杂环肽FIK的Fmoc固相合成法研究

为研究二硫键成环的杂环肽FIK的合成工艺, 以Fmoc氨基酸为原料, 采用固相合成法, 经TBTU/HOBT/DIEA复合缩合剂催化合成直链肽, 再经I2氧化肽链上两个半胱氨酸的巯基生成分子内二硫键而得到目标环肽, 将其用切割试剂切割脱离树脂得到粗产品, MALDI-MS和RP-HPLC进行鉴定, 分析和纯化。产率可以达到18%, 纯化后纯度达97%以上, 经MALDI-MS和Ellman试剂检测确定为目标肽。该合成法高效, 简便, 快速, 目标肽收到较理想产率, 适合大批量生产。     

生物活性肽SSDI固相合成工艺的研究

目的:研究生物活性肤SSDI的固相合成工艺,并为大规模合成目标肽提供理论依据.方法:采用固相合成法,原料氨基酸以Fmoe形式保护,用Wang树脂为载体,经1-氧3-双二甲胺羰基苯骈三氮唑四氟化硼盐(TBTU)\1-羟基-苯并-三氮唑(HOBt)\二-异丙基乙胺(DIEA)混合试剂缩合,20%哌啶的DMF溶液脱保护,用三氟乙酸\茴香硫醚\巯基乙醇\苯酚\水混合作为切割试剂将多肽从Wang树脂上切割下来.结果:多肽粗品的得率高达70%,经RP-HPLC纯化,可获得纯度在98%以上的目标肽,经MALDI-MS质谱鉴定其分子量与理论值一致.结论:此合成方法操作简单,产品得率高,适合大规模合成目标肽.     

人脑利钠肽的Fmoc固相合成

探讨生物活性肽人脑利钠肽(BNP)的固相合成工艺,并为工业化合成提供理论依据.本文以二氯三甲基树脂(以下简称为二氯树脂)为载体,采用9-芴甲氧羰基(Fmoc)保护的氨基酸,以1-氧-3-双二甲胺羰基苯骈三氮唑四氟化硼盐(TBTU)/1-羟基苯并三氮唑(HOBT)/二异丙基乙胺(DIEA)缩合,以碘作为环化试剂,用切割试剂将BNP粗品从树脂上切割下来.通过MALDI-MS质谱仪检测,所合成环肽的分子量与理论分子量一致,使用RP-HPLC液相色谱仪对合成的环肽进行纯化,得到的BNP纯度达到97%以上.本合成工艺具有快捷、简便、高效的特点,适合于大批量的生产目的肽.     

固相法合成多肽AN-M的工艺研究

目的:探讨生物活性肽AN-M的固相合成工艺,并为工业化合成目的肽提供理论依据。方法采用固相法,以Fmoc-保护基保护的α-氨基酸和Wang树脂为原料,经1—氧—3—双二甲胺羧基苯骈三氮唑四氟化硼盐(TBTU)、1—羟基苯并三氮唑(HoBt)、二异丙基乙胺(DIEA)缩合,20%哌啶的DMF溶液脱保护,用切割试剂将AN-M粗品从Wang树脂上切割下来。结果经反相高效液相色谱分析纯化,可得目的肽的得率大于67．00%,最终成品的纯度在98．78%以上,经质谱鉴定其分子量与理论值一致。结论该合成方法步骤简便、便于操作、产品得率高,可用于大规模合成目的肽。     

Fmoc固相合成JFT的工艺研究

目的:研究多肽JFT的合成工艺。方法:本实验采用固相合成法(spps),以Fmoc—氨基酸为原料,TBTU\HoBt\DIEA混合试剂缩合,用三氟乙酸\苯甲硫醚\巯基乙醇\苯酚\水脱保护,将多肽从MBHA树脂上切割下来。结果:粗肽的收率为62%,经RP-HPLC纯化,即可获得纯度在98%以上的目标肽。经MALDI—MS质谱分析其分子量与理论值一致。结论:此工艺操作简单,便于推广,适合大规模生产。     

