紫色秃马勃的生物学特性

为研究不同培养条件对紫色秃马勃(Calvatia lilacina)菌丝生长的影响,优选出最适合其菌丝生长的条件。通过单因素试验,以菌丝的生长状态和生长速率为指标,筛选出最佳碳源、氮源、微量元素、培养温度和初始pH;再通过正交试验L_9(3~4),进一步确定最优的培养基配比组成。结果表明:最佳碳源为葡萄糖、最佳氮源为酵母粉、最佳微量元素为MgSO_4,最适合紫色秃马勃菌丝生长的培养基配方为葡萄糖浓度2%、酵母粉浓度1%、MgSO_4浓度0.1%,最适初始pH值6.5,最适培养温度30℃。通过对紫色秃马勃生物学特性的研究,得到了最适合其菌丝生长的培养条件,为紫色秃马勃的进一步研究和开发利用提供依据。     

桑木层孔菌固体培养条件的研究

为了研究不同碳源、氮源、初始pH及培养温度对桑木层孔菌菌丝生长的影响,采用固体平板培养法研究了桑木层孔菌的培养条件,结果表明,该菌在淀粉为碳源时生长速度最快但长势较弱,在以葡萄糖和麦芽糖为碳源时生长速度比淀粉为碳源时稍慢,但长势最好;最适氮源为酵母浸粉;初始pH在5.5－8.0范围内变化时菌丝生长差异不大;培养温度在28－33℃范围内对菌丝生长有明显的促进作用。     

灰树花深层发酵培养基的研究

灰树花具有较宽广的碳源谱和氮源谱,其最佳碳源为马铃薯汁加葡萄糖,最佳氮源为麸皮。在有生长促进剂一板栗壳煮汁作用下,菌丝的增产率达１４０％。培养基的氮源种类和生长促进剂对菌丝生长具显著的影响,两者交互作用明显。培养基中碳源浓度过高不利于菌丝的生长。灰树花深层发酵的较佳培养基为ＱＦ培养基：葡萄糖６０９,ＫＨ_２ＰＯ_４ ｌｇ,ＭｇＳＯ_４ ０．５ｇ,ＣａＣｌ_２ ０．１ｇ板栗壳煮汁 １５０ｇ,水１Ｌ。     

灰树花液体深层培养工艺研究

对灰树花进行了液体深层培养试验,结果表明：液体培养基碳源以豆粉+麸皮、玉米粉+麸皮和氮源以蛋白胨、牛肉膏等较适宜菌丝生长的物质,确定了灰树花深层培养的液体培养基配方;并研究了培养条件对菌丝生物量的影响,得出了培养液pH在5．30～6．00和通气量为1：(1．00～1．40)的条件下,菌丝生物量达到最大。     

絮缘蘑菇生物学特性及驯化栽培

对采自祁连山地区的一株野生食用菌进行分离,通过形态学及其ITS序列的分子系统发育分析鉴定为絮缘蘑菇Agaricus subfloccosus。以分离纯化获得的菌株作为实验材料,对该种的生物学特性和驯化栽培进行研究。检测了不同碳源、氮源、温度、pH、无机盐、维生素在固体培养条件下对絮缘蘑菇菌丝生长的影响,对以上6个因素进行单因素试验,从中挑选出3个较优因素的最优水平进行正交试验。结果表明：实验范围内,絮缘蘑菇菌丝生长最佳碳源为蔗糖,最佳氮源为硝酸钾,最佳无机盐为硫酸镁,最佳维生素为VB₁₂,最佳温度为16℃,最佳pH为6。影响较大的3个因素为碳源、无机盐和pH,絮缘蘑菇最适的营养因子最佳组合配方为：蔗糖25g/L,硝酸钾2g/L,硫酸镁2g/L,pH为5.0。驯化栽培过程中,栽培配方为：木屑79%、高粱籽5%、玉米面5%、石膏1%、麸皮10%。温度16℃使絮缘蘑菇菌丝在90d左右满袋,覆土可培育出子实体。     

松乳菇菌丝生长营养需求的初步研究

本文对松乳菇菌丝生长的营养需求进行初步研究。试验表明,松乳菇菌丝生长最佳碳源是蔗糖;最佳氮源是蛋白胨;对菌丝生长,微量元素有抑制作用,而维生素则稍有抑制作用。     

假蜜环菌液体深层发酵条件的研究

对该真菌菌丝体的液体深层培养条件进行了探讨为进一步工业化发酵提供参考数据。方法：在基本培养基的基础上分别改变碳源、氮源、无机元素和C／N比对该菌的液体深层发酵情况,包括测量各培养条件下耗糖情况、绘制生长曲线,观察菌体的生长形态等等。结果：假蜜环菌的菌丝产量在第6d可达到最大值,其后会逐渐降低,并伴有溶菌的现象发生。在培养初期加入微量钴元素有利于刺激糖代谢提高菌体对糖的利用率,其作用主要是缩短延滞期。进入指数生长期后连续补加碳源有利于菌体迅速生长。优化后培养基组成为：葡萄糖l％和蔗糖1％为碳源,以酵母浸膏l％为氮源,KH2PO4 0．1％,MgSO4 0．05％Z,元素钴适量。液体深层发酵培养6d后菌丝生长状态已达到最佳,在此条件下搅拌发酵培养可收获20mg/ml(干重)的菌丝体。     

