临床用DNA疫苗生产工艺研究进展

DNA疫苗是继传统疫苗和基因工程蛋白亚单位疫苗之后的新一代疫苗,具有很好的市场潜力。DNA疫苗生产工艺的质粒DNA大规模制备技术对DNA疫苗的产业化具有重要意义。本文介绍了DNA疫苗生产工艺的研究进展包括提高质粒DNA产量的策略、发酵后处理工艺、有效去除杂质和分离超螺旋构象质粒DNA的纯化工艺以及DNA疫苗生产相关的质量控制体系等。     

基因治疗用质粒DNA生产面临的问题及研究进展

基因治疗已成为21世纪一些重大疾病的有效治疗策略,目前携带治疗基因的重组质粒已作为基因药物进入临床研究。对用于基因治疗的生物制品的生产与质量控制都有相当严格的要求。虽然已建立大规模符合药学规格的质粒DNA生产工艺,能满足临床需求,但在这些生产工艺中还存在一些难以克服的瓶颈,如:载体构建、细胞裂解、细菌染色体DNA去除、细菌内毒素去除、生产过程中质量控制等。就近年来大规模生产临床用质粒DNA遇到的相关问题及解决方案作一综述。     

CTAB选择性沉淀和纯化质粒DNA工艺的建立

通过直接在大肠杆菌碱裂解上清中加入十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB), 优化CTAB与质粒DNA量的比例、质粒DNA选择性释放溶液的选择和TritonX-114的使用, 建立了简单、易行的大规模质粒DNA纯化工艺。纯化质粒DNA的质量检测结果显示, CTAB纯化的质粒DNA无菌体RNA污染, 菌体基因组DNA、内毒素和蛋白含量分别小于 100 ng/mg、50 EU/mg和10 mg/mg质粒DNA, OD260/OD280比值介于1.75~1.85之间, 超螺旋质粒DNA的比例大于80%, 该工艺纯化的质粒DNA能达到或接近FDA规定的人用质粒DNA的各项指标, 整个过程不使用动物源性酶和苯酚、氯仿、无水乙醇等有毒或易燃、易爆试剂, 成本低廉, 工艺环保。     

重组质粒pVAX1-PENK大规模制备研究

目的：建立质粒pVAX1-PENK的大规模制备2--艺。方法：对大肠杆菌工程菌DH5α-pVAX1-PENK进行补料发酵,利用自行发明的连续碱裂解过程对菌体进行裂解,经超滤浓缩后,用Sepharnse 6 Fast Flow层析柱分离DNA与RNA,再经Plasmidselect Xtra层析柱分离超螺旋质粒DNA与开环或线性质粒DNA,最后经Source 15Q层析柱精制质粒DNA。结果：发酵获得质粒pVAX1-PENK的产率为182mg／L,经碱裂解及层析分离后,最终制备的质粒DNA超螺旋比例大于98％,总回收率为60.5％,纯度（D260nm／D280nm）为1.8～2.0。结论：建立的质粒DNA生产工艺可以制备大量高纯度的质粒DNA,并避免了使用动物源性的酶及有毒试剂。     

一种大规模筛选单克隆及提取质粒的改进方法

利用α-互补(X-gal IPTG)从cDNA库中筛选特异克隆,以此去除含有未插入片段和插入片段小的克隆。运用展库的方法,通过辅助噬菌体对库中多个载体的切割,将载体以质粒的形式转化到大肠杆菌中;同时对质粒DNA碱裂解提取方法做了改进,建立了一种简单实用的大量提取质粒DNA的方法。该方法利用特定的蛋白质吸附膜吸附提取过程中的蛋白质,从而去除了使用酚-氯仿抽提蛋白质的复杂过程,减少了质粒DNA的损失,是一次性获得大规模质粒DNA的有效方法。获取的质粒DNA样品在纯度和浓度上都可以满足测序、PCR及Southern杂交等分子生物学实验的要求。     

基因工程

960406 通过微波裂解大规模制备质粒DNA[英]/Wang,B.…∥BioTechniques-1995,18(4)-554～555[译自DBA,1995,14(11),95-06158] 用微波炉加热细菌的方法有效地简化了已建立的质粒DNA大规模制备法。对培养于超级培养液(1.2％胰胨,2.4％酵母提取液、0.5％(vol./Vol.)甘油、50mM K_2HPO_4、28mM KH_2PO_4)中的细菌培养物进行离心,将沉淀重悬于10ml改     

用于质粒DNA规模化生产的大肠杆菌发酵培养基的筛选

为降低质粒DNA的生产成本,在标准LB培养基的基础上,利用国产试剂配制成十种大肠杆菌液体培养基,以pEGFPC3、pcDNAlacZ和pcDNKLYZ质粒转化的JM109和DH5α大肠杆菌为指示菌进行小规模发酵培养,定时采样测量OD600值及质粒产量,获得一种高性价比培养基。用该培养基培养重组大肠肝菌,绘制生长曲线,并于其对数生长中期进行42℃诱导。结果表明经42℃诱导后,重组大肠肝菌JM109和DH5α的质粒产量均有提高,重组JM109的产量比重组DH5α约提高20％,为低成本、大规模生产重组质粒提供了良好的技术保障。     

