甘草提取物对四种牙周常见致病菌的抑菌作用

目的体外评价甘草提取物对牙龈卟啉单胞菌、中间普氏菌、具核梭杆菌和伴放线放线杆菌四种牙周常见致病菌的抑制效果。方法以牙龈卟啉单胞菌、中间普氏菌、具核梭杆菌和伴放线放线杆菌四种牙周常见致病菌作为供试菌,采用液体稀释法,考察甘草提取物对这四种细菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC);并采用不同浓度的甘草提取物溶液,绘制甘草提取物对四种牙周致病菌的时间-杀菌曲线。结果甘草提取物对牙龈卟啉单胞菌、中间普氏菌、具核梭杆菌和伴放线放线杆菌的MIC值分别为1.50、1.50、0.75和1.50mg/mL,MBC值分别为6、3、3和3mg/mL。当甘草提取物达到对四种细菌的MBC值时,对于牙龈卟啉单胞菌、中间普氏菌、伴放线放线杆菌可在2h后可达到杀菌效果,对于具核梭杆菌可在4h后达到杀菌效果。结论甘草提取物对以上四种牙周常见致病菌具有良好的抑菌及杀菌作用。     

口源性口臭患者主要厌氧菌的分布

目的分析口臭患者龈下菌斑和舌苔上主要相关厌氧菌的分布情况。方法选择口腔门诊中口臭患者29例,鼻闻法来确定产臭部位和非产臭部位;分别采集龈下菌斑和舌苔标本接种在非选择性培养基和核梭杆菌选择性培养基,厌氧培养5d后记录非选择性培养基上生长的细菌总数、产黑色素细菌总数及核梭杆菌选择性培养基上生长的目的菌总数。结果29例患者中,15例患者的口臭主要来源于龈缘菌斑,10例主要来源于舌苔,4例患者的口臭由龈缘菌斑和舌苔共同产生;产臭部位和非产臭部位相比,细菌总数、产黑色素菌和具核梭杆菌数都明显上升（P〈0．01）。结论口源性口臭患者口气变化与产黑色素细菌、核梭杆菌相关。     

口腔鳞状细胞癌患者术后病变区菌群分析

摘要：目的 研究口腔鳞状细胞癌患者术后病变区菌群变化。方法 选择2017年12月至2018年12月于我院进行治疗的80例口腔鳞状细胞癌患者为研究对象,测定入选患者术前和术后第14天口腔病变中心区细菌检出率、构成比和数量。结果 患者术前病变区链球菌属的构成比（67.63%）和检出率（93.89%）最高,其次为葡萄球菌属、奈瑟菌属和普氏菌属。检出细菌数量为（4.06±0.42）~（5.49±0.53）CFU/cm2。患者术后病变区链球菌属的构成比（75.48%）和检出率（81.45%）最高,其次为普氏菌属、韦荣菌属、葡萄球菌属。检出细菌数量为（2.76±0.39）~（4.54±0.63）CFU/cm2。患者手术前后奈瑟菌属和梭杆菌属的检出率和数量差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,二氧化碳噬纤维菌属数量和细菌总量差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,而病变区各细菌构成比差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 口腔鳞状细胞癌患者术后链球菌属的构成比和检出率最高,未检测出梭杆菌属和奈瑟菌属细菌。     

云南文山铝土矿区微生物多样性初步研究

目的对云南文山铝土矿区矿石样品中的细菌多样性进行研究。方法采集云南文山铝土矿矿石样品,利用16SrRNA高变基因序列构建细菌基因文库,建立系统发育树,初步探究该矿区细菌多样性。结果文山铝土矿区矿石样品中细菌的主要菌群包括变形菌门、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门和梭杆菌门,其中优势菌群为变形菌门的细菌。结论云南省文山铝土矿区的矿石样品中存在丰富的细菌,且种群多样性较好。     

