制革鞣制工艺在小布氏鲸皮张脱脂中的应用

在分析组织结构并测定脂肪含量的基础上,利用现代制革鞣制工艺对一头小布氏鲸(Balaenoptera edeni)的皮作了脱脂效果研究。在控制好对皮肤整体质量影响最小的情况下,本文设计了一套工艺流程,将脱脂操作贯穿到整个皮张的鞣制过程中。经组织切片和氯仿甲醇法检验,胸部和腹部真皮的脂肪体积比,由31.78%±2.69%和44.80%±3.74%下降至4.28%和6.83%;含脂量下降至4.04%和5.57%,脱脂率达到了86.24%和84.90%,基本满足了标本制作的脱脂要求。     

制革鞣制工艺在大型布氏鲸皮张处理中的应用

在测定组织结构和脂肪含量的基础上,利用现代制革鞣制工艺对大型布氏鲸的皮作了脱脂效果研究。结果表明,真皮厚15-35mm,厚度差2.3倍。除尾部含少量弹性纤维外,其他部位的真皮层仅有胶原纤维,其直径为1.08?0.25μm(n=180),排列疏松呈网状。脂肪充斥于胶原纤维之间,喉、胸、腹和尾部的含脂量分别为19.42%,29.36%,36.89%和13.06%,部位间差异极显著(P<0.01)。在不影响整体质量的情况下,将脱脂操作贯穿到整个皮张的鞣制工艺过程中。经切片和氯仿甲醇法验证,胸部和腹部真皮的含脂量下降至4.04%和5.57%,总的脱脂率达到了86.24%和84.90%,基本达到了标本制作的脱脂要求。     

山神的恩赐——兽皮

熟皮的方法是很讲究的。要想让兽皮变软,而又不掉毛,是十分不容易的事。鄂伦春猎人掌握了一整套的熟皮方法。一种是把捣成浆糊状的狍肝涂抹在兽皮里面,再把皮张迭起来,待涂抹在皮张上的肝浆发酵以后,用鞣皮工具“毛丹”点     

大型鸟类生态标本制作技术

通过吸收和应用国际先进技术,结合作者多年的摸索,对大型鸟类标本制作的各个环节进行了总结和改革。特别是在皮张处理、假体填充方面进行了技术改造。在皮张处理时,改变传统使用生皮制作标本和涂抹砒霜防腐的方法,通过打磨、盐腌、脱脂、鞣制等技术,使皮张弹性、防腐性提高;在假体制作中引入模型技术,选用不同材料制作假体的不同部分,然后将各部分假体进行组装,使标本更加丰满、逼真。希望这些技术能为国内同行开展相关工作提供借鉴。     

森林里的皮子就像布一样普通和实用

住在森林里,很多用品都是皮子制成的,衣服、褥子、靴子、手套、针线包等等,所以加工制作猎获的野兽皮张,是猎民必须要熟练掌握的基本生活技能,这些多是由妇女来做.鞣制的皮子主要是猂皮、野鹿皮、狍皮,也包括松鼠皮、貂皮、猞猁皮、水獭皮等细软毛皮.     

大中型鸟类标本修复翻新方法探索

本文报道一种修复与翻新大中型鸟类标本的方法,包括以下步骤:1.拆标本;2.皮张回软、清洗;3.皮张修复缝合;4.涂抹防腐剂;5.支撑架制作与固定;6.填充与缝合;7.整形与标本固定.皮张回软时,利用药液浸泡可使皮张保持弹性,保证翻新后皮张仍保持完好形态.珍珠棉水果网作为填充物,既环保又可免招虫蛀,亦能使做出的标本形态更加逼真.     

山神的恩赐

熟皮的方法是很讲究的。要想让兽皮变软,而又不掉毛,是十分不容易的事。鄂伦春猎人掌握了一整套的熟皮方法。一种是把捣成浆糊状的狍肝涂抹在兽皮里面,再把皮张迭起来,待涂抹在皮张上的肝浆发酵以后,用鞣皮工具“毛丹”一点点地刮去皮板上的肉丝和血污。经过反复刮,反复揉,直到皮张变软为止。还有一种方法,是把腐朽了的柞木与水和成浆,把皮张放在里面浸泡、发酵两天后,取出风干,再一遍遍地刮、鞣。也有不用发酵,把风干了的皮板用水喷温,再刮鞣,这种方法比较费力。     

