 58 species with 4 varieties are distributed in the region and neighbouring regions or provinces of it (Appendix, 5.). 5. Remarkable differentiation of the orchid flora in the Hengduan Mountain Region is shown by evident vicarism and abundance of endemic elements, exampled by Amitostigma, Herminium, Orchis, Cypripedium, Platanthera, etc. and one group of Platanthera, which is confined to the south fringe of the Xizang (Tibet) Plateau-Hengduan Mountain Region. The group consists of 12 species, of which one (P. edgeworthii) is distributed in the Western Himalayas from Hazara in Pakistan to Kumaun in India, and all the other 11 species (i.e.P. stenantha, P. bakeriana, P. roseotincta, P. deflexilabella, P. longiglandula, P. exilliana, P. chiloglossa, P. leptocaulon, P. platantheroides, P. clavigera and P. latilabris) occur in China, with 3 of them (i.e.P. deflexilabella, P. longiglandula and P. chiloglossa) endemic to China. According to their structure of gynostemum and form of labellum they belong to Platanthera without question, although they are different from the other members of Platanthera in stigma convex (not concave) and sepals mammillary-ciliate, stigma exhibits a series of evolutionary trends in part of species, from stigma single, convex, elliptic and located near rear of spur mouth (in P. stenantha) to stigma single, suddle, and located near front of spur mouth (in P. bakeriana) and to stigma double, separate and located at front of spur mouth in the other ten species. The group in Platanthera is only confined to the area from the south fringe of the Xizang (Tibet) Plateau to the Hengduan Mountain Region. It seems that the genus has been affected by intense lift of the area, causing variation and differentiation and giving rise to the group due to the long-term natural selection. Mt. Emei in Sichuan Province is the eastern limit of distribution of the group, where there are three spcies, among which two (P. deflexilabella and P. longiglandula) are endemic to the mountains. In addition, among Risleya (1 species), Diphylax (3 species) and Diplomeris (2 species), three genera typical of distribution in the Sino-Himalayan Subregion, Risleya and Diphylax have Mt. Emei as their eastern limit. Eleven species, belonging to elements of the SinoJapanese Subregion, occur only from Japan to Western Sichuan with Mt. Emei as the western limit. Among nine species, belonging to elements of the Sino-Himalayan Subregion, six occur from the Himalayas to W. Sichuan and three of them are endemic to the Hengduan Mountain Region, with Mt. Emei as their eastern limit of distribution. There are eight endemic species and one variety of orchids in Mt. Emei, making up about 11.59% of the total endemic species in the Hengduan Mountain Region. Orchid floristic elements in Mt. Emei are obviously different from those in Mt. Jinfo, the former being mainly of the Sino-Himalayan Subregion, while the latter being mainly of the Sino-Japanese Subregion. From the distribution patterns of the orchid floristic elements in the Hengduan Mountain Region and Eastern China, the Emei Mountain is considered important for drawing a boundary line between the Sino-Japanese Subregion and the Sino-Himalayan Subregion. The discussion may be summarized as follows: the floristic features of the orchid flora in the Hengduan Mountain Region are: (1) rich in species, complex in geographical components, eminent vicarism and differentiation, and prolific in endemic species; (2) terrestrial life form is dominant one; (3) mainly consisting of temperate and subtropical East-Asian elements, es pecially, elements of Sino-Himalayan Subregion, though with some tropical elements and elem-ents of other regions.     

中国蔷薇科绣线菊亚科的演化、分布——兼述世界绣线菊亚科植物的分布

绣线菊亚科是蔷薇科最原始的亚科,共有22属260余种, 包括常绿和落叶两大类群,前者是 原始类型。我国有8属100种,全都为落叶性。本文着重讨论中国各属的起源、演化和分布等 ,同时也概述全亚科植物在世界各植物区的分布等问题。绣线菊属Spiraea是该亚科落叶类群中最原始的属,它在早期发生趋异进化,衍生出形态各异而亲缘关系密切 的不同属,本文阐明了中国各属的系统位置和属间的亲缘关系。通过对我国各属地理分布的 分析对比,属的分布区可归纳为5个类型。对全球绣线菊亚科植物在世界各植物区中的属、种数统计表明,东亚区有8属105种,其中有96个特有种,是该亚科植物分布最多而又最集中 地区,具有在系统发育上处于各主要演化阶段的落叶类型,因此,东亚区是全球绣线菊亚科植 物的现代分布和分化中心,也是落叶类群发生和发展的关键地区。在北美洲,从马德雷区至落基山区一带分布着11属46种,均为特有种,显然北美洲西部也是该亚科植物的现代分布中心,但可能是第二分布中心。南美洲至今保存2个较古老的常绿属,即Quillaja和K ageneckia,基于此,南美洲可能是绣线菊亚科某些常绿属早期分化和发展的关键地区 。中国绣线菊亚科植物在东亚区占绝对优势,有8属82种,其中有62个特有种,分别占该区属 、种和 特有种数的100%、82%、和65%, 这些类群分布最密集地区是在中国喜马拉雅森林植物亚区 中的横断山脉地区和中国日本森林植物亚区的西部,这一带是中国绣线菊亚科的现代分布和多样性中心,很可能是某些属的发源地。由此看来,绣线菊亚科的落叶属可能起源于劳亚古陆。据化石记载,该亚科植物的起源时间可以追溯到白垩纪早白垩世。     

