来源于大肠杆菌的6-磷酸己酮糖合成酶和6-磷酸果糖异构酶的原核表达与活性测定

同源性搜索显示大肠杆菌中存在核酮糖单磷酸途径关键酶6-磷酸己酮糖合成酶(HPS)和6-磷酸果糖异构酶(PHI)基因的同源序列,但没有其相关活性和功能方面的报道.本研究利用PCR方法从大肠杆菌的基因组中扩增hps和phi的同源序列(分别简称为Ehps和Ephi),构建了大肠杆菌Ehps和Ephi基因的原核表达载体pDEST17-Ehps和pDEST17-Ephi,表达和纯化了重组蛋白EHPS和EPHI,酶活性检测结果表明EHPS和EPHI具有活性.     

甲基营养微生物的甲醛代谢途径及其在环境生物技术中的应用

甲醛是一种毒性很高的一碳化合物,甲基营养菌是一类能在有高浓度甲醛的环境中生存的微生物,它们体内有多种降解甲醛的氧化途径和将甲醛转化为细胞组分的同化途径。丝氨酸途径和酮糖单磷酸途径是同时存在于甲基营养型细菌中的两种甲醛同化途径,木酮糖单磷酸途径是甲基营养型酵母菌中独有的甲醛同化途径。为了充分挖掘甲基营养型微生物在环境生物技术中的潜在应用价值,最近有很多研究尝试利用甲基营养微生物的细胞及其甲醛代谢途径关键酶开发甲醛污染检测方法和生物治理技术,对这方面的研究进展进行综述。     

利用定向进化提高基因工程大肠杆菌的甲醇利用能力

甲醇是一种重要的有机化工原料,价格低廉,碳还原度高,在生物化工中是糖质原料的理想替代原料。但是常用的工业微生物宿主如大肠杆菌不能利用甲醇作为碳源,这限制了甲醇在生物化工领域的应用。通过表达甲醇脱氢酶、3-己酮糖-6-磷酸合成酶和6-磷酸-3-己酮糖异构酶在大肠杆菌中构建可同化甲醇的核酮糖单磷酸途径。以基因工程菌作为出发菌株,通过连续传代和定向进化引入随机突变,突变株进行以甲醇为碳源的压力筛选,得到了2株可以利用甲醇生长的突变株。在以甲醇为辅助碳源的培养基中,25113Δfrm A/p ZWM1-13号突变株较原始菌株25113Δfrm A/p ZWM1菌体生长量增加27.6%。对25113Δfrm A/p ZWM1-13号突变株进行~(13)C示踪分析检测蛋白质合成氨基酸,结果表明氨基酸中~(13)C比例有明显提高。其中,甲硫氨酸~(13)C标记含量增加7.236%。因此,定向进化有效地提高了基因工程大肠杆菌的甲醇利用效率。     

植物维生素B_6从头合成与代谢转换研究进展

维生素B6是一组可相互转换的吡啶衍生物的总称,包括吡哆醇、吡哆胺、吡哆醛、磷酸吡哆醇、磷酸吡哆胺和磷酸吡哆醛。其中,磷酸吡哆醛是140多种细胞酶的辅酶。至今发现两种VB6从头合成途径,DXP(1-脱氧-D-木酮糖-5-磷酸)依赖途径和DXP非依赖途径,前者仅存在于大肠杆菌和少量其他细菌,后者存在于其他所有VB6自养生物。除了VB6的从头合成,所有细胞生物体内还存在一条相似的补救途径,补救途径实现VB6各型的代谢转换。该文对近年来国内外有关植物VB6从头合成和代谢转换研究进展进行综述。     

转酮醇酶及其工业应用

转酮醇酶是磷酸戊糖途径的关键酶,催化二碳单元在酮糖（供体）和醛糖（受体）间的转移。本文综述了该酶的工业生产及应用领域,如乙醇生产,芳香族氨基酸和手性物质的生物合成等。     

