封面说明

斑马（Equusspp．）是广泛分布于非洲平原的中型草食性动物,是非洲最具代表性动物之一。马属动物中的斑马有3种：分别是普通斑马（E．quagga）、山斑马（E．zebra）和细纹斑马（E．grevyi）。普通斑马与山斑马的主要区别是臀部一腹部的花纹走向不同;而细纹斑马的花纹比这2种斑马密集,而且体型在3种斑马中最大,是最漂亮的斑马,但数量非常稀少;普通斑马是最常见的斑马,体型相对较其他2种小,数量最多。     

无量山大寨子黑长臂猿一夫二妻制的群体结构及其行为学原因

2003年8月—2005年8月,对无量山大寨子5个黑长臂猿群体的结构和组成进行了观察。当一个群体在早晨鸣叫或依次通过树冠时,记录群体的结构和组成。每个群体都由1个成年雄性、2个成年雌性及其后代组成。2003年8月平均群体大小为6·2只;到2005年8月,平均群体大小发展为6·4只,其中有2个亚成年雄性从出生群迁出,且有3只幼猿出生。在3个群体(G1、G2和G3)中两个成年雌性都成功繁殖了后代。同一群体内两个成年雌性间无攻击或等级行为。2005年4月15日,当一只亚成年雌性进入G3的领域后,两只成年雌性对其进行追逐驱赶,并且干扰其与成年雄性配合进行二重唱,成年雄性没有直接驱赶流浪的亚成年雌性,10天后这只亚成年雌性离开了G3的领域。亚成年雄性经常与群体其他成员保持一定距离,并且在出生地通过独唱练习鸣叫。黑长臂猿可能通过亚成年雄性和雌性的迁出,及成年雌性对外来流浪雌性的驱赶维持这种一夫二妻的群体结构。     

普通斑马

<正>普通斑马(Equus quagga)是现存3种斑马中数量最多的种类。与狭纹斑马(Equus grevyi)和山斑马(Equus zebra)相比,普通斑马也是3种斑马     

无量山大寨子黑长臂猿一夫二妻制的群体结构及其行为学原因

2003年8月—2005年8月，对无量山大寨子5个黑长臂猿群体的结构和组成进行了观察。当一个群体在早晨鸣叫或依次通过树冠时，记录群体的结构和组成。每个群体都由1个成年雄性、2个成年雌性及其后代组成。2003年8月平均群体大小为6.2只；到2005年8月,平均群体大小发展为6.4只，其中有2个亚成年雄性从出生群迁出，且有3只幼猿出生。 在3个群体(G1、G2和G3)中两个成年雌性都成功繁殖了后代。同一群体内两个成年雌性间无攻击或等级行为。2005年4月15日，当一只亚成年雌性进入G3的领域后，两只成年雌性对其进行追逐驱赶，并且干扰其与成年雄性配合进行二重唱， 成年雄性没有直接驱赶流浪的亚成年雌性，10天后这只亚成年雌性离开了G3的领域。亚成年雄性经常与群体其他成员保持一定距离，并且在出生地通过独唱练习鸣叫。黑长臂猿可能通过亚成年雄性和雌性的迁出，及成年雌性对外来流浪雌性的驱赶维持这种一夫二妻的群体结构。     

岷山山系川金丝猴群的社会结构——以唐家河国家级自然保护区川金丝猴为例

为进一步深入理解不同地理区域川金丝猴群的社会结构特点,于2014年3—7月,采用焦点动物取样法对岷山山系唐家河国家级自然保护区辅助投食成功的一个川金丝猴群进行了观察。研究表明:该猴群共有138只个体,包括16只成年雄性,48只成年雌性,11只亚成年雌性,3只亚成年雄性,36只青少年猴以及24只婴幼猴;猴群中成年个体与未成年个体的比例为0.86∶1。唐家河川金丝猴群具有典型的重层社会结构:即由11个一雄多雌单元(one-male units,OMUs)组成2个繁殖分队(breeding band),并分别与1个密切联系的全雄单元(all-male unit,AMU)共同构成。其中,每个OMU分别由6~15只个体组成,平均为10.64只±2.77只;AMU共21只个体,以青少年个体最多,占61.9%。方差分析表明:2个繁殖分队中的OMU大小差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。     

斑马的耳朵会说话

正"辽阔的草原是我的家,狮子鳄鱼我都不怕,哗啦啦的一群是我们斑马,两只神奇耳朵助我闯天下……"一群斑马激昂地唱着歌。能在危机四伏的非洲大草原讨生活,斑马可得有点真本事。比如说,它的耳朵就很有能耐!嘿,警戒"小心,前面有危险!"一只斑马提醒同伴。同伴紧张地朝远处望去,果然,一头狮子正在那里跃跃欲试,随时准备扑过来。两只斑马没说话,它们是怎么交流的?秘密就在耳     

匈牙利平原环境中狍的集群行为

20 0 2年 4月至 2 0 0 3年 4月利用直接观察法对匈牙利平原农田环境中狍的集群行为进行了研究 ,结果显示平均群体数量在寒冷的秋冬季节较大 ,最大群体数量也具有类似的变动趋势 ,2 0 0 3年 2月最大群体有 92 - 94只 ,并保持集群长达 2 0d ,在冷季以大于 5只的群体所占百分比较高。 2 0 0 2年 4月和 2 0 0 3年 3月集群开始解散 ,雄性个体在 2 0 0 2年 6、 7月的交配期独居或保持家庭小群 ,雌性主要与幼体构成家庭群。生活在小片林地的群体数量小于农田群体 ,作者认为农田平原环境的开阔性结构和繁殖生理状态是导致狍群体较大和集群行为变化的近因     