儿童乳牙根尖周炎感染根管厌氧细菌学分析

目的：报告50例5-8.5岁儿童根尖周炎患者感染根管73颗乳牙厌氧菌分离鉴定及体外药敏试验的结果,方法：采用K-B法。结果：89.04%(65/73)的患牙共检出厌氧菌150株,平均每例标本检出2.3株,常用抗厌氧菌药物替硝唑（TNZ）、甲硝唑（MNZ）对革兰阴性厌氧菌（产黑色素普氏菌,中间普氏菌,解脲拟杆菌,具核梭杆菌,牙龈二氧化碳噬纤维菌）有较好的抑菌作用;林可霉素对革兰阳性厌氧菌（厌氧消化链球菌,嗜酸乳杆菌）的作用则强于TNZ和MNZ,氯霉素（C）和乙旋螺旋霉素（AS）抗厌氧菌的作用则弱于前三者。结论：分析儿童乳牙根尖周炎感染根管菌群来决定抗菌药物的选择,在临床治疗上是必要的。     

核梭杆菌与其它口腔细菌共聚及共聚抑制

目的：探讨核梭杆菌与其它口腔细菌共聚模式及共聚抑制的方法。方法：通过目测、比色和电镜进行观察。结果：证实细菌共聚具特异性。核梭杆菌能与牙龈卟啉菌、血链球菌和变链球菌发生共聚,可形成共聚桥,证实核梭杆菌是早、晚期定植菌的的粘接桥。经热处理后,核梭杆菌丧失共聚能力,而后三菌均保持原有的共聚能力。乳糖和Ｌ－鼠李糖对它们有解聚作用。结论：牙菌斑中存在细菌共聚,经过一定处理后共聚可解除。本研究为生态防治牙周病提供理论依据。     

FISH法对垃圾渗滤液硝化生物膜发育的观察与分析

氨氧化细菌的培养和快速检测一直是高浓度氨氮废水处理工程的调试和运行监测中的难点问题。利用荧光原位杂交(FISH)方法,对广州大田山垃圾填埋场渗滤液好氧处理过程中复合生物膜反应器不同挂膜时间的填料和相应时期的悬浮污泥中氨氧化菌的群落结构和动态变化进行了监测,并且用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了相应时间段的生物膜的表面情况。结果表明,在挂膜初期,细菌首先在填料表面的凹陷处定居,随着挂膜时间的延长,填料上的细菌总数在增加。挂膜7d的填料上,氨氧化菌占全菌的比例为60%左右,挂膜20d的填料上,氨氧化菌占全菌的比例为40%左右;挂膜50d的填料上,已经形成了完整的生物膜菌群结构,其中氨氧化菌是最主要的优势菌群,它占全菌的比例保持在35%左右,这个比例在106d和155d的生物膜上仍然保持稳定。与填料同时取样的悬浮污泥,其氨氧化菌占全菌的比例远远低于同时期的填料上的比例,并且较不稳定。当出水氨氮浓度由30mg/L升高到70mg/L左右时,悬浮污泥中氨氧化菌的比例有所降低,而完整生物膜上氨氧化菌的比例仍然保持在30%左右并且对氨氮的去除起了主要的作用。     

牙周微生态研究进展

１　牙周细菌克隆的多型性与感染模式７０年代以后,随着对厌氧微生物分离、培养和鉴定技术的发展,从口腔内发现了三百多种不同种类的细菌,目前认为最可疑的牙周致病菌有：放线共生放线杆菌、牙龈卟啉菌、中间普氏菌、具核梭杆菌、福氏类杆菌、直形弯曲菌、优杆菌、溶齿艾肯氏菌、微小消化链球菌、月形单胞菌和密螺旋体,其中放线共生放线杆菌作为局限性青少年牙周炎的主要致病菌,牙龈卟啉菌作为成人牙周炎的主要致病菌是被研究得最广泛,证据也是最充足的。在感染微生物学领域,一个非常普遍的现象是致病菌往往存在多种克隆型,有些是毒…     

具核梭杆菌与结直肠癌关系的研究进展

结直肠癌(Colorectal cancer,CRC)是世界第三大癌症,涉及因素众多,而肠道菌群失调、菌群致病性与结直肠癌的发生、发展有着密不可分的关系。近期的研究发现具核梭杆菌(Fusobacterium nucleatum,F.nucleatum)与结直肠癌的发生存在显著的相关性。具核梭杆菌为革兰阴性厌氧菌,广泛存在于人体肠道中。分子机制研究发现,其能影响宿主细胞因子水平,促进血管生成、巨噬细胞M2极化和抑制机体免疫调节能力,进而增强肿瘤细胞增殖、侵袭及转移。本文就具核梭杆菌与结直肠癌相关机制研究进展作一综述。     