一种新的抗菌药物靶标蛋白质(3，4-二羟基-2-丁酮-4-磷酸合成酶)的克隆、表达、纯化及酶活性鉴定

[目的]核黄素( vitamin B12,riboflavin)是辅因子黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(flavin adenine dinucleotide,FAD)和黄素单核苷酸(flavin mononucleotide,FMN)的前体物,对生物体的生物合成至关重要.如果细菌不能够从外界摄取足够的黄素( flavin)就需要自身合成核黄素以维持菌体的生存与增殖.3,4-二羟基-2-丁酮-4-磷酸合成酶(3,4-Dihydroxy-2-butanone-4-phosphate synthase,DHBPs)为核黄素生物合成途径中关键酶之一.在镁离子存在的情况下,DHBPs将5-磷酸核酮糖(ribulose-5 -phosphate,Ru5P)转换成3,4-二羟基-2-丁酮4-磷酸(3,4-dihydroxy-2-Bu-tanone-4-Pho-sphate,DHBP)和甲酸盐(formate),生成的DHBP为核黄素合成的必需原料之一.人类没有合成核黄素的相关途径,因此细菌参与合成核黄素的DHBPs等相关酶就有望成为抗菌药物作用的靶位点.本课题通过对肺炎链球菌的DHBPs进行克隆表达纯化与酶学性质鉴定,为开展其三维结构的解析和抗菌药物设计提供重要的工作基础.[方法]利用PCR技术扩增DHBPs基因,构建重组表达载体pW28-DHBPs.将其转入大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21( DE3)中表达,用Ni离子亲和层析及离子交换(DEAE)纯化获得有活性的DHBPs后,进行酶学性质鉴定.[结果]酶切和测序证实成功构建了质粒pW28-DHBPs,在E.coli BL21中表达了可溶性DHBPs,纯化后获得了纯度为95％的靶蛋白质,经分子筛分析DHBPs在溶液中以二聚体形式存在.对DHBPs进行酶学性质分析表明,在25℃、pH为7.5和Mg2+存在的情况下,DHBPs具有将5-磷酸核酮糖转换成DHBP和甲酸盐的活性.[结论]第一次成功克隆并在E.coli BL21中表达了一种肺炎链球菌合成核黄素的相关酶—DHBPs,纯化后的重组DHBPs具有较好的5-磷酸核酮糖分解活性,这为解析其三维结构和基于结构进行的新一代抗菌药物设计提供重要的工作基础.     

植物类萜生物合成途径及关键酶的研究进展

萜类化合物是植物中广泛存在的一类代谢产物,在植物的生长、发育过程中起着重要的作用。植物中的萜类化合物有两条合成途径:甲羟戊酸途径和5-磷酸脱氧木酮糖/2C-甲基4-磷酸-4D-赤藓糖醇途径。这两条途径中都存在一系列调控萜类化合物生成、结构和功能各异的酶,其中关键酶的作用决定了下游萜类化合物的产量。植物类萜生物合成途径的调控以及该途径中关键酶的研究已成为目前国内外生物学领域的一大热点。综述了植物类萜生物合成途径和参与该途径的关键酶及其基因工程的研究进展,并展望了其应用前景。     

甲烷氧化菌20Z利用Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas途径高效同化甲烷

为了探究γ-变形菌纲 (Gammaproteobacteria) 甲烷氧化菌Methylomicrobium alcaliphilum 20Z的甲烷同化代谢过程。文中整合RNA-seq、LC-MS技术并结合13C标记策略对核酮糖单磷酸途径 (Ribulose monophosphate pathway) 及下游途径展开系统组学分析。M. alcaliphilum 20Z代谢物组定量分析表明Entner-Doudoroff (EDD) 途径的中间代谢物6-磷酸葡萄糖的浓度是(150.95±28.75) μmol/L,2-酮-3-脱氧-6-磷酸葡糖酸浓度低于质谱定量分析检测限,而Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) 途径中果糖1,6-二磷酸、甘油醛-3-磷酸/二羟丙酮磷酸和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸的浓度分别是 (1 142.02±302.88) μmol/L、(1 866.76±388.55) μmol/L和 (3 067.57±898.13) μmol/L。通过EDD和EMP途径的代谢物13C同位素动态富集研究,进一步揭示3位标记丙酮酸丰度是1位标记丙酮酸丰度的4~6倍。最后,基因表达比较分析发现EMP途径的关键基因 (如：fbaA、tpiA、gap和pykA) 的表达水平 (RPKM) 分别是2 479.2、2 493.9、2 274.6和1 846.0,而EDD途径中基因 (如：pgi、eda和edd) 的RPKM仅是263.8、341.2和225.4。综合上述结果阐明EMP途径才是M. alcaliphilum 20Z进行甲烷同化的关键通路。EMP途径代谢功能的全新阐述不但改变对Gammaproteobacteria甲烷氧化菌甲烷同化模式的传统认知,而且为甲烷高效生物催化转化提供重要的理论基础。     

