杉阔混交林主要种群多维生态位特征

在生态位空间分割基础上,应用两种不同类型的生态位宽度公式和生态位重叠公式测定了杉阔混交林不同资源空间中主要种群的多维生态位特征。结果表明：考虑资源利用率与否对生态位宽度的测度有较大影响。杉阔混交林主要种群在不同资源空间中的生态适应性不同。在同一资源空间中,种对间生态位宽度与生态位重叠并非成正相关关系。在不同资源空间中,杉木与同一其它树种之间的生态位重叠发生变化。生态位重叠与竞争之间关系在很大程度上受种对间的生物学特性的左右。研究杉阔混交林多维生态位特征对混交林营造具有指导作用。     

淀山湖浮游植物优势种生态位

运用改进的Levins公式和Petraitis指数测定了淀山湖浮游植物优势种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠,分析了生态位宽度、种间生态位重叠与优势种密度和优势度的相关性.结果表明： 不同时期各优势种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠不尽相同,各物种对环境因子的适应能力存在差异.根据不同季节的生态位宽度可以将淀山湖浮游植物优势种分为4类;尖尾蓝隐藻和小球藻的生态位较宽,数量较多,分布较广,能充分利用环境资源.水华暴发时期,蓝藻门各优势种与其他藻类之间的生态位重叠程度相对偏高;铜绿微囊藻的生态位变宽,而其他优势种的生态位宽度相对有所降低.各季节优势种的优势度与其生态位宽度呈显著相关,优势种密度与生态位重叠呈极显著相关.     

伏牛山自然保护区植物功能群组成种的生态位研究

基于对河南省伏牛山自然保护区南坡森林生态系统的样地调查,以物种的重要值为指标,将伏牛山南坡森林生态系统按环境梯度划分为8个植物功能群。应用Levins生态位宽度公式和相似性百分率公式对组成8个植物功能群的7种主要乔木、14种主要灌木、4种主要草本种群进行了生态位宽度和生态位重叠计算与分析。结果表明：（1）重要值大的种群一般具有较宽的生态位,生态位重叠与生态位宽度有关,较宽的生态位常伴随着较高的生态位重叠。（2）高生态位重叠可能是生境斑块化和空间异质性的结果。（3）环境梯度上生态位宽度的变化,反映了功能群组成种对环境适应性和资源利用能力的变化,并最终导致植物功能群组成的变化。     

普陀山主要植物种生态位特征

利用样地调查方法,以物种重要值作为资源状态指标,应用Levins生态位宽度公式和Levins生态位重叠公式对普陀山主要植物种进行了生态位宽度和生态位重叠计算。结果表明:普陀山主要植物群落中,青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)、茶(Camellia sinensis)、薹草(Carex tristachya)的生态位宽度分别在乔、灌、草本层中占有优势地位;而且,各层植物种之间有着不同程度的重叠,表现为草本层>乔木层>灌木层;总体上,各植物种的生态位重叠较小,生态位分化明显,资源利用方式分化较大;分布频度是影响植物种生态位宽度、生态位重叠大小的主要因素之一,分布频度越大,则生态位宽度越大,与其他植物种形成生态位重叠的机率也越大。     

濒危植物毛柄小勾儿茶的生态位研究

采用生态学样方调查法,测定了濒危植物毛柄小勾儿茶(Berchemiella wilsonivar.pubipetiolata)所在群落主要物种的生态位宽度和它在其它物种上的生态位重叠,通过Shannon-Wiener生态位宽度公式和Levins生态位重叠公式计算分析,研究了该物种在浙江临安的马啸、湍口和安徽大别山地区的舒城、霍山等四个分布点群落中的生态位特征。结果显示:(1)位于马啸的毛柄小勾儿茶生态位宽度值相对最大,而其余三个地方的都较小,说明该物种对资源的利用能力较弱;(2)毛柄小勾儿茶与群落中少量生态位较小的伴生物种有较大的生态位重叠,而与大多数物种仅有极小的生态位重叠,表明该物种生态位特化明显;(3)毛柄小勾儿茶在几乎所有群落优势种上的生态位重叠值都较小,而主要优势物种与大部分伴生物种的生态位重叠值也较小,表明群落中存在明显生态位分化。研究认为:人为破坏和生态位特化导致的分布区狭窄、对生境要求特殊是毛柄小勾儿茶濒危的重要原因。     