鲍氏层孔菌培养条件的研究

本项研究对分离于野外的鲍氏层孔菌从不同的温度、pH值以及不同的碳源和氮源的营养成分三方面进行室内培养,其结果显示鲍氏层孔菌营养菌丝生长的最适温度为28℃;最佳碳源为甘露醇和葡萄糖;最佳氮源为蛋白胨,其次为牛肉膏;而pH值在6.0-8.0的范围内变化对其菌丝体生长影响不大。这些结果为将来大规模人工培植鲍氏层孔菌提供了很好的指导作用。     

大白口蘑菌丝的培养优化

从大白口蘑子实体中分离得到菌种,并进行不同营养条件对大白口蘑菌丝生长的影响实验。结果表明,最佳氮源为酵母粉;最佳碳源为果糖;能明显促进菌丝生长的矿质元素为磷酸二氢钾;最佳生长调节因子为吲哚乙酸;最适温度为28－32℃;最适pH4.0－5.0。     

水葫芦黑斑病菌Alternaria alternata的生物学特性研究

在不同试验条件下培养水葫芦黑斑病菌Alternaria alternata菌株,探讨其主要的生物学特性,结果表明：该菌株生长的最佳培养基为PSA,最佳C源为葡萄糖,弱碱性和中性N源对该菌菌丝生长具有明显的促进作用,而酸性N源对其具有抑制作用。菌株生长的最佳pH值为pH7,最适温度为27℃。湿度越大,对菌株生长越有利。     

EVALUATIONS OF THE AVAILABILITY OF SOURCES OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS FOR ALGAE1

Techniques are compared for the evaluation of nutrient sources in which the potential nutrients are in contact with algae over their entire culture period versus relatively short-term exposure tests. Different nitrogen and phosphorus compounds were shown to be utilized in darkness as well as in light and were equally available at pH 7 and 9. The availability of relatively insoluble nutrients–iron-phosphorus compounds and teeth for phosphorus, hair for nitrogen iron pyrites for iron, and marble for carbon–indicates that in many cases the equilibrium between soluble and insoluble forms allows algae to compete successfully with insoluble forms for nutrients. Apparently, factors other than mere insolubility prevent algae from obtaining available nitrogen or phosphorus from phosphate rock or lake muds. Live algae or aquatic weeds with adequate or surplus nitrogen or phosphorus were shown to not share their nutrients with nitrogen- or phosphorus-limited algae, whereas the nutrients of killed algae or aquatic weeds were readily used by nutrient-limited algae. The facts–(1) that live algae and aquatic weeds do not share their adequate or surplus nutrients with nutrient-limited algae and (2) that lake muds do not provide readily available nitrogen or phosphorus–indicate that once lake waters are stripped of available nutrients by plant production, further plant production will depend upon nutrients from continuous sources of nutrients, such as wastewater effluents.     

Utilization of Carbon- and Nitrogen-containing Compounds for Neomycin Production by Streptomyces fradiae

A number of carbon and nitrogen compounds were tested for their effect on growth of Streptomyces fradiae 3535 and neomycin production. Dextrin, starch, and maltose were excellent carbon sources for neomycin production, and sodium nitrate, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid were adequate nitrogen sources. Studies on biochemical changes during fermentation in four typical media indicated that there was no direct relation between the growth of the organism and neomycin formation. The pH of the medium might be an important factor for neomycin synthesis. The quantitative formation of neomycin components depended on the variation of carbon and nitrogen sources. On the basis of this study, a suitable synthetic medium for neomycin production has been developed.     

根霉12号固体发酵产生纤溶酶工艺条件的研究*

研究了根霉12号固体发酵产生纤溶酶的工艺条件。采用单因素试验、均匀设计方法对固体发酵培养基的碳源、氮源、碳氮比、初始pH、加水量、无机盐加量进行了优化;采用正交试验对发酵时间、接种量进行了研究。结果表明,实验范围内根霉12固体发酵产纤溶酶的适宜培养基组成为:麸皮∶豆粕=1∶2,初始pH5.0,加水量0.75ml/g物料, MnSO4H2O和 (NH4)2SO4加量分别为0.25%和 1.42%(对物料)。适宜培养条件为接种量107个孢子/g物料,培养时间72h。优化条件下的纤溶酶产量平均达791.81u/g物料。     

