古田山国家级自然保护区甜槠林优势种群生态位

采用样方法进行不同资源位群落调查,利用生态位宽度、生态位相似性比例和生态位重叠公式测试了古田山国家自然保护区甜槠林14个优势种群[甜槠(Castanopsis eyrei)、木荷(Schima superba)、马银花(Rhododendron ovatum)、檵木(Loropetalum chinensis)、麂角杜鹃(Rhododendron latoucheae)、虎皮楠(Daphniphyllum macropodum)、马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、青冈(Cyclobalanopsis glauca)、乌饭树(Vaccinium bracteatum)、石栎(Lithocarpus glaber)、赤楠(Syzygium buxifolium)、石楠(Photinia serrulata)、栲树(Castanopsis fargesii)、钩栗(Castanopsis tibetana)]的生态位.结果表明:甜槠和木荷的生态位宽度较大,其Bi、Ba分别为0.8703、0.8528和0.8446、0.7824;而石楠、栲树和钩栗的生态位宽度较小,其Bi、Ba分别为0.2956、0.1359,0.2953、0.1356和0.2684、0.1064.生态位宽度较大的物种之间的生态相似性比例较大,如甜槠与木荷、甜槠与马银花、木荷与马银花的生态相似性比例分别为0.7630、0.7252和0.6452;对生境需求有较大相似性的生态位宽度不同的物种其生态位相似比例也会较高,如木荷与马尾松生态位相似比为0.6866.生态位宽度较大的树种间生态位重叠较大,如甜槠、木荷、马银花等.甜槠林中生态位重叠值大于0.1的有39对,仅占21.4%,生态位重叠值不大,表明甜槠林中因利用相同的资源位而产生的种间竞争并不激烈,是一个稳定的森林群落.     

浙江金华北山木本植物种群生态位研究

按生态位宽度,浙江金华北山38种主要木本植物可分成三类,生态位宽度大于0.2的有马尾松、格药柃、短柄抱等10种,在0.20~0.10间有黄山松、苦槠、锥栗等12种,小于0.1的有化香、马银花、樟等16种;按生态位重叠值, 38种木本植物可以区分出四群植物:类群Ⅰ为黄山松、杜鹃、白马骨等,类群Ⅱ为马尾松、短柄抱、继木等,类群Ⅲ包括樟、白栎、枫香等,类群Ⅳ包括黄檀、木半夏、乌饭树等。本文提出,计算生态位重叠值时,可首先计算调查样点的群落相似系数,以具有最小相似系数总值的样点作为始端样点,以始端样点为参照,根据与其群落相似系数的大小,再对其它样点进行排列,使排列后样点的生态条件具梯度变化,在这基础上,再计算样点间的生态距离间隔;并提出以生态位重叠值为指标,应用聚类分析中的最小生成树法,对植物进行生态学相似性比较。本文研究证实了这种方法的可行性。     

浙江金华市郊地面苔藓植物生态位研究

在金华市郊不同生境设立30个样点。调查发现共有67种地面苔藓植物。计测了其中的54个主要种类的生态位重叠值和宽度,以生态位重叠值为指标,应用最小生成树法和主坐标排序法对它们进行分类。结果发现,金华市郊的地面生苔藓植物可被分成3个生态类群,苔藓植物种数(N)与生态位宽度(B)符合:N=27.304e 11.425B(R2=0.9915),大部分的地面生苔藓植物生态位宽度很窄。     