植物戊糖磷酸途径及其两个关键酶的研究进展

戊糖磷酸途径是植物体中糖代谢的重要途径,主要生理功能是产生供还原性生物合成需要的NADPH,可供核酸代谢的磷酸戊糖以及一些中间产物可参与氨基酸合成和脂肪酸合成等。葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶是戊糖磷酸途径的两个关键酶,广泛的分布于高等植物的胞质和质体中。本文综述了植物戊糖磷酸途径及其两个关键酶的分子生物学的研究进展,讨论了该途径在植物生长发育和环境胁迫应答中的作用。     

植物戊糖磷酸途径及其两个关键酶的研究进展

戊糖磷酸途径是植物体中糖代谢的重要途径,主要生理功能是产生供还原性生物合成需要的NADPH,可供核酸代谢的磷酸戊糖以及一些中间产物可参与氨基酸合成和脂肪酸合成等.葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶和6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶是戊糖磷酸途径的两个关键酶,广泛的分布于高等植物的胞质和质体中.本文综述了植物戊糖磷酸途径及其两个关键酶的分子生物学的研究进展,讨论了该途径在植物生长发育和环境胁迫应答中的作用.     

Genomic organization and biochemistry of the ribulose monophosphate pathway and its application in biotechnology

3-Hexulose-6-phosphate synthase (HPS) and 6-phospho-3-hexuloisomerase (PHI) are key enzymes catalyzing exergonic reactions of the formaldehyde-fixing reaction and the isomerization of sugar phosphate in the ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) pathway. This pathway, which was originally found in methylotrophic bacteria, is now recognized to be widespread in prokaryotes and has been shown to be involved not only in formaldehyde fixation and detoxification but also in pentose phosphate biosynthesis. In this review, we describe the genomic organization and regulation of the genes of the RuMP pathway and then discuss the physiological roles of this pathway in prokaryotes. We further describe the biochemical properties of HPS and PHI. Heterologous expression of HPS and PHI in various organisms allows them to metabolize and detoxify formaldehyde, and we also review recent progress in such applications in biotechnology.     

Bacillus subtilis yckG and yckF encode two key enzymes of the ribulose monophosphate pathway used by methylotrophs, and yckH is required for their expression

The ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) pathway is one of the metabolic pathways for the synthesis of compounds containing carbon-carbon bonds from one-carbon units and is found in many methane- and methanol-utilizing bacteria, which are known as methylotrophs. The characteristic enzymes of this pathway are 3-hexulose-6-phosphate synthase (HPS) and 6-phospho-3-hexuloisomerase (PHI), neither of which was thought to exist outside methylotrophs. However, the presumed yckG gene product (YckG) of Bacillus subtilis shows a primary structure similar to that of methylotroph HPS (F. Kunst et al., Nature 390:249-256, 1997). We have also investigated the sequence similarity between the yckF gene product (YckF) and methylotroph PHI (Y. Sakai, R. Mitsui, Y. Katayama, H. Yanase, and N. Kato, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 176:125-130, 1999) and found that the yckG and yckF genes of B. subtilis express enzymatic activities of HPS and PHI, respectively. Both of these activities were concomitantly induced in B. subtilis by formaldehyde, with induction showing dependence on the yckH gene, but were not induced by methanol, formate, or methylamine. Disruption of either gene caused moderate sensitivity to formaldehyde, suggesting that these enzymes may act as a detoxification system for formaldehyde in B. subtilis. In conclusion, we found an active yckG (for HPS)-yckF (for PHI) gene structure (now named hxlA-hxlB) in a nonmethylotroph, B. subtilis, which inherently preserves the RuMP pathway.     