中国南海新α芋螺毒素Mr1.8的合成及二硫键测定

目的:采用固相方法合成新型α4/7芋螺毒素Mr1.8(PECCTHPACHVSNPELC-NH2),并测定其折叠后的二硫键配对方式。方法:采用Fmoc-固相法合成线性肽Mr1.8,通过空气氧化折叠获得含二硫键的折叠产物,利用两步折叠法测定其二硫键连接方式。结果:Mr1.8线性肽经折叠生成2种产物Ⅰ和Ⅱ,质谱和二硫键分析结果显示Mr1.8-Ⅱ为正确折叠产物,其二硫键框架为(Cys1-Cys3,Cys2-Cys4)。结论:Mr1.8是一种新的α4/7型芋螺毒素,其一种主要折叠产物的二硫键框架为(Cys1-Cys3,Cys2-Cys4)。     

一种新4/3型α-芋螺毒素突变体的合成及功能研究

目的：合成难溶的新4/3型α-芋螺毒素Eb1.3突变体Eb1.3［ΔR1,W13M］,并初步测定其与烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体亚型的结合作用。方法：采用Fmoc-固相法合成线性肽Eb1.3［ΔR1,W13M］,通过空气氧化折叠和磺化产物折叠获得含二硫键的折叠产物,利用两步折叠法测定其二硫键连接方式,双电极电压钳技术检测其药理活性。结果：Eb1.3［ΔR1,W13M］线性肽经折叠生成的主产物Ⅰ的二硫键排列方式为少见的C1-C4、C2-C3,而非典型的C1-C3、C2-C4,线性肽磺化后再经GSH交换可加速折叠,10 μmol/L的产物Ⅰ对乙酰胆碱受体α3β2亚型的抑制率为28.97%±8.44%。结论：新4/3型α-芋螺毒素Eb1.3突变体Eb1.3［ΔR1,W13M］形成非典型的二硫键C1-C4、C2-C3,产物Ⅰ对乙酰胆碱受体α3β2亚型具有一定的结合活性。     

牦牛骨抗氧化肽的分离纯化及鉴定

为了分离纯化及鉴定牦牛骨胶原多肽,以得到具有DPPH自由基清除率的抗氧化肽。合成抗氧化肽,验证其对DPPH自由基清除率。牦牛骨胶原多肽经陶瓷羟基磷灰石柱层析和C18反相高效液相色谱层析后得到组分F11。当其质量浓度为1 mg/mL时,对DPPH自由基清除率为34.45%。用反相高效液相色谱-质谱联用对F11组分进行序列测定,得到氨基酸序列为GPAGPPGPIGNVGAPGPK和GKSGDRGETGPAGP AGPIGPVGAR的抗氧化肽,分子量分别为1 570.810 3 Da和2 160.104 Da。合成抗氧化多肽GPAGPPGPIGN VGAPGPK和GKSGDRGETGPAGPAGPIGPVGAR,当其质量浓度为1 mg/mL时,对DPPH自由基清除率分别为16.59%和35.17%。本研究分离鉴定出牦牛骨抗氧化肽,牦牛骨可能成为一种潜在的抗氧化剂。     

天蚕素A-蜂毒素杂合肽用pBV220载体的表达、纯化和活性测定

为提高抗菌肽的表达,在抗菌肽的N端融合了1段酸性小肽以中和表达产物对宿主的毒性;并将融合肽基因同向串连成多拷贝,在大肠杆菌中获得了较高的表达。用化学合成法分别合成了编码天蚕素A(1-8)-蜂毒素(1-10)杂合肽和酸性小肽的DNA片段,首先将其拼接成融合肽的完整基因,然后通过前后接头将融合肽基因连接成两侧具有EcoRI和SalI酶切位点的同向串连的多拷贝基因。将5份拷贝的基因克隆至pBV220表达载体,转化E.coliDH5α,温度诱导得到表达量为35%的融合蛋白。表达产物主要以包涵体形式存在,将包涵体溶解,经Ni²⁺-NTA琼脂糖亲和层析获得纯化的融合蛋白。融合蛋白再经CNBr切割和阳离子交换层析,得到纯化的抗菌肽,经蛋白质N端测序确认序列正确。琼脂糖扩散法和液相测定法证明了纯化的抗菌肽具有抗菌活性。     