质粒DNA的酚-氯仿一步抽提法

本文介绍了一种极快速提取质粒DNA的方法。该法是对Serghini等发表的方法的改进,全过程只需用酚-氯仿混合液抽提一次,用时少,操作简便,适用于大规模筛选重组克隆子,也可直接用作转化、酶切及DNA序列测定。     

一种简易的分离根癌土壤杆菌质粒的方法（简报）

土壤杆菌属的一些菌含有分子量达100兆道尔顿的大质粒。根癌土壤杆菌的Ti质粒是潜在的植物遗传工程载体。目前制备这类大质粒主要用Currier＆Nester[1]和van Larebeke ＆ Schell[2]的方法。一般认为土壤杆菌破壁困难,需用溶菌酶、蛋白酶。虽然Currier＆Nester[1]把DNA变性后以酚和氯仿-异戊醇清除了一些染色质,但残存染色质仍多。两法最后都靠密度梯度离心法获得纯质粒。这样,就限制了制备Ti质粒的规模。我们采用Hensen＆Olsen[3]4 ％SDS和热冲击方法破壁,在控制温菌量和破壁液比例的条件下,不用酶也能破壁。然后,用酚和氯仿-异戊醇抽提去蛋白;不经 DNA变性,用Zasloff等人的酸酚法去染色质DNA; 再用Humphreys等人的方法,以PGA6000沉淀浓缩质粒DNA.经琼脂糖电泳鉴定,得单一DNA带,无染色质扩散带。这就为大规模制备根癌土壤杆菌Ti质粒提供了可能。目前正在进一步工作。     

微环DNA研究进展

质粒载体在基因治疗中占据重要地位.传统质粒DNA在真核生物中可能会引起严重的炎症反应,未甲基化的CpG序列可能抑制基因的表达,最好的解决办法是在生产质粒载体过程中将细菌调控序列整体消除.微环DNA是一种新颖的小环超螺旋表达框,它是传统质粒在大肠杆菌体内通过位点特异性重组得到的.微环DNA缺乏抗性标记基因、复制原点等细菌...     

Reverse micellar extraction systems for the purification of pharmaceutical grade plasmid DNA

Plasmid DNA as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) is gaining more and more importance. For the production of multigram quantities of this substance robust and scalable processes comprising several purification steps have to be designed. One main challenge is the initial separation of plasmid DNA and RNA in such a purification scheme. In this study we investigated the distribution of plasmid DNA and RNA in reverse micellar two-phase systems which is considered to be the basis for the development of an extractive purification step that can easily be integrated into common processes. For this purpose the distribution of the 4.6kb plasmid pUT649 and Escherichia coli RNA in systems comprising isooctane, ethylhexanol, and the surfactant methyltrioctylammoniumchloride (TOMAC) under the influence of different salts was studied. Anion concentrations at which the partitioning behaviour for nucleic acids inverted (inversion point) were identified. Systems capable of separating RNA from plasmid DNA were further analysed and applied to extract RNA from plasmid DNA out of a preconditioned cleared lysate. The capability of reverse micellar systems for plasmid form separation was also shown by capillary and agarose gel electrophoresis.     

Isolation of single-stranded DNA from loop-mediated isothermal amplification products.

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), in which a specific DNA sequence can be directly amplified under isothermal conditions, yields DNA in large quantities of more than 500 microg/ml. We have developed a method to isolate single-stranded DNA fragments from LAMP products that are stem-loop DNAs with several inverted repeats of the target DNA. This method requires the TspRI restriction enzyme, a primer hybridized to the 3' overhanging sequence at its cleavage site, and a DNA polymerase with strand displacement activity. The LAMP products are digested with TspRI and are then extended using the primer, producing the strand-specific DNA fragments. All processes, from LAMP reaction to primer extension, can be carried out at the same temperature. The use of strand-specific DNA would be conducive for detection by hybridization technique such as DNA microarrays.     

A fluorometric method for the detection of endodeoxyribonuclease on DNA-polyacrylamide gels

A fluorometric method has been described for the detection and identification of DNA-specific endonucleases in DNA-polyacrylamide gels after their separation by disk electrophoresis. This method was found sensitive enough to detect quantities as low as 5 pg of pancreatic DNase I. By the careful manipulation of the incubation conditions and the molecular state of the DNA substrate used, this method would be applicable to the detection and identification of other classes of enzymes exhibiting endo- and/or exonucleolytic activities such as those involved in the processes of replication, recombination, repair of DNA damage, and restriction.     