The ribulose monophosphate pathway substitutes for the missing pentose phosphate pathway in the archaeon Thermococcus kodakaraensis

The ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) pathway, involving 3-hexulose-6-phosphate synthase (HPS) and 6-phospho-3-hexuloisomerase (PHI), is now recognized as a widespread prokaryotic pathway for formaldehyde fixation and detoxification. Interestingly, HPS and PHI homologs are also found in a variety of archaeal strains, and recent biochemical and genome analyses have raised the possibility that the reverse reaction of formaldehyde fixation, i.e., ribulose 5-phosphate (Ru5P) synthesis from fructose 6-phosphate, may function in the biosynthesis of Ru5P in some archaeal strains whose pentose phosphate pathways are imperfect. In this study, we have taken a genetic approach to address this possibility by using the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakaraensis KOD1. This strain possesses a single open reading frame (TK0475) encoding an HPS- and PHI-fused protein. The recombinant HPS-PHI-fused enzyme exhibited the expected HPS and PHI activities in both directions (formaldehyde fixing and Ru5P synthesizing). The TK0475 deletion mutant Delta hps-phi-7A did not exhibit any growth in minimal medium, while growth of the mutant strain could be recovered by the addition of nucleosides to the medium. This auxotrophic phenotype together with the catalytic properties of the HPS-PHI-fused enzyme reveal that HPS and PHI are essential for the biosynthesis of Ru5P, the precursor of nucleotides, showing that the RuMP pathway is the only relevant pathway for Ru5P biosynthesis substituting for the classical pentose phosphate pathway missing in this archaeon.     

The physiological role of the ribulose monophosphate pathway in bacteria and archaea

3-Hexulose-6-phosphate synthase (HPS) and 6-phospho-3-hexuloisomerase (PHI) are the key enzymes of the ribulose monophosphate pathway. This pathway, which was originally found in methylotrophic bacteria, is now recognized as a widespread prokaryotic pathway involved in formaldehyde fixation and detoxification. Recent progress, involving biochemical and genetic approaches in elucidating the physiological functions of HPS and PHI in methylotrophic as well as non-methylotrophic bacteria are described in this review. HPS and PHI orthologs are also found in a variety of archaeal strains. Some archaeal HPS orthologs are fused with other genes to form single ORF (e.g., the hps-phi gene of Pyrococcus spp. and the faeB-hpsB gene of Methanosarcina spp). These fused gene products exhibit functions corresponding to the individual enzyme activities, and are more efficient than equivalent systems made up of discrete enzymes. Recently, a novel metabolic function for HPS and PHI has been proposed in which these enzymes catalyze the reverse reaction for the biosynthesis of pentose phosphate in some archaeal strains. Thus the enzyme system plays a different role in bacteria and archaea by catalyzing the forward and reverse reactions respectively.     

Formaldehyde fixation contributes to detoxification for growth of a nonmethylotroph, Burkholderia cepacia TM1, on vanillic acid

During bacterial degradation of methoxylated lignin monomers, such as vanillin and vanillic acid, formaldehyde is released through the reaction catalyzed by vanillic acid demethylase. When Burkholderia cepacia TM1 was grown on vanillin or vanillic acid as the sole carbon source, the enzymes 3-hexulose-6-phosphate synthase (HPS) and 6-phospho-3-hexuloisomerase (PHI) were induced. These enzymes were also expressed during growth on Luria-Bertani medium containing formaldehyde. To understand the roles of these enzymes, the hps and phi genes from a methylotrophic bacterium, Methylomonas aminofaciens 77a, were introduced into B. cepacia TM1. The transformant strain constitutively expressed the genes for HPS and PHI, and these activities were two- or threefold higher than the activities in the wild strain. Incorporation of [14C]formaldehyde into the cell constituents was increased by overexpression of the genes. Furthermore, the degradation of vanillic acid and the growth yield were significantly improved at a high concentration of vanillic acid (60 mM) in the transformant strain. These results suggest that HPS and PHI play significant roles in the detoxification and assimilation of formaldehyde. This is the first report that enhancement of the HPS/PHI pathway could improve the degradation of vanillic acid in nonmethylotrophic bacteria.     