血液链球菌对牙周可疑致病菌的拮抗作用

本实验观察了血液链球菌对与牙周组织破坏关系密切的５种细菌的拮抗作用,包括：放线共生放线杆菌、牙龈类杆菌１中间类杆菌,产黑色素类杆菌、具核梭杆菌、二氧化碳噬纤维菌和放线菌。结果表明,在体外,血液链球菌除对粘性放线菌无拮抗作用外,对所有参试的这几种牙周可疑致病菌均有拮抗作用。拮抗物质存在于血液链球菌生活的细胞内。     

Polymeric membranes for guided bone regeneration

In this review, different barrier membranes for guided bone regeneration (GBR) are described as a useful surgical technique to enhance bone regeneration in damaged alveolar sites before performing implants and fitting other dental appliances. The GBR procedure encourages bone regeneration through cellular exclusion and avoids the invasion of epithelial and connective tissues that grow at the defective site instead of bone tissue. The barrier membrane should satisfy various properties, such as biocompatibility, non-immunogenicity, non-toxicity, and a degradation rate that is long enough to permit mechanical support during bone formation. Other characteristics such as tissue integration, nutrient transfer, space maintenance and manageability are also of interest. In this review, various non-resorbable and resorbable commercially available membranes are described, based on expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, poly(lactic acid), poly(glycolic acid) and their copolymers. The polyester-based membranes are biodegradable, permit a single-stage procedure, and have higher manageability than non-resorbable membranes; however, they have shown poor biocompatibility. In contrast, membranes based on natural materials, such as collagen, are biocompatible but are characterized by poor mechanical properties and stability due to their early degradation. Moreover, new approaches are described, such as the use of multi-layered, graft-copolymer-based and composite membranes containing osteoconductive ceramic fillers as alternatives to conventional membranes.     

整体铸造支架式可摘局部义齿添加人工牙的临床修理效果

目的：探讨整体铸造支架式可摘局部义齿添加人工牙的修理体会。方法：对240例佩戴整体铸造支架式可摘局部义齿的患者进行义齿添加人工牙修理,比较修理前后视觉模拟（VAS）评分、咀嚼功能及1年后人工牙的磨耗程度。结果：修复后VAS评分明显低于修复前,两者比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,但牙槽骨吸收距离未见明显差异（P〉0.05）。经过修复后义齿的固位稳定及咀嚼情况较修复前明显好转,在随访1年后,人工牙大多有轻到中度的磨耗,磨耗后出现23例颌位垂直距离缩短及2例下颌前移及偏移。结论：设计合理的支架连接体,并且尽量作添加人工牙和卡环的修理,可以延长义齿的使用寿命。     

镍铬合金烤瓷冠修复牙与对照牙牙周微生态及龈沟液蛋白水平的比较

目的观察比较镍铬合金烤瓷冠（Ni-Cr based porcelain-fused-metal crown）修复患牙与牙周健康对照牙龈下菌斑微生物分布、龈沟液总蛋白水平及牙周临床指标的差异。方法选择临床病例13例,前牙区咬合关系基本正常。采用镍铬合金烤瓷冠修复上颌切牙17颗,对侧同名健康天然牙作为对照。烤瓷冠戴入6～8个月后复诊,进行牙周健康状况的临床检查,分别取患牙、对照牙龈沟液及龈下菌斑盐水涂片。龈沟液定量并检测总蛋白水平。龈下菌斑涂片革兰染色,分类计数革兰阴性球菌、杆菌、弯曲菌、螺旋体及革兰阳性球菌、杆菌,共计数200个细菌。结果修复患牙与对照牙比较探诊深度、龈沟出血指数、龈沟液量、龈沟液总蛋白水平、龈下菌斑中革兰阴性杆菌增加,革兰阳性球菌减少,差异均有显著性（P〈0．05）。而菌斑指数及其他形态的细菌数差异无显著性。结论临床合格的镍铬合金烤瓷冠修复亦使患牙龈下菌群分布发生变化,可能是导致患牙牙龈炎症的原因之一;龈沟液量及总蛋白水平增加;牙周临床指标显示不良改变。     

Radiographic changes in alveolar bone height on overdenture abutments: a longitudinal study