基于核质遗传原理建立多重PCR检测方法鉴定阿胶中马、驴源性成分及皮张种源

阿胶(Asini Colla Corii)及其原料皮张源性成分的鉴定是对阿胶真实性的一种保障,阿胶生产企业和市场监管部门急需马、驴、骡皮张以及阿胶中源性成分鉴别的有效检测方法。本研究基于马、驴核基因组和线粒体基因组筛选物种特异性DNA序列作为检测靶标,设计马、驴特异性引物,建立了鉴别马、驴、骡皮张以及鉴定阿胶中马和驴源性成分的多重PCR方法。结果显示,本文所建立的方法可用于阿胶源性成分及皮张种源的鉴别,其特异性强,只在目标物种中扩增出目的条带,而非目标物种中没有任何扩增产物,而且灵敏度能达到0.2 ng,可为阿胶生产企业和市场监管部门提供技术支撑。     

记辽宁早第三纪一哺乳动物化石

<正> 长期以来,东北广大区域内未曾发现过第三纪哺乳动物化石.1984年,在吉林桦甸第一次发现了一个晚始新世哺乳动物化石地点(王伴月、李春田, 1990).1988年,辽河油田秦德荣同志将一件哺乳动物化石送交中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所鉴定.这是辽宁首次发现的第三纪哺乳动物化石.标本发现于辽宁沈阳以西大约37.5公里的大     

神农架自然保护区非飞行哺乳动物的物种丰富度:沿海拔梯度的分布格局

于1999～2001年调查了神农架自然保护区6个地点不同栖息地的非飞行哺乳动物的物种丰富度。栖息地分为8类：原始林、择伐林（采伐枯立木）、次生林、灌木林、草地、常年性河流水溪、农田和人居住区。小型非飞行哺乳动物调查用捕鼠夹;大型非飞行哺乳动物调查主要根据皮张收购资料以及样线法和痕迹法;用10 m×10 m的样方调查林地树种丰富度。调查发现,神农架自然保护区有非飞行哺乳动物59种［不包括引进种梅花鹿（Cervus nippon）］。在同一海拔高度,原始林通常比择伐林和次生林的物种丰富度高,说明采伐严重降低了物种丰富度。对比同一栖息地不同海拔高度的物种丰富度,我们发现,在中海拔地段（800～1700 m）物种丰富度最高：如在原始林和次生林,海拔1700 m的东溪物种丰富度最高;在择伐林,海拔800 m的九冲物种丰富度最高。聚类分析显示,6个地点的哺乳动物物种组成可以分为两组：高海拔组（2100 m以上）和中低海拔组（1700 m以下）。各地点的哺乳动物物种组成与植被的垂直分布是一致的。各地点的物种丰富度与单位面积（100 m²）树种平均丰富度、栖息地类型数和海拔高度相关。3个环境变量间也是相关的：海拔高度对单位面积树种平均丰富度和栖息地类型数有重要影响。根据研究结果提出两点保护建议：第一,保护区的移民迁出和退耕还林工程应首先在物种丰富度最高的九冲进行,而后是东溪和下谷;第二,为了增加个体流和基因流,保护区东西两片相间的非保护区地带应划入保护区,建立栖息地廊道。     

A Nuclear Stain for Escherichia Coli And Related Organisms

The dye base of new fuchsin was precipitated by adding potassium hydroxide to the dye solution. The precipitate was filtered out and washed with water. It was then suspended in water, brought into solution and adjusted to a pH of about 5.0 with nitric acid. The staining solution was prepared by adding 0.3 ml. of a 14% aqueous solution of pyrogallol and 0.1 ml. of a 1% aqueous solution of boric acid to 3.0 ml. of the dye solution. Smears of cells were made in water on a slide and allowed to dry before covering with the staining solution which was also permitted to air dry. The smear was then washed in water and mordanted for 5-20 seconds in a 0.1% aqueous solution of mercuric nitrate. After rinsing in water, the smear was air dried. When dry, the slide was placed on a 50° C. warm plate for a few seconds before covering with a very thin film of a 5% aqueous solution of nigrosin which had a pH of about 5.0.     