翅果油树群落优势种群生态位分析

应用Shannon-Weaver指数和Petraitis的方法,研究了山西翅果油树群落21个优势种群的生态位宽度和生态位普遍重叠和特定重叠,结果表明：翅果油树和黄刺玫的生态位宽度最大,这主要是由于它们具有广泛的适应性。翅果油树在其它种群上的特定重叠远远小于其余20种植物在翅果油树群种上的特定重叠值。21个优势种群之间并不存在完全的普遍重叠。主要与它们对水分和光照不同的适应性有关。草本植物之间的特定重叠大于灌木。21种植物仅有4个种对(本氏针茅和野古草、野古草与本氏针茅、本氏针茅与多花枸子木和金花忍冬与白刺花)之间存在完全的特定重叠。     

浙江丽水白云山木本植物种群生态位计测

应用王刚提出的生态位重叠值公式,计测了丽水白云山国家森林公园39个样方54种主要木本植物的生态位重叠值。以此为指标,分别应用主坐标排序(Principalaxesanalysis,PAA)、最小生成树法(Minimalspanningtree,MST),作出了反映54种木本植物种间生态关系的二维投影图和最小生成树,发现马尾松、木荷、木、甜槠、马银花、苦槠、短柄、锥栗和乌药之间,山苍子、栗、蓝果树、大青、山樱桃和南方红豆杉之间有较高的生态相似性。按修正后的Levins公式,计算了54种木本植物的生态位宽度。根据生态位宽度,将54种木本植物分成5类,其中马尾松、木、木荷、锥栗、甜槠、格药柃具有较宽的生态位。统计表明,白云山地区木本植物生态位宽度(B)与种数(N)符合公式:N=18.333e-4.4109B,R2=0.9467,α<0.01,随着生态位宽度的增加,植物种数呈指数下降。     

生态位有关术语的定义及计算公式评述

生态位(niche)理论在种间关系、群落结构、种的多样性及种群进化的研究中已被广泛应用。但对生态位及有关术语诸如生态位宽度、生态位重叠、生态位大小的定义至今还比较混乱。对于它们的计测,虽已提出了许多公式,但对其在生态学上的合理性仍有争议,本文试就这方面的问题作一评述。     

黄土高原马栏林区主要植物种的生态位研究

应用L ev ins、Shannon-W iener生态位宽度公式和P ianka生态位重叠公式,定量研究了黄土高原马栏林区主要植物种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠特征,同时对主要种在演替系列上的生态位变化规律进行了分析.结果表明,在该地区森林群落演替系列中,乔木种生态位宽度的平均水平小于灌木种,建群种的生态位宽度小于主要伴生种;生态位宽度较大的种与其它各物种间生态位重叠的平均值较大,生态位宽度较小的种则相反,甚至没有重叠.由于物种生物生态学特性的不同和环境的异质性,具较宽生态位的物种间的生态位重叠也可能较小,生态位宽度较窄的物种间也可能有较大的生态位重叠,同属植物种对间也存在生态位重叠较大的情况.主要乔木和灌木种的生态位特征反映了森林群落演替的变化规律,该地区呈现出以自然恢复为主,同时又伴随着人为干扰的森林群落次生演替系列.     

宝天曼落叶阔叶林种群生态位特征

利用Ｌｅｖｉｎｓ、Ｈｕｒｌｂｅｒｔ生态位宽度公式和Ｐｉａｎｋａ生态位重叠公式测定了宝天曼落叶阔叶林１４种主要乔木和２２种主要灌木种群的生态位宽度和生态位重叠,并对生态位宽度、生态位重叠以及种间联结性的关系进行了初步探讨．结果表明,群落中主要优势种群的生态位宽度较大,乔木层主要优势种锐齿栎和漆树的Ｌｅｖｉｎｓ和Ｈｕｒｌｂｅｒｔ生态位宽度分别为１８．５２７、７．４８８和０．８８９、０．６８０,灌木层主要优势种哥兰叶、山葡萄和胡枝子的Ｌｅｖｉｎｓ和Ｈｕｒｌｂｅｒｔ生态位宽度分别为１８．９６４、１４．４７９、１３．２５１和０．９０８、０．７９９、０．７８５．具有相同或相似环境要求的物种间生态位重叠较大,生态位宽度较大的物种与其它种群间的生态位重叠较大．种间正联结性越强,其生态位重叠值越大,种间负联结性越强,其生态位重叠值越小．     