两种树脂对固相法合成丙型肝炎疫苗多肽的影响

本实验采用固相法合成丙型肝炎疫苗多肽,比较Wang树脂和二氯三苯甲基树脂（以下简称二氯树脂）作为载体时的连接率以及目标肽的产率和纯度。通过质谱鉴定分析所得目标多肽的分子量,用茚三酮法对两种树脂与氨基酸的连接率进行比较,用反相高效液相色谱（RP-HPLC）进行粗肽的分析和纯化。结果显示以二氯树脂作载体,第一个氨基酸的连接率,以及目标肽的纯度和产率都要明显高于Wang树脂,因此二氯树脂作载体合成丙型肝炎疫苗多肽更适合大规模工业化生产的要求。     

Lasiocepsin, a novel cyclic antimicrobial peptide from the venom of eusocial bee Lasioglossum laticeps (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)

In the venom of eusocial bee Lasioglossum laticeps, we identified a novel unique antimicrobial peptide named lasiocepsin consisting of 27 amino acid residues and two disulfide bridges. After identifying its primary structure, we synthesized lasiocepsin by solid-phase peptide synthesis using two different approaches for oxidative folding. The oxidative folding of fully deprotected linear peptide resulted in a mixture of three products differing in the pattern of disulfide bridges. Regioselective disulfide bond formation significantly improved the yield of desired product. The synthetic lasiocepsin possessed antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, antifungal activity against Candida albicans, and no hemolytic activity against human erythrocytes. We synthesized two lasiocepsin analogs cyclized through one native disulfide bridge in different positions and having the remaining two cysteines substituted by alanines. The analog cyclized through a Cys8-Cys25 disulfide bridge showed reduced antimicrobial activity compared to the native peptide while the second one (Cys17-Cys27) was almost inactive. Linear lasiocepsin having all four cysteine residues substituted by alanines or alkylated was also inactive. That was in contrast to the linear lasiocepsin with all four cysteine residues non-paired, which exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity. The shortening of lasiocepsin by several amino acid residues either from the N- or C-terminal resulted in significant loss of antimicrobial activity. Study of Bacillus subtilis cells treated by lasiocepsin using transmission electron microscopy showed leakage of bacterial content mainly from the holes localized at the ends of the bacterial cells.     

Chemical synthesis of beta-defensins and LEAP-1/hepcidin.

A large and steadily growing subfamily of antimicrobially active peptides of animals and plants is formed by the defensins, which are highly disulfide-bonded, cationic peptides with a molecular mass of about 4 kDa. The synthesis of the human beta-defensins 1 and 2 (hBD-1, hBD-2) as well as of the novel murine beta-defensins 7 and 8 (mBD-7 and mBD-8) is reported. The peptides were synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis using fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl chemistry. The linear products were oxidized in the presence of the cysteine/cystine redox system to the biologically active molecules. The correct disulfide connectivity of the resulting cyclic products was partly verified by mass spectrometry and sequence analysis of the fragments obtained after tryptic cleavage. In addition, the recently discovered antimicrobially active human peptide LEAP-1/hepcidin, which contains four disulfide bonds, was successfully synthesized and subsequently oxidized. For Liver-expressed anti microbial peptide (LEAP)-1/hepcidin and hBD-1, the identity of native and synthetic peptides was demonstrated by high-pressure liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoretic analysis. The general synthetic procedure is suitable to rapidly perform the total chemical synthesis of novel fully bioactive defensins, which are expected to be identified soon, as well as of structurally modified analogs.     