Carbachol contracture of stomach smooth muscle of the newt in calcium-free solution

A small muscle preparation of stomach circular muscle of the newt responded to carbachol (CCh) with a phasic contracture. At 20 degrees C, in Ca-free Ringer solution (+1 mM EGTA), the amplitude of CCh contracture was very rapidly inhibited to less than 10% of that in normal Ringer solution (1.8 mM Ca). The amplitude of this CCh contracture was markedly enhanced with increasing [K]0. CCh contracture in Ca-free Ringer solution was also enhanced after K contracture was induced once in the presence of 1.8 mM Ca, followed by soaking in normal Ringer solution. The amplitude of this enhanced CCh contracture persisted up to about 5 min, following rapid decrease to about 70%, and then gradually decreased to a steady level in Ca-free Ringer solution. This decrease in amplitude was prevented by increasing [K]0 during soaking in Ca-free solution; even when the temperature was elevated from 20 to 35 degrees C during the periods of soaking in Ca-free solution, CCh contracture was inhibited only by about 20% in Ca-free high K solution, whereas in Ca-free or Ca-free low Na (Tris) Ringer solution it was inhibited by more than 50%.     

Ion current rectification in a confined conical nanopore with high solution concentrations

Ion transport in a confined conical nanochannel with high solution concentrations was studied using molecular dynamics simulation. The simulation results indicated that the ion current rectification appeared at high solution concentrations, even without electrical double layer (EDL) overlapping, which was still influenced by both the solution concentration and surface charge properties as it would be in a low solution concentration. With solution concentrations increasing from 0.41 to 2.08 M, a maximum rectification ratio was obtained. This phenomenon was attributed to the competition between the axial binding energy gradient arising from the confined conical geometry intensifying the ion axial asymmetric concentration polarisation and the decreasing thickness of the EDL weakening the concentration polarisation.     

pH-Sensitive mutagenic activity of ozone-treated 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in the Salmonella/microsome assay

Treatment with ozone inactivates the mutagenicity of many carcinogens in aqueous solution. The colon carcinogen, 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) has been reported an exception; ozone treatment convenrts dimethylhydrazine from a non-mutagen into a mutagen. In the Salmonella/microsone assay, the mutagenicity of ozone-treated dimethylhydrazine was dependent on pH. The ozonation product was a strong mutagen in acidic but was not mutagenic in basic solution. The mutagenicity of the acidic ozonation product was inactivated by raising the pH of the solution. Unlike untreated dimethylhydrazine, its ozonation product in basic solution was not converted to a mutagen in this ozone-low pH system.     

Transient spectra of intermediates in the photolytic sequence of octopus rhodopsin

The intermediate photolytic sequence of octopus rhodopsin was studied at different temperatures and different pH values by means of a flash photolysisrapid scan spectrophotometry near physiological temperature.The first photoproduct in the photolysis of rhodopsin was lumirhodopsin. Transformation of lumirhodopsin → mesorhodopsin took place independently of the pH of the solution. Mesorhodopsin was transformed to acid metarhodopsin in acid solution. In alkaline solution, mesorhodopsin was transformed to transient acid metarhodospsin whose absorption spectrum was similar to acid metarhodopsin. Transient acid metarhodopsin was then transformed to alkaline metarhodopsin reaching a tautomeric equilibrium which was determined by the pH of the solution.     

Fluorescent-labeled oligonucleotide probes: detection of hybrid formation in solution by fluorescence polarization spectroscopy.

Fluorescein-labeled oligonucleotides as DNA-probes were synthesized and used to monitor hybrid formation, namely to detect DNA or oligonucleotide sequence in solution. The introduction of fluorescein to oligonucleotides was carried out by oxidation of a hydrogen phosphonate linkage with ethylenediamine or hexamethylenediamine as a tether and by a subsequent labeling of the primary amine moiety by FITC. Fluorescence anisotropy, r, was adopted as an index to monitor the behavior of F-probe in solution. An increase in the anisotropy was observed upon an increase in the chain-length of F-probe. When F-Probe formed a hybrid with its complementary oligonucleotide in solution, the r value increased compared to that of F-Probe itself. These observations clearly indicate that measurements of r in solution will readily lead to the monitoring of the presence of a hybrid in solution. Consequently, it is promising to detect a certain nucleic acid sequence in solution using fluorescent-labeled oligonucleotides.     