瓯江流域水生植物多样性与生态位研究

根据2010-2013年调查结果,结合相关文献资料,研究了瓯江流域的水生植物多样性和物种生态位。结果表明:①瓯江流域有水生高等植物181种(含亚种、变种),隶属于41科78属,属的分布型以世界分布为主,占总属数43.59%,热带性质的属发育较温带性质充分。②30个临时样地划分了河流、沼泽、农田、沟渠、池塘、洪泛湿地等6类生境类型,单位面积物种数以洪泛湿地最高0.09 ind./m2,其次是沼泽生境0.07 ind./m2;农田和池塘生境物种多样性随流域高程降低逐渐升高,其余生境物种多样性以中游最高;优势种生活型以挺水、漂浮植物为主,沉水植物、浮叶植物重要值较低; ③挺水植物生态位宽度普遍高于其他生活型,沉水、浮叶植物生态位宽度普遍较低;相同生活型植物生态位重叠以漂浮植物间最高,以沉水植物间最低;不同生活型植物生态位重叠以挺水-浮叶植物间最高,以沉水-漂浮植物间最低;生态型多样的喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)生态位宽度较大,与其他物种生态位重叠高,由此推测喜旱莲子草可能引起瓯江流域水生植物群落结构的变化,导致乡土水生植物物种多样性的降低。       

生态位态势理论与扩充假说

生态位态势理论,即从个体到生物圈,无论是自然还是社会中的生物单元都具有生态和势两个方面的属性,态是指生物的状态,是过去生长发育,学习,社会经济发展以及与环境相互和积累的结果;势是指生物单元对环境的现实影响力或支配力,始能量和物质变换的速率,生产力,生物增长率,经济增长率,占据新生境的能力,生物单元态的变化一般呈“Ｓ”型曲线,而势的变化则呈“钟”型曲线,特定生态系统中某生物单元的生态位即是该生物单元     

生态龛宽度的刀切法研究及其在高原鼠兔生态龛研究中的应用

本文讨论了如何应用刀切法(Jackknife method)研究生态龛宽度及其置信区间。由于刀切法给出了抽样分布的参数估计,从而使得一定概率水准上生态龛宽度差异的统计推断成为可能。作为实例,笔者应用刀切法研究了高寒草甸不同物候期中高原鼠兔的生态龛。     

THE NICHE CONSTRUCTION PERSPECTIVE: A CRITICAL APPRAISAL

Niche construction refers to the activities of organisms that bring about changes in their environments, many of which are evolutionarily and ecologically consequential. Advocates of niche construction theory (NCT) believe that standard evolutionary theory fails to recognize the full importance of niche construction, and consequently propose a novel view of evolution, in which niche construction and its legacy over time (ecological inheritance) are described as evolutionary processes, equivalent in importance to natural selection. Here, we subject NCT to critical evaluation, in the form of a collaboration between one prominent advocate of NCT, and a team of skeptics. We discuss whether niche construction is an evolutionary process, whether NCT obscures or clarifies how natural selection leads to organismal adaptation, and whether niche construction and natural selection are of equivalent explanatory importance. We also consider whether the literature that promotes NCT overstates the significance of niche construction, whether it is internally coherent, and whether it accurately portrays standard evolutionary theory. Our disagreements reflect a wider dispute within evolutionary theory over whether the neo‐Darwinian synthesis is in need of reformulation, as well as different usages of some key terms (e.g., evolutionary process).     

NICHE DIMENSIONALITY AND THE GENETICS OF ECOLOGICAL SPECIATION

Niche dimensionality is suggested to be a key determinant of ecological speciation (“multifarious selection” hypothesis), but genetic aspects of this process have not been investigated theoretically. We use Fisher's geometrical model to study how niche dimensionality influences the mean fitness of hybrids formed upon secondary contact between populations adapting in allopatry. Gaussian selection for an optimum generates two forms of reproductive isolation (RI): an extrinsic component due to maladaptation of the mean phenotype, and an intrinsic variance load resulting from what we term transgressive incompatibilities between mutations fixed in different populations. We show that after adaptation to a new environment, RI increases with (1) the mean initial maladaptation of diverging population, and (2) niche dimensionality, which increases the phenotypic variability of fixed mutations. Under mutation selection drift equilibrium in a constant environment, RI accumulates steadily with time, at a rate that also increases with niche dimensionality. A similar pattern can be produced by successive shifts in the optimum phenotype. Niche dimensionality thus has an effect per se on postzygotic isolation, beyond putative indirect effects (stronger selection, more genes). Our mechanism is consistent with empirical evidence about transgressive segregation in crosses between divergent populations, and with patterns of accumulation of RI with time in many taxa.     