Microwave-assisted solid-phase peptide synthesis of the 60–110 domain of human pleiotrophin on 2-chlorotrityl resin

A fast and efficient microwave-assisted solid phase peptide synthesis (MW-SPPS) of a 51mer peptide, the main heparin-binding site (60–110) of human pleiotrophin (hPTN), using 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin (CLTR-Cl) following the 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl/tert-butyl (Fmoc/tBu) methodology and with the standard N,N′-diisopropylcarbodiimide/1-hydroxybenzotriazole (DIC/HOBt) coupling reagents, is described. An MW-SPPS protocol was for the first time successfully applied to the acid labile CLTR-Cl for the faster synthesis of long peptides (51mer peptide) and with an enhanced purity in comparison to conventional SPPS protocols. The synthesis of such long peptides is not trivial and it is generally achieved by recombinant techniques. The desired linear peptide was obtained in only 30 h of total processing time and in 51% crude yield, in which 60% was the purified product obtained with 99.4% purity. The synthesized peptide was purified by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and identified by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Then, the regioselective formation of the two disulfide bridges of hPTN 60–110 was successfully achieved by a two-step procedure, involving an oxidative folding step in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to form the Cys⁷⁷–Cys¹⁰⁹ bond, followed by iodine oxidation to form the Cys⁶⁷–Cys⁹⁹ bond.     

Identification of Conus amadis disulfide isomerase: minimum sequence length of peptide fragments necessary for protein annotation

Protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) has been identified in a protein extract from the venom duct of the marine snail C. amadis. In-gel tryptic digestion of a thick protein band at approximately 55 kDa yields a mixture of peptides. Analysis of tryptic fragments by MALDI-MS/MS and LC-ESI-MS/MS methods permits sequence assignment. Three tryptic fragments yield two nine residue sequences (FVQDFLDGK and EPQLGDRVR ) and an eleven residue sequence (DQESTGALAFK ). Database analysis using peptides and were consistent with the sequence of PDI and peptide appears to be derived from a co-migrating protein. In identifying proteins based on the characterization of short peptide sequences the question arises about the reliability of identification using peptide fragments. Here we have also demonstrated the minimum length of peptide fragment necessary for unambiguous protein identification using fragments obtained from the experimentally derived sequences. Sequences of length > or =7 residues provide unambiguous identification in conjunction with protein molecular mass as a filter. The length of sequence necessary for unambiguous protein identification is also established using randomly chosen tryptic fragments from a standard dataset of proteins. The results are of significance in the identification of proteins from organisms with unsequenced genomes.     

Fine definition of the epitope on the gp41 glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 for the neutralizing monoclonal antibody 2F5

Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), in combination with proteolytic protection assays, has been used to identify the functional epitope on human immunodeficiency virus envelope glycoprotein gp41 for the broadly neutralizing anti-gp41 human monoclonal antibody 2F5. In this protection assay-based procedure, a soluble gp140 protein with a stabilizing intermolecular disulfide bond between the gp120 and gp41 subunits (SOS gp140) was affinity bound to immobilized 2F5 under physiological conditions. A combination of proteolytic enzymatic cleavages was then performed to remove unprotected residues. Residues of SOS gp140 protected by their binding to 2F5 were then identified based on their molecular weights as determined by direct MALDI-MS of the immobilized antibody beads. The epitope, NEQELLELDKWASLWN, determined by this MALDI-MS protection assay approach consists of 16 amino acid residues near the C terminus of gp41. It is significantly longer than the ELDKWA core epitope previously determined for 2F5 by peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This new knowledge of the structure of the 2F5 epitope may facilitate the design of vaccine antigens intended to induce antibodies with the breadth and potency of action of the 2F5 monoclonal antibody.     

Protein identification and tracking in two-dimensional electrophoretic gels by minimal protein identifiers