The Evolution and Distribution of Subfam. Spiraeoideae (Rosaceae) of China,with Special Reference to Distribution of the Subfamily in the World

The subfam. Spiraeoideae, consisting of 22 genera and more than 260 species in the world,is the most primitive subfamily of Rosaceae. It has developed into two groups,i.e. evergreen and deciduous ones, of which eight genera and 100 species in China are totally deciduous. In the present paper, the origin,evolution and distribution of the Chinese genera is discussed mainly, and the distribution of the whole subfamily in the floristic regions of the world is also mentioned. Based on evolutionary trends of morphological characters, Spiraea L. is considered as the most primitive genus in the deciduous group of subfam. Spiraeoideae, from which some genera are been derived, the systematic position and evolutionary relationships between different genera are elucidated in this paper. Through the analysis on the geographical distribution of the genera in China, the areal types may be divided as follows: (1) North Temperate Type: Spiraea, Physocarpus, Aruncus. (2) East Asian and North American Disjunct Type: Sorbaria. (3) Mediterranean, West Asian (or Central Asia) and East Asian Type: Sibiraea. (4) Temperate Asian Type: Exochorda.(5) East Asian Type: (a) Sino Himalayan Distribution: Neillia; (b) Sino Japan Distribution: Stephanandra. After analysis of the distribution of subfam. Spiraeoideae in the world, it is shown that the Eastern Asiatic Region, being the richest in genera, species and endemic species of the world,is not only the center of distribution and differentiation,but also an important region for occurrence and development of some deciduous genera of this subfamily, while in North America, the Madrean Region and Rocky Mountain Region, genera, species and endemic species are abundant, which indicates that the western part of North America is also the distribution center of this subfamily at the present, but it may be the secondary center of distribution. It can be seen that the relatively primitive and evergreen g enera, i.e. Quillaja and Kageneckia, are now confined to South America. The fact implies that the South America may be the region for early differentiation and development of the evergreen genera in Subfam. Spiraeoideae. The analysis of Chinese plants has shown that China has the most members of the subfamily in Eastern Asiatic Region, with eight genera, 82 species and 62 endemic species and that the maximum concentration is in western Sichuan, northwestern Yunnan and their adjacent areas. It is very obvious that the center of distribution and diversity of Subfam. Spiraeoideae in China lies in the Hengduan Mountain Region of Sino Himalayan Forest Subkingdom and the western part of Sino Japan Forest Subkingdom, where may be the birthplace of some genera in China. It may be considered that the deciduous genera of Subfam. Spiraeoideae might have originated in Laurasia.According to the fossil records, the time of origin of Subfam.Spiraeoideae dates back to the Lower Cretaceous.     

中国种子植物特有属起源的探讨

本文根据文献和调查资料,对于中国种子植物特有属(包括半特有属)进行了统计分析,着重根据现知化石资料和一些代表科属的系统发生,结合它们的地理分布探讨了中国特有属的起源问题,初步获得6点结论。主要是中国植物区系的特有性很高,种子植物中含有321个特有属和10个特有科(皆包括半特有的),约占全国同类属数的10％。包括系统发生和地理分布的各种类群。裸子植物特有属多发生于白垩纪或更早,被子植物古特有属主要发生于晚白垩纪及第三纪各时期,新特有属多发生于新第三纪及其以后,秦岭以南亚热带至热带山地是大多数特有属的分布和分化中心或发源地。即各特有属科主要起源于华南古陆和古地中海东岸,喜马拉雅造山运动和青藏高原的隆起,对于中国特有属的形成、发展和分布有重要影响。     