Reference Materials for Calibration of Analytical Biases in Quantification of DNA Methylation

Most contemporary methods for the quantification of DNA methylation employ bisulfite conversion and PCR amplification. However, many reports have indicated that bisulfite-mediated PCR methodologies can result in inaccurate measurements of DNA methylation owing to amplification biases. To calibrate analytical biases in quantification of gene methylation, especially those that arise during PCR, we utilized reference materials that represent exact bisulfite-converted sequences with 0% and 100% methylation status of specific genes. After determining relative quantities using qPCR, pairs of plasmids were gravimetrically mixed to generate working standards with predefined DNA methylation levels at 10% intervals in terms of mole fractions. The working standards were used as controls to optimize the experimental conditions and also as calibration standards in melting-based and sequencing-based analyses of DNA methylation. Use of the reference materials enabled precise characterization and proper calibration of various biases during PCR and subsequent methylation measurement processes, resulting in accurate measurements.     

Automated Gel Size Selection to Improve the Quality of Next-generation Sequencing Libraries Prepared from Environmental Water Samples

Next-generation sequencing of environmental samples can be challenging because of the variable DNA quantity and quality in these samples. High quality DNA libraries are needed for optimal results from next-generation sequencing. Environmental samples such as water may have low quality and quantities of DNA as well as contaminants that co-precipitate with DNA. The mechanical and enzymatic processes involved in extraction and library preparation may further damage the DNA. Gel size selection enables purification and recovery of DNA fragments of a defined size for sequencing applications. Nevertheless, this task is one of the most time-consuming steps in the DNA library preparation workflow. The protocol described here enables complete automation of agarose gel loading, electrophoretic analysis, and recovery of targeted DNA fragments. In this study, we describe a high-throughput approach to prepare high quality DNA libraries from freshwater samples that can be applied also to other environmental samples. We used an indirect approach to concentrate bacterial cells from environmental freshwater samples; DNA was extracted using a commercially available DNA extraction kit, and DNA libraries were prepared using a commercial transposon-based protocol. DNA fragments of 500 to 800 bp were gel size selected using Ranger Technology, an automated electrophoresis workstation. Sequencing of the size-selected DNA libraries demonstrated significant improvements to read length and quality of the sequencing reads.     

A streptavidin paramagnetic-particle based competition assay for the evaluation of the optical selectivity of quadruplex nucleic acid fluorescent probes

Although quadruplex nucleic acids are thought to be involved in many biological processes, they are massively overwhelmed by duplex DNA in the cell. Small molecules, able to probe quadruplex nucleic acids with high optical selectivity, could possibly achieve the visualization of these processes. The aim of the method described herein is to evaluate quickly the optical selectivity of quadruplex nucleic acid probes, in isothermal conditions, using widely available materials, small quantities of oligonucleotides and virtually any kind and quantity of biological competitor. The assay relies on the use of streptavidin-coated paramagnetic particles and biotinylated quadruplex forming oligonucleotides, allowing a quick and easy separation of the quadruplex target from the competitor. In the present study, two quadruplex nucleic acids (the DNA and RNA human telomeric repeats) have been used as targets while a duplex DNA oligonucleotide, total DNA, total RNA, another quadruplex nucleic acid and a protein have been used as competitors. The optical selectivity of various probes, displaying different photophysical properties and binding selectivities, has been successfully examined, allowing the identification of a best candidate for further cell microscopy experiments. This assay allows a quick and reliable assessment of the labeling properties of a quadruplex binder in cellular environment conditions. It is an interesting alternative to gel electrophoresis experiments since it is performed in solution, has a well-resolved separation system and allows easy quantifications.     

Bio-CAP: a versatile and highly sensitive technique to purify and characterise regions of non-methylated DNA

Across vertebrate genomes methylation of cytosine residues within the context of CpG dinucleotides is a pervasive epigenetic mark that can impact gene expression and has been implicated in various developmental and disease-associated processes. Several biochemical approaches exist to profile DNA methylation, but recently an alternative approach based on profiling non-methylated CpGs was developed. This technique, called CxxC affinity purification (CAP), uses a ZF-CxxC (CxxC) domain to specifically capture DNA containing clusters of non-methylated CpGs. Here we describe a new CAP approach, called biotinylated CAP (Bio-CAP), which eliminates the requirement for specialized equipment while dramatically improving and simplifying the CxxC-based DNA affinity purification. Importantly, this approach isolates non-methylated DNA in a manner that is directly proportional to the density of non-methylated CpGs, and discriminates non-methylated CpGs from both methylated and hydroxymethylated CpGs. Unlike conventional CAP, Bio-CAP can be applied to nanogram quantities of genomic DNA and in a magnetic format is amenable to efficient parallel processing of samples. Furthermore, Bio-CAP can be applied to genome-wide profiling of non-methylated DNA with relatively small amounts of input material. Therefore, Bio-CAP is a simple and streamlined approach for characterizing regions of the non-methylated DNA, whether at specific target regions or genome wide.     

Microextraction of Nuclear Proteins from Single Maize Embryos

The analysis of DNA binding proteins can be difficult when only small quantities of tissue expressing the desired protein are available. We present a protocol for the preparation of nuclear extracts from as little as 100 mg of tissue. This protocol is well suited for extraction of DNA binding proteins from tissues that are difficult to obtain in large quantities such as maize embryos.