生态位分离的涵义与测度

 资源状态的实际参数,即资源状态沿着资源利用谱的位置,在经典的生态位重迭公式被忽略,其结果物种生态位重迭测定值将随着资源维分割数目的变化而变化。本文提出将资源状态的实际参数考虑为该资源状态到理论生态位中心点的距离,从而进一步推导出生态位分离的测度公式。以广东鼎湖山厚壳桂(Cryptocarya)群落为例,结果表明物种生态位分离随着维度增加而递增。     

大沙鼠和子午沙鼠的种群生态位

大沙鼠(Ｒｈｏｍｂｏｍｙｓｏｐｉｍｕｓ)和子午沙鼠(Ｍｅｒｉｏｎｅｓｍｅｒｉｄｉａｎｕｓ)均为荒漠、半荒漠的典型鼠种,为群栖性鼠类,只是子午沙鼠不像大沙鼠那样形成很大的集群。在沙质荒漠生境,大沙鼠和子午沙鼠常混居于沙丘坡地上部,成为这些地区自然群落中的优势种。对于大沙鼠和子午沙鼠种群之间的关系,在空间分布格局方面的研究已有报道[1]。作者于1995年9～10月、1996年4～5月、9～10月和1999年10月在内蒙古包头市达尔罕茂名安联合旗北部的腾格淖尔地区,对大沙鼠和子午沙鼠种群生态位进行了研究,并就它们对资源的利用和分配以及两…     

THE DYNAMICS OF NICHE EVOLUTION UPON ABRUPT ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE

Abrupt environmental changes are of particular interest to understand how species can quickly evolve at the boundary of their current niche. In particular the “sliding niche” model, wherein a niche shifts globally toward the new condition, has been used in understanding and modeling this process. Here, we investigate the dynamics of relative fitness change in four evolutionary replicates of Escherichia coli populations exposed to an extreme pH shift. We analyzed these changes at generations 500, 1000, and 2000 to determine whether niche global deformations fully capture the temporal dynamics of niche evolution. Strikingly, this analysis reveals that fitness variations can indeed be attributed to simple and global deformation of an underlying simple niche template. Analysis from two experimental replicates displays a transient increase in niche width, consistent with recent theory considering plasticity evolution in the context of an abrupt environmental change. We term this scenario the “sidestep niche model.”     

THE MAINTENANCE OF SPECIES-RICHNESS IN PLANT COMMUNITIES: THE IMPORTANCE OF THE REGENERATION NICHE

• 1 According to ‘Gause's hypothesis’ a corollary of the process of evolution by natural selection is that in a community at equilibrium every species must occupy a different niche. Many botanists have found this idea improbable because they have ignored the processes of regeneration in plant communities.
• 2 Most plant communities are longer-lived than their constituent individual plants. When an individual dies, it may or may not be replaced by an individual of the same species. It is this replacement stage which is all-important to the argument presented.
• 3 Several mechanisms not involving regeneration also contribute to the maintenance of species-richness:

• (a). differences in life-form coupled with the inability of larger plants to exhaust or cut off all resources, also the development of dependence-relationships,
• (b) differences in phenology coupled with tolerance of suppression,
• (c) fluctuations in the environment coupled with relatively small differences in competitive ability between many species,
• (d) the ability of certain species-pairs to form stable mixtures because of a balance of intraspecific competition against interspecific competition,
• (e) the production of substances more toxic to the producer-species than to the other species,
• (f) differences in the primary limiting mineral nutrients or pore-sizes in the soil for neighbouring plants of different soecies, and
• (g) differences in the competitive abilities of species dependent on their physiological age coupled with the uneven-age structure of many populations.

• 4 The mechanisms listed above do not go far to explain the indefinite persistence in mixture of the many species in the most species-rich communities known.
• 5 In contrast there seem to be almost limitless possibilities for differences between species in their requirements for regeneration, i.e. the replacement of the individual plants of one generation by those of the next. This idea is illustrated for tree species and it is emphasized that foresters were the first by a wide margin to appreciate its importance.
• 6 The processes involved in the successful invasion of a gap by a given plant species and some characters of the gap that may be important are summarized in Table 2.
• 7 The definition of a plant's niche requires recognition of four components:

• (a) the habitat niche,
• (b) the life-form niche,
• (c) the phenological niche, and
• (d) the regeneration niche.

• 8 A brief account is given of the patterns of regeneration in different kinds of plant community to provide a background for studies of differentiation in the regeneration niche.
• 9 All stages in the regeneration-cycle are potentially important and examples of differentiation between species are given for each of the following stages:

• (a) Production of viable seed (including the sub-stages of flowering, pollination and seed-set),
• (b) dispersal, in space and time,
• (c) germination,
• (d) establishment, and
• (e) further development of the immature plant.

• 10 In the concluding discussion emphasis is placed on the following themes:

• (a) the kinds of work needed in future to prove or disprove that differentiation in the regeneration niche is the major explanation of the maintenance of species-richness in plant communities,
• (b) the relation of the present thesis to published ideas on the origin of phenological spread,
• (c) the relevance of the present thesis to the discussion on the presence of continua in vegetation,
• (d) the co-incidence of the present thesis and the emerging ideas of evolutionists about differentiation of angiosperm taxa, and
• (e) the importance of regeneration-studies for conservation.