营养液照光引起的化学变化及其对植物生长的影响

水稻(Oryza sativa)根系照光实验表明, 光的效应随循环水影响到不照光的植株, 暗示营养液中发生了化学变化。在Si (K₂SiO₃)和Fe (FeEDTA)组成的溶液模拟系统中, 分别照射LED-紫光或阳光, 观察到反应液的OD₄₀₀值随光照时间的延长而增加。光照引起的化学变化发生在FeEDTA和K₂SiO₃之间。化学变化只与光能量有关, 与溶液温度无关, 这是一种光化学反应。光化反应溶液的光吸收从OD₃₆₀到OD₅₆₀都有明显增高。LED-蓝光和阳光诱导产生的并含FeEDTA-SiO₃成分并能吸收光的二元螯合铁硅酸盐复合物附着在衬底膜上, 形成三元复合物。衬底膜上可见大量的颗粒, 其中有些是反光的微晶颗粒。除LED-蓝光和阳光外, LED-紫光、LED-红光和LED-红外光也能诱导产生光谱性质相同的螯合铁硅酸盐复合物。制备含螯合铁硅酸盐复合分子的溶液并进行植物生长实验, 结果显示小球藻生长好, 死亡的藻体分解褪色后留下的是褐色的蓬松团状铁-硅化物。经螯合铁硅酸盐复合物处理的水稻干重增加明显。     

Rheological properties of extracellular polysaccharide, Pestan, produced by Pestalotiopsis sp.

Summary The fluid behaviour of Pestan produced from Pestalotiopsis sp. KCTC 8637P was as a non-Newtonian fluid. The rheological behaviour of Pestan solution was examined by Power-law model, Herschel-Bulkley model and Arrhenius equation. As the result, Pestan solution was pseudoplastic behaviour with yield stress. According to increase of Pestan concentration, its flow index was decreased. Thus, low concentrations of Pestan solution were well exposed pseudoplastic property. Apparent viscosity of 0.2 % Pestan solution was 268.2 cP at 14.3 sec^–1 and was higher about 2.8 times than that of Xanthan gum solution. Apparent viscosity of Pestan solution was stable over a wide pH and was maximum at pH 8. Also, consistency index of Pestan solution was very stable over wide temperature than that of Xanthan gum solution.     

Re-sorption of organic compounds by roots of Zea mays L. and its consequences in the rhizosphere

The exudation of soluble carbon compounds from Zea mays roots was investigated over a 10 day growth period under sterile and non-sterile solution culture conditions. The results showed that plants grown in sterile static solution culture, where C was allowed to accumulate, released 8 times less C than plants grown under culture conditions in which the solutions were replaced daily. The increased C loss from plant cultures in which exudates were removed daily was attributable to, (a) the reduced potential for root re-sorption of previously lost C, and (b), increasing diffusion gradients between the root and the surrounding bathing solution increasing passive leakage of exudates from the roots. In treatments where C was removed daily from the root-bathing solution, 86% of the total C lost was of a soluble low molecular weight nature, whereas, in sterile and non-sterile static cultures, allowing the accumulation of C over 10 days, this was reduced to 67.5 and 48% respectively. The main C fluxes operating in a solution culture system (efflux and influx of C by both roots and microorganisms) were examined using a computer simulation model to describe movement of soluble sugar-C in both sterile and non-sterile conditions. In sterile static cultures where C was allowed to accumulate in solution over a 10 day growth period, 98% of the C exuded was re-absorbed by the plant. Where C was removed daily from the root-bathing solution this was reduced to 86%. The predicted patterns of C accumulation were similar to those found in the experiments. Simulations showed that the pattern of accumulation and final equilibrium concentrations were dependent on the rate of exudation, the spatial characteristics of exudation, solution volume, root growth rate and the presence of a microbial population. Simulations under non-sterile conditions showed that roots can compete with microorganisms for exudates in solution indicating the possible importance of re-sorption in a soil environment. The results clearly indicate that roots are capable of regulating the net amount of C released into a solution culture with the amount of C collected being highly dependent on the experimental conditions employed. The possible implications of soluble C influx on processes operating within the rhizosphere and in experimental systems is discussed.     

Evidence for direct binding of glycerol to photosystem I

The interaction between glycerol and photosystem I (PSI) was investigated using low temperature single-molecule spectroscopy. PSI complexes were dissolved in three different solutions: in buffer solution, in 66% glycerol/buffer solution, and in 66% glycerol/buffer solution that was afterwards diluted by buffer; the final glycerol concentration was <1‰. Mean fluorescence spectra and intercomplex heterogeneity of PSI complexes in 66% glycerol/buffer solution and in the re-diluted solution show high similarity, but differ from complexes in buffer solution indicating that the glycerol concentration is not the determining factor modifying the spectral properties. However, the exposure of PSI to a high glycerol concentration during sample preparation affects PSI and the effect is maintained if glycerol is removed from the solution.