浙江省檫木林生境与生态位研究

植被生境是群落乃至整个生态系统的物质基础,生态位宽度、生态位重叠、种间关系在群落生态学研究领域也具有重要地位,因此在植被生境基础之上展开的生态位、种间关系研究对了解生态系统功能具有重要意义。主成分分析表明:土壤养分和海拔因子对檫木生长分布起着重要的限制性作用;通过重要值对环境因子趋势拟合得出檫木在浙江省的典型生境为:海拔400—800 m,坡度20°—40°,阴坡半阴坡,土壤厚度大且肥沃的区域;在出现檫木的189个监测样地中,共出现的乔木树种有149种,主要优势树种(以重要值排序)为杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata、马尾松Pinus massoniana Lamb.、木荷Schima superba、枫香Liquidambar formosana Hance、青冈Cyclobalanopsis glauca (Thunb) Oerst、苦槠Castanopsis sclerophylla、石栎Lithocarpus glaber(Thunb.) Nakai、檫木Sassafras tzumu (Hemsl.) Hemsl.等。生态位宽度大小依次为杉木、檫木、马尾松、木荷、枫香、青冈、苦槠、板栗Castanea mollissima等,可见杉木、檫木、马尾松、木荷对外部环境有较强的适应能力,在各个资源位中出现较多,对资源的利用优势比较明显,檫木的生态位宽度达到了61.65,仅次于杉木的89.64,甚至大于马尾松的57.28,也说明檫木能在研究区拥有较好的群落地位;檫木与野樱桃Cerasus serrula (Franch.) Yüet L的生态位重叠值高达0.9以上,和浙江楠Phoebe chekiangensisC. B. Shang、构树Broussonetia papyrifera、鸡爪槭Acer palmatum Thunb.的生态位重叠值分别达0.831、0.785、0.531,说明檫木和野樱桃、浙江楠、构树、鸡爪槭对生境要求比较相近,在生态资源充足的情况下可尝试混交造林;通过监测样地中11个优势树种的种间联结分析,显示檫木与杉木、马尾松、木荷的种间具有显著的正联结关系,与枫香、苦槠和青冈也存在正联结关系,可见在研究区内檫木能够与这些树种互相吸引。     

岳麓山马尾松生态位分析

在调查岳麓山植被的基础上,分析了马尾松（Pinus massoniana）群落乔木层和灌木层中主要种群的生态位宽度、生态位重叠及马尾松种群的年龄结构。结果表明：1）乔木层马尾松生态位宽度最大,灌木层中马尾松生态位宽度最小;2）马尾松年龄结构为衰退型;3）生态位和种群年龄结构表明,岳麓山马尾松虽然是乔木层的优势种,但更新严重不良,表现出强烈消退趋势;4）乔木层中与马尾松生态位重叠较大的种为樟（Cinnamomum camphora）、枫香（Liquidambar formosana）、四川山矾（Symplocos setchuensis）、冬青（Ilex crenata）、檵木（Cyclobalanopsis glauca）等,灌木层中栲(Castanopsis fargesii)和苦槠(Castanopsis sclerophylla)与马尾松生态位重叠最大。     

长苞铁杉林林隙主要树种生态位初步研究

以林隙前、中、后期3个发育阶段的各个林隙为一维资源位状态,利用Shannon-wiener指数、Levins指数及生态位重叠公式,计算林隙不同发育阶段主要树种生态位特征。结果表明,前期生态位宽度从大到小的顺序为:长苞铁杉、米槠、木荷、甜槠、深山含笑、香桂、青冈、猴头杜鹃、山矾、细叶青冈;中期的为:米槠、木荷、长苞铁杉、香桂、深山含笑、山矾、甜槠、猴头杜鹃、青冈、细叶青冈;后期的为:米槠、木荷、长苞铁杉、青冈、山矾、香桂、深山含笑、细叶青冈、甜槠、猴头杜鹃;林隙发育的不同时期主要树种生态位重叠值均较大,但随着林隙的不断发育,主要树种间生态位重叠值有减小的趋势;长苞铁杉在林隙发育的不同阶段与生态位宽度较大的物种有较小的生态位重叠值,而与生态位宽度较小的物种有较大的生态位重叠值。     