营养物质对桑黄菌丝生物量及胞外多糖产量的影响

研究了不同碳源、氮源和无机盐对桑黄深层培养菌丝生物量和胞外多糖产量的影响,结果表明：在培养温度为26℃、摇床转速为160r／min、发酵时间为10d的条件下,以桑黄菌丝生物量为指标,最适碳源、氮源和无机盐分别是果糖或葡萄糖、酵母粉或酵母膏、KH2P04或MgSO4·7H2O;菌丝生物量分别达到1．51、1．31、1．69、1．52、1．52、1．36g／100mL;以胞外多糖为指标,最适碳源、氮源和无机盐分别是葡萄糖、酵母膏、ZnSO4·7H2O,胞外多糖产量分别达到0．49、0．45、0．22g／100mL。     

瑞氏木霉木糖代谢关键酶基因在不同碳源条件下的表达

用20种不同的碳源(包括单一碳源和混合碳源)分别培养瑞氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)QM9414。通过一系列Northern杂交分析检测瑞氏木霉木糖还原酶(XR),木糖醇脱氢酶(XDH)以及转醛醇酶(TAL)mRNA的表达情况。实验结果证实,槐糖和木二糖是xr和xdh表达的强诱导物,阿拉伯糖和乳糖也有较强的诱导作用。葡萄糖在培养基中的存在阻遏该二基因的表达。当葡萄糖耗尽以后,培养基中不存在任何诱导物的情况下,xr和xdh以一定的基础水平进行转录。相比较,tal基因在每种碳源上都是强表达。     

A NEW INCUBATION TECHNIQUE FOR THE STUDY OF SYNAPTOSOMAL TRANSPORT

A simple, inexpensive method is described for the incubation and study of transport in synaptosomes. This method avoids the many potential sources of error inherent in the methods currently in use. The transport of two sugars and two amino acids has been studied, using this system, and the resulting data is compared to similar studies already published by others. A steady-state was achieved and maintained for 60 min independent of tissue concentration, except in the case of γ-aminobutyric acid. An analysis of the entry kinetics of 2-deoxy-d -glucose has been performed, the results indicating that the present method offers the advantage of substantially increasing oxygenation and hence, efficiency of the uptake. Using α-aminoisobutyric acid, analysis of substrate flux within the system was performed, illustrating the utility of the method. The specific advantages offered by the technique over other methods in use are discussed. It is concluded that adequate oxygenation of the synaptosome during study is essential to reliable results and can easily be achieved by means of the methodology described in this report.     

Communication gaps in knowledge of freshwater fish biodiversity: implications for the management and conservation of Mexican biosphere reserves

To detect differences in the information available on freshwater fish species found in Mexican biosphere reserves, the number of species considered in three sources of information: management programmes, Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and the scientific literature were compared. Additionally, management actions for the reserves were evaluated. More than 55% of freshwater fish species registered for the reserves were found only in one of the three sources of information, while just 12% was shared among all the three. Fifteen threatened species were registered in GBIF and the scientific literature that were not found in management programmes. Although all the management programmes described conservation actions, none of them gave details about how they would be implemented. Lack of communication among the sources studied, unawareness of the existence of threatened species and the absence of detailed management actions hinder the development of adequate conservation strategies.     

Buccal cells as a source of DNA for comparative animal genomic analysis

The source of DNA of adequate quality and quantity is an important consideration in genome analysis. In many animal and livestock species, easy access to DNA will facilitate the rapid and reliable genotyping of a large number of individual individuals. Here, we describe the use, for the first time, of buccal cells from non-human mammalian species as a source of DNA template for PCR and restriction analysis. The buccal cells from the pig, cow and human, were used to amplify PCR fragments that were scanned SNPs and for comparative genome analysis. The work indicates that buccal cells are also adequate sources of DNA for genome analysis of animals that have been identified as priorities in comparative genomics.     

太湖贡湖湾食物网特征研究

应用稳定性同位素技术(13C和15N)研究了太湖贡湖湾食物网特征, 结果显示由于食物来源变化多样性影响, 导致贡湖的食物网结构和营养级关系变化较为复杂, 贡湖主要生物类群13C、15N值表现出较大的种间差异。消费者13C值从摇蚊幼虫的-32.3到锯齿米虾的-22.1, 其值大小与营养级的关系没有规律性。消费者平均15N值从褶纹冠蚌的10.3到位于顶端间下鳙的19.0, 随营养级位置而升高。群落中所有种类的15N、13C值之间没有相关性(r=0.1835, P0.05), 表明该食物网是非线性食物网。研究结果验证了杂食性生物有机体普遍存在于富营养化的贡湖水域生态系统中, 且13C结果表明, 浮游植物、固着藻类以及沉水植物为贡湖食物网中大多数生物有机体的主要碳源。贡湖食物链长度为4.44营养级。