Protein identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass-spectrometry peptide mass fingerprinting (MALDI-MS PMF) represents a cornerstone of proteomics. However, it often fails to identify low-molecular-mass proteins, protein fragments, and protein mixtures reliably. To overcome these limitations, PMF can be complemented by tandem mass spectrometry and other search strategies for unambiguous protein identification. The present study explores the advantages of using a MALDI-MS-based approach, designated minimal protein identifier (MPI) approach, for protein identification. This is illustrated for culture supernatant (CSN) proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after separation by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). The MPI approach takes into consideration that proteins yield characteristic peptides upon proteolytic cleavage. In this study, peptide mixtures derived from tryptic protein cleavage were analyzed by MALDI-MS and the resulting spectra were compared with template spectra of previously identified counterparts. The MPI approach allowed protein identification by few protein-specific signature peptide masses and revealed truncated variants of mycobacterial elongation factor EF-Tu, previously not identified by PMF. Furthermore, the MPI approach can be employed to track proteins in 2-DE gels, as demonstrated for the 14 kDa antigen, the 10 kDa chaperone, and the conserved hypothetical protein Rv0569 of M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Furthermore, it is shown that the power of the MPI approach strongly depends on distinct factors, most notably on the complexity of the proteome analyzed and accuracy of the mass spectrometer used for peptide mass determination.     

Rapid Communication: Neuropeptide Expression and Processing as Revealed by Direct Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Single Neurons

Abstract: Neuropeptides were directly detected in single identified neurons and the neurohemal area of peptidergic (neuroendocrine) systems in the Lymnaea brain by using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). The samples were placed in matrix solution and ruptured to allow mixing of cell contents with the matrix solution. After formation of matrix crystals, the analytes were analyzed by MALDI-MS. It was surprising that clean mass spectra were produced, displaying extreme sensitivity of detection. In one of the neuroendocrine systems studied, we could demonstrate for the first time, by comparing the peptide patterns of soma and of neurohemal axon terminals, that processing of the complex prohormone expressed in this system occurs entirely in the soma. In the other system studied, novel peptides could be detected in addition to peptides previously identified by conventional molecular biological and peptide chemical methods. Thus, complex peptide processing and expression patterns could be predicted that were not detected in earlier studies using conventional methods. As the first MALDI- MS study of direct peptide fingerprinting in the single neuron these experients demonstrate that MALDI-MS forms a new and valuable approach to the study of the synthesis and expression of bioactive peptides, with potential application to single-cell studies in vertebrates, including humans.     

Microwave‐assisted solid‐phase peptide synthesis of neurosecretory protein GL composed of 80 amino acid residues

We recently identified a novel cDNA encoding a small secretory protein of 80 amino acid residues, termed neurosecretory protein GL (NPGL), from the chicken hypothalamus. Homologs of NPGL have been reported to be present in mammals, such as human and rat. NPGL is amidated at its C‐terminus, contains an intramolecular disulfide bond, and is hydrophobic in nature. In this study, we have optimized the synthesis of the entire 80‐amino acid peptide sequence of rat NPGL by microwave‐assisted solid‐phase peptide synthesis. NPGL was obtained with a 10% yield when the coupling reactions were performed using 1‐[Bis(dimethylamino)methylene]‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazolo[4,5‐b]pyridinium‐3‐oxid hexafluorophosphate (HATU) at 50 °C for 5 min, and Fmoc deprotections were performed using 40% piperidine containing 0.1 M HOBt. Furthermore, the disulfide bond of NPGL was formed with 20% yield with the use of glutathione‐containing redox buffer and 50% acetonitrile. Copyright © 2015 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chemical synthesis and orexigenic activity of rat/mouse relaxin-3

The insulin-like peptide, relaxin-3 was first identified just a decade ago via a genomic database search and is now recognized to be a key neuropeptide with several roles including the regulation of arousal, stress responses and neuroendocrine homeostasis. It also has significant potential as a drug to treat stress and obesity. Its actions are mediated via its cognate G protein-coupled receptor, RXFP3, which is found in abundant numbers in the brain. However, much remains to be determined with respect to the mechanism of neurological action of this peptide. Consequently, the chemical synthesis of the rat and mouse (which share identical primary structures) two-chain, three disulfide peptide was undertaken and the resulting peptide subjected to detailed in vitro and in vivo assay. Use of efficient solid-phase synthesis methods provided the two regioselectively S-protected A- and B-chains which were readily combined via sequential disulfide bond formation. The synthetic rat/mouse relaxin-3 was obtained in high purity and good overall yield. It demonstrated potent orexigenic activity in rats in that central intracerebroventricular infusion led to significantly increased food intake and water drinking.