粉条儿菜属(肺筋草科)的地理分布及其物种多样性和分化中心

粉条儿菜属(AletrisL.)隶属于肺筋草科,全世界有23种1变种,东亚有18种1变种,北美东南部有5种,为典型的东亚-北美间断分布的属.本文在种(变种)的水平上,研究了粉条儿菜属的地理分布及其分布中心和多样化中心,并对其起源和分化以及现代洲际间断分布格局的成因进行了分析.结果表明,(1)中国共分布有粉条儿菜属植物15种1变种,而广义的横断山地区集中分布有13种1变种,是东亚粉条儿菜属植物分布最为集中的地区,而且包含该属植物各个进化阶段的代表.因此,广义的横断山地区是粉条儿菜属在东亚的分布中心和多样化中心.(2)根据粉条儿菜属及其近缘属的分布格局推测,该属可能在不晚于第三纪早期,起源于古北大陆.东亚和北美的粉条儿菜属植物形态区别明显,应该是隔离分化的结果.(3)该属植物可能曾经广布于北半球,后来地质、气候以及冰川等因素的变化,导致该属在一些地区灭绝,而仅存于东亚和北美东南部.(4)尽管横断山及其周边地区是东亚粉条儿菜属的多样化中心,但该地区很可能并不是粉条儿菜属最早的分化中心,因横断山地区周边的一些特有种可能是在晚近的时期形成的新特有种;另外,东亚粉条儿菜属一些原始的种类主要分布于我国中东部到日本一带.所以,中国中东部到日本一带可能是粉条儿菜属早期的分化中心.     

横断山区节肢蕨属的研究

文本报道了分布在横断山区域的节肢蕨属(Arthromeris)植物,已知12种,1变种;其中新种2个。讨论了该属在本区的地理水平和垂直分布,并初步探讨了在这一地区分布的种类和亚洲分布的种类之间的地理亲缘关系。     

云南怒江河谷种子植物区系的特有现象

怒江是我国西南地区重要的大河之一,研究其河谷植物区系特有现象对于认识该区植物区系的特点、发生和演变以及生物多样性保护等具有十分重要的意义。本文采用样方调查和样线调查法,沿怒江河谷从最南端的中缅边境(木城)到滇藏交界地区(秋那桶)对云南怒江河谷的种子植物进行了实地调查,并通过查阅文献和标本鉴定,统计得到该区域野生种子植物164科776属1718种。其中东亚特有科4科,中国特有属1属,中国特有种316种(含68种云南特有种,包括怒江河谷特有种3种)。对该区域种子植物区系及特有性研究结果显示,其种子植物区系地理成分复杂,与其他地区植物区系联系广泛,并具有强烈的热带性;该区域种子植物科、属、种的特有性均不显著,科级特有现象表明本区系属于东亚植物区系的一部分;本区域的中国特有种在云南层面与滇西南、滇西北联系密切,在全国层面与南方与西南关系密切,在东亚层面与中国-喜马拉雅地区联系最为紧密。     

Areography of the Gymnosperms of China (1) Distribution of the Pinaceae of China

Nine of 10 genera and 119 of approximately 240 species of the Pinaceae occur in China, including 67 endemic species and two endemic genera. In this paper, the distributional maps of all the genera of the Pinaceae are presented (fig. 1-8). The horizontal and vertical distributions of species in each genus are discussed. The analysis of the distribution patterns of the genera indicates that some genera, such as Keteleeria, Tsuga, Pseudotsuga, Cathaya and Pseudolarix, are restricted to the area south of the Qinling Mountains and the Huaihe River, and the others, i. e. Picea, Abies, Larix and Pinus, extend northward to northeastern China. However, all of the genera except Keteleeria and Pinus are not found in very dry areas and tropical mountainous regions of China. The monotypic genera, Cathaya and Pseudolarix, are distributed in eastern and central China. The genus Keteleeria consists of 10 species, 7 of which are concentrated in southern Guizhou, northern Guangxi, southwestern Hunan and easternmost Yunnan. The distribution of the remaining 6 genera shows the maximum concentration in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. (Figs. 2-8). Furthermore, more than third of species of the Pinaceae (37.8%) are also concentrated in western Sichuan and northwestern Yunnan. where a great variety of habitats and different topographic features occur. It is apparent that to conduct our systematic and evolutionary studies on this family in these region is especially needed. The relations between the areal size and the tolerance of species are discussed. The distributions of macrofossils and microfossils of the genera of the Pinaceae ia China are given, and it has been proved that areas of most genera of the family were considerably larger in the past. than at present.