Bifunctional enzyme fusion of 3-hexulose-6-phosphate synthase and 6-phospho-3-hexuloisomerase

The formaldehyde-fixing enzymes, 3-Hexulose-6-phosphate synthase (HPS) and 6-phospho-3-hexuloisomerase (PHI), are the key enzymes catalyzing sequential reactions in the ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) pathway. In this study, we generated two fused gene constructs of the hps and phi genes (i.e., hps–phi and phi–hps) from a methylotrophic bacterium Mycobacterium gastri MB19. The gene product of hps–phi exhibited both HPS and PHI activities at room temperature and catalyzed the sequential reactions more efficiently than a simple mixture of the individual enzymes. The gene product of phi–hps failed to display any enzyme activity. Escherichia coli strains harboring the hps–phi gene consumed formaldehyde more efficiently and exhibited better growth in a formaldehyde-containing medium than the host strain. Our results demonstrate that the engineered fusion gene has the possibility to be used to establish a formaldehyde-resistance detoxification system in various organisms.     

Formaldehyde Fixation Contributes to Detoxification for Growth of a Nonmethylotroph, Burkholderia cepacia TM1, on Vanillic Acid

During bacterial degradation of methoxylated lignin monomers, such as vanillin and vanillic acid, formaldehyde is released through the reaction catalyzed by vanillic acid demethylase. When Burkholderia cepacia TM1 was grown on vanillin or vanillic acid as the sole carbon source, the enzymes 3-hexulose-6-phosphate synthase (HPS) and 6-phospho-3-hexuloisomerase (PHI) were induced. These enzymes were also expressed during growth on Luria-Bertani medium containing formaldehyde. To understand the roles of these enzymes, the hps and phi genes from a methylotrophic bacterium, Methylomonas aminofaciens 77a, were introduced into B. cepacia TM1. The transformant strain constitutively expressed the genes for HPS and PHI, and these activities were two- or threefold higher than the activities in the wild strain. Incorporation of [¹⁴C]formaldehyde into the cell constituents was increased by overexpression of the genes. Furthermore, the degradation of vanillic acid and the growth yield were significantly improved at a high concentration of vanillic acid (60 mM) in the transformant strain. These results suggest that HPS and PHI play significant roles in the detoxification and assimilation of formaldehyde. This is the first report that enhancement of the HPS/PHI pathway could improve the degradation of vanillic acid in nonmethylotrophic bacteria.     

The archaeon Pyrococcus horikoshii possesses a bifunctional enzyme for formaldehyde fixation via the ribulose monophosphate pathway

Pyrococcus horikoshii OT3, a hyperthermophilic and anaerobic archaeon, was found to have an open reading frame (PH1938) whose deduced amino acid sequence of the N-terminal and C-terminal halves showed significant similarity to two key enzymes of the ribulose monophosphate pathway for formaldehyde fixation in methylotrophic bacteria, 3-hexulose-6-phosphate synthase (HPS) and 6-phospho-3-hexuloisomerase (PHI), respectively. The organism constitutively produced the encoded protein and exhibited activity of the sequential HPS- and PHI-mediated reactions in a particulate fraction. The full-length gene encoding the hybrid enzyme, the sequence corresponding to the HPS region, and the sequence corresponding to the PHI region were expressed in Escherichia coli and were found to produce active enzymes, rHps-Phi, rHps, or rPhi, respectively. Purified rHps-Phi and rHps were found to be active at the growth temperatures of the parent strain, but purified rPhi exhibited significant susceptibility to heat, suggesting that thermostability of the PHI moiety of the bifunctional enzyme (rHps-Phi) resulted from fusion with HPS. The bifunctional enzyme catalyzed the sequential reaction much more efficiently than a mixture of rHps and rPhi. These and other biochemical characterizations of the PH1938 gene product suggest that the ribulose monophosphate pathway plays a significant role in the archaeon under extreme environmental conditions.