Objective: Stabilisation of partial dentures is an important part of prosthodontic treatment, particularly in patients with an excessive reduction in alveolar bone supporting their abutment teeth. In these cases, overdenture prostheses are one possible treatment choice. Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of overdentures on the condition of alveolar bone of the remaining teeth, and to evaluate the overdenture concept in the prosthetic treatment of partially edentulous patients. Materials and methods: The investigation was conducted on 22 patients during observation periods of 6 and 10 years. After preparation, all abutment teeth were provided with either amalgam restorations or gold copings. An overdenture in the lower jaw was fabricated for every patient. A special film holder was used to repeat the X‐ray procedure in every patient in the same manner. The radiographs were evaluated using the grid scale. The alveolar bone level of all remaining teeth was evaluated on dental films by measuring the distance between the root apex and coronal border of the alveolar bone. Results: A statistically significant difference (p < 0.01) was calculated 6 years after delivery stage between distal alveolar bone levels of experimental abutments under overdentures and the remaining teeth of the control group. Alveolar bone of abutment teeth was considerably preserved, particularly in seven patients observed 10 years after provision of their dentures. Conclusion: Within the limitation of this study, the validity of the overdenture treatment in partially edentulous patients is concluded. Good oral hygiene was crucial for the success of treatment with overdentures.     

34例胎膜早破孕妇妊娠晚期阴道微生态及免疫因子变化状况分析

目的：胎膜早破是一种常见但发生机制十分复杂的妊娠并发症。在所有的早产儿中,孕妇胎膜早破的比例高达33％。本研究针对胎膜早破产妇妊娠晚期阴道微生态及免疫因子的变化情况,分析阴道内茵群失调或局部免疫反应与胎膜早破的关系,为临床研究提供实验数据。方法：回顾性分析我院于2010年7月-2013年3月收治的34例胎膜早破孕妇的临床资料,同时选取于我院进行健康体检的妇女及产前检查的健康孕妇各34例作为对照。采集所有研究对象的阴道分泌物,对比分析各组样本中病原微生物的分布及免疫因子的浓度。结果：胎膜早破组乳酸杆菌的检出率要明显低于健康妇女组与健康孕妇组（79．4％VS70．6％VS34．1,X2=8．438,P〈0．05）,三组研究对象其他茵属分布的差异比较无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;胎膜早破组阴道分泌物IL-6浓度与TNF．仪浓度要显著高于健康妇女组与健康孕妇组（P〈0．05）。结论：胎膜早破产妇阴道内的菌群分布与健康女性及孕妇有所不同,阴道内茵群失调及局部的免疫反应可能会导致胎膜旱破的发生。     

Microdamage in porcine alveolar bone due to functional and orthodontic loading

Bone remodelling has been associated with microdamage. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of microdamage in the alveolar bone and its potential role in the initiation of bone remodelling following the application of an orthodontic load. The three-dimensional morphology of the alveolar bone was investigated by means of high resolution micro-CT scanning. In 25, 3-month-old, male Danish land-race pigs, the alveolar bone around the lower right and left first molars was analysed. The right first molar was moved buccally with a force of 130 cN by means of a custom-made cantilever made of a TMA 0.017 x 0.025 inch wire. The left molar was left untreated. After 1, 2, 4, 7 and 15 days of treatment the regions containing the right and left molars were excised and en bloc stained in basic fuchsin and the presence of microdamage detected. Diffuse damage was present in the alveolar bone of both the treated and the untreated teeth on both sides. On the lingual sides, diffuse damage showed the same orientation as the periodontal fibres. Bone microcracks were also detected on both the treated and untreated teeth. On the buccal surfaces they where often observed in close proximity to scalloped resorption surfaces. After 1 day of treatment, the presence of microcracks on the buccal-treated side was particularly marked. To conclude, bone microdamage is present in porcine alveolar bone in form of both microcracks and diffuse damage, suggesting that microdamage-driven remodelling also occurs in the alveolar bone. The presence of bone microcracks in the direction of the orthodontic force at day 1 suggests that they could represent the first damage induced by the orthodontic load that has to be repaired.     

Disarming canine teeth of nonhuman primates using the submucosal vital root retention technique.