浙江五岭坑常绿阔叶林优势种群的生态位特征

采用定量分析法计测了浙江五岭坑常绿阔叶林12 种优势种群的生态位指数。结果表明: (1)小叶青冈、厚皮香、木荷的生态位宽度较大,而赤楠、短尾柯、米槠的生态位宽度较小。物种的重要值与其生态位宽度之间没有明显的相关性。(2)生境需求相似而生态位宽度较小的具毛常绿荚蒾与赤楠的生态位相似性比例最大, 具毛常绿荚蒾与米槠的生态位相似性比例最小。甜槠与米槠之间的生态位相似性比例较小。优势种群的生态位相似性比例总体水平较向, 平均值为0.6446。(3)群落优势种群的生态位重叠平均值为0.1219。甜槠与米槠之间的生态位重叠较小。群落优势种群之间的生态位重叠程度不大, 说明该群落因利用相同资源而产生的种间竞争不大。     

湘中丘陵区石栎群落研究

以湘中丘陵区石栎 (L ithocarp us glaber)群落为调查研究对象 ,分析了群落的特征 ,定量计测了乔木层主要树种的生态位宽度和重叠值。结果表明 ,石栎群落垂直结构较为复杂 ,可分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层 ,亦有少量的层间植物。群落的优势种较明显 ,乔木层的物种多样性指数较高。主要树种生态位宽度值大小顺序为 :石栎、苦槠、木荷、白栎、拟赤杨、南酸枣和柏木。在生态位重叠值中 ,以优势种石栎与白栎、柏木、枫香、樟树、拟赤杨、木荷、南酸枣、苦槠、秃瓣杜英重叠值较大 ,枫香与苦槠的重叠值最小 ,石栎与马尾松、君迁子属中等重叠     

长白山主要生态系统地面藓类植物的生态位研究

应用王刚提出的生态位重叠值公式,计测了长白山主要生态系统中41个样点42种主要地面藓类的生态位重叠值。以此为指标,分别应用主坐标排序、图论聚类及系统聚类分析方法,作出了反映42种地面藓类的种间生态关系的二维投影图、最小生成树和动态聚类图。3种方法相结合,能够对生态位重叠值矩阵进行直观地表达,并使所表达的藓类种间关系具有确切的生态学含义。研究表明,按生态位重叠值大小,长白山主要生态系统中地面主要藓类可区分出落叶松-沼泽藓类、高山苔原藓类和暗针叶林-岳华林藓类3大类。42种藓类中,生态位宽度(B)与种数(N)符合公式N=38.1985×e     

择伐强度对天然次生林乔木层6种优势种群生态位的影响

为探讨择伐强度对天然次生林乔木优势树种生态位的影响,运用定量分析方法对不同强度择伐下6种乔木优势树种[马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、木荷(Schima superba)、虎皮楠(Daphnipyllum oldhamii)、米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)、甜槠(C. eyrei)、黄瑞木(Adinandra millettii)]的生态位宽度、生态位相似性比例和生态位重叠进行了测定。结果表明：择伐干扰下,优势种群的生态位宽度随择伐强度增大呈下降趋势;除黄瑞木外,其余5种优势树种的生态位宽度均大于0.5;生态位重叠值大于0.8的种对比例,也随择伐强度增大而下降。在皆伐干扰下,优势种群的生态位宽度均小于0.5,生态位重叠值大于0.8的种对比例仅占46.7%。这说明适度择伐(弱度和中度择伐)干扰,有利于保持优势种群在群落中的较大生态位宽度和较强生态适应性。因此,合理择伐有利于中亚热带天然次生林的保护和利用,择伐强度应以弱度或中度为宜。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Time of detection of recessive genes: effects of system of mating and number of examined individuals

Summary Anthers were cultured from two sets of seven lines of hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with different cytoplasms, the euplasmic nucleus donors, Siete Cerros 66 and Penjamo 62, as well as their six alloplasmic lines derived from wild relative species of the genera Triticum and Aegilops. Significant cytoplasmic and nuclear effects but no cytoplasmic-nuclear interaction were found for embryogenic anther response, with the best performance of Penjamo 62 in Ae. kotschyi cytoplasm. Plant regeneration was not affected significantly by the cytoplasmic background of the lines cultured. The possible genetic implications of the observed cytoplasmic and nuclear influences on the in vitro haploid induction of wheat are discussed.