Removing or reducing the size of canine teeth of baboons and macaques has become an accepted practice to minimize the potential for injury to laboratory animal care personnel. A submucosal vital root retention procedure was adapted from the technique of root banking human teeth. In this technique, the crown of a tooth is amputated below the level of the alveolar bone crest, and the exposed pulp covered by a mucoperiosteal gingival flap. Our aim was to disarm the canine teeth of baboons and macaques with a single surgical procedure that would preserve a vital tooth root buried in alveolar bone under normal mucosa. Our long-term objective was to develop a technique that would not require further clinical management during the life of the animal. This paper presents the surgical techniques used.     

The reduction of Fusobacterium nucleatum in mice is irrelevant to the nitric oxide induced by iNOS

Previously we reported that mice infected recurrently with live Fusobacterim nucleatum (Fn) synthesize a significant amount of NO between 12 hr and 24 hr after the Fn injection. We now investigated whether the NO has the capability of killing Fn, a gram-negative rod periodontal pathogen. The mice were divided into three groups: treated with live bacteria (LB), treated with heat-killed bacteria (HKB) and untreated: normal (N). The Fn reduction, NO production and cell number after Fn injection were then compared in these mice. In the LB group, no Fn was detected at 6 hr, whereas it was still detected in the HKB and N groups at 24 hr as assessed by both colony counts and PCR assays. A significant amount of NO was synthesized in the LB group at 24 hr after the Fn injection. Fn is not killed by SNAP-generated NO in vitro. An increase in the total cell number was accompanied by an increase of the neutrophil numbers in the LB group. Intracellular O2(-) generation (including ONOO(-)) was visualized using dihydrorhodamine (DHR)-123. The peak of O2(-) generation by PEC was shown to be at 3 hr in all 3 groups. The number of O2(-) positive cells in the LB group at 3 hr was remarkably high, and most of them were likely to be neutrophils. The Fn reduction would be performed cooperatively via oxygen dependent and oxygen independent mechanisms. Thus reactive oxygen species (ROS) included in the oxygen dependent mechanism appear to be important for Fn reduction. However the significant amounts of NO derived from the iNOS synthesized in the LB group between 12 hr and 24 hr after injection of LFn were not involved in the Fn reduction.     

阻生牙拔除术的临床进展

阻生牙是指由于各种阻力导致不能正常萌出的牙齿的统称,通常阻生牙牙体大部甚至全部埋伏于骨内。阻生牙可导致各种并发症的发生,因此临床上一般主张预防性拔除阻生牙。阻生牙拔除手术因其难度高、风险大、术后反应重一直是口腔牙槽外科关注的重点。近年来随着手术器械、手术观念等方面的进步,阻生牙拔除术取得了一些临床进展。新型CT扫描设备CBCT可以为手术设计提供精确定位;借助各类微创器械,微创拔牙技术减小了手术创伤,降低了手术风险;新型麻醉方式和新型局麻药物可以极大减轻疼痛反应;心理干预也将成为阻生牙拔除患者围手术期管理的重要步骤。本文对近年来阻生牙拔除术在定位方式、微创技术、团队协作、疼痛控制和心理干预等方面的临床进展做一综述。     

Predictive factors for alveolar fenestration and dehiscence

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the distribution and incidence of two forms of alveolar bone resorption known as fenestration and dehiscence across time and space. To accomplish this a Medieval French population was studied and the results were compared with other studies to examine incidence and distribution of alveolar bone resorption. Thus, 1175 teeth were analysed for 81 individuals, from an agropastoral Medieval (12th–14th century) archaeological site of Vilarnau located in the South of France. Tooth presence and absence as well as dental alveolar resorption were recorded. A new standardised methodological approach to record alveolar resorption is presented and can be used for any skeletonised series. Measurements of dehiscence were made in the midline on each root in relation to the cemento-enamel junction and fenestration was considered as resorption restricted to alveolar bone. Through analyses of the distribution and incidence of alveolar bone resorption over-time in a Medieval French population, along with nine other studies, we present a list of predictive factors for alveolar bone resorption. Among these factors tooth position and function were the most important; anterior teeth were more commonly affected, bone resorption was more common on the labial/buccal versus palatal/lingual surfaces, fenestration was also more common on the maxilla and dehiscence on the mandible (p ≤ 0.001). These patterns do not vary through time or space, and therefore, provide predictive factors for health practitioners in oral therapy to improve patient recovery and post oral treatment success.