钱塘江桐庐段水域花渔业种群结构特征的初步研究

利用2012年2月至2013年1月在钱塘江桐庐段水域的渔获物中采集的样本,对该水域花（Hemibarbus maculatus Bleeker）种群的叉长和体质量组成,性别组成和性比、年龄组成等渔业种群结构特征进行了初步研究。结果表明,渔获群体的叉长范围为11.2~33.1 cm,平均叉长为（20.2±3.45）cm;体质量范围为26.0~540.8 g,平均体质量为（171.6±81.9）g。雌性个体大于雄性个体,雌性渔获群体的平均叉长为（23.5±3.58）cm,平均体质量为（183.2±79.87）g;雄性渔获群体的平均叉长为（22.7±3.77）cm,平均体质量为（168.8±78.99）g。雌性群体数量多于雄性群体数量,雌、雄性比约为1.47∶1。渔获群体由4个年龄组组成,以2龄为主。     

野生太行山猕猴的社会结构

2009年2月至2010年7月,在河南太行山猕猴国家级自然保护区济源管理局所辖的天坛山管护区,基于个体识别和野外跟踪,观察了一个野生太行山猕猴群(王屋1群, WW-1)的社会结构,采用随机取样法(Ad libitum sampling)记录了该群内成年个体之间、母系单元之间的竞争行为过程,进而依据"David得分法"构建了WW-1群内成年个体及母系单元间的优势等级, 并采用瞬时扫描取样法(Instantaneous andscan sampling)记录了成年个体到达投食区的移动顺序, 分析了平均移动序位与社会顺位的相关性。结果表明: 1)WW-1群体大小为41只个体, 由7个成年雄性和13个成年雌性以及21个未成年猕猴组成, 群内的成年雌性个体分别隶属于3个母系单元; 2)群中成年雄性、成年雌性、亚成年雄性、亚成年雌性、青少年雄性、青少年雌性、婴幼猴雄性、婴幼猴雌性的比例为1∶1.86∶0.29∶0.43∶0.86∶1.29∶0.14∶0, 且未成年个体占全群的51.2%; 3)WW-1群表现出严格的优势等级结构, 成年个体优势顺位由高到低依次是: 豁鼻>次红>白鼻>痞子>红脸>尖脸>小白脸>皱眉>光鼻>长毛>黑颊>小不点>斑点>斑眼>灰头, 母系单元间的优势顺位由高到低依次是红脸单元>长毛单元>斑点单元。研究结果提示, 太行山猕猴的社会结构为多雄多雌型; 成年雄性个体之间优势等级较成年雌性严格, 而成年雌性的社会顺位受所在母系单元社会顺位的影响; WW-1群的α位为成年雄性, 其在获取资源上具有优先性。     

斑马简介

现生的马科动物只有1个属,即马属,该属共有7个物种,其中有3种斑马,分别是普通斑马(Equus quagga)、狭纹斑马(Equus grevyi)和山斑马(Equus zebra)。狭纹斑马和山斑马E.z.zebra亚种被《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)列入附录Ⅰ,严禁猎杀以及任何形式的贸易活动。山斑马E.z.hartmannae亚种被列入附录Ⅱ,国际贸易受到严格限制。仅有普通斑马的数量较多,2002年统计数据为66万只,该物种的生存尚未受到威胁。目前,3种斑马的数量仍在缓慢下降,原因主要来自人类活动的影响,如野生动物栖息地的占用、畜牧业的发展以及被家畜占用的水源地等。如果相关地区的贫穷和政治动荡能够得到遏制,加之合理控制家畜的数量,减少对原始栖息地的随意占用,并持续实施野外监控,斑马等非洲动物的未来就会出现复兴的希望。     

Male infanticide in captive plains zebra, Equus burchelli

On the assumption that infanticide exists in plains zebra, as reported for horses, Equus caballus, we tested the following hypothesis. Introducing a new zebra male into a herd of breeding females should increase foal mortality in comparison with herds in which the sire of the foals is still present. The younger the foal, the more likely infanticide should be. We collected data from five herds in two zoological gardens in the Czech Republic. We found nine records of infanticide in plains zebra and three cases of abortions that were probably induced by forced copulation. We analysed additional indirect data to investigate the possibility of introduced males causing other abortions. Abortions were three times more likely in herds with introduced males than with only fathers present. Postnatal mortality of the foals was four times greater with introduced males than with fathers. No indication of a sex preference was observed for infanticide by a new male for either abortions or postpartum deaths. When we combined all records involving introduced males, the probability of foal death was greatest when the new male joined the herd just after conception and decreased with increasing time between conception and date of the new male introduction (the chance of a foal surviving was less than 5% just after conception and more than 50% at the time of delivery). Mortality of foals did not depend on whether the new male was introduced before or after the foal was born. Survival increased to more than 60% after the foal reached 1 month of age. Our results suggest that captive plains zebra show the highest occurrence of infanticide reported among ungulates. Copyright 2000 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour.     

Further evidence for sex differences in suckling behaviour of captive plains zebra foals

Sex differences in suckling behaviour could be explained either by different maternal investment or by different behaviour of young. Previously, we found sex differences in rejection and termination of suckling bouts in captive plains zebras (Equus burchellii). In this study, we analysed the length of suckling bout interruptions and unsuccessful subsequent attempts which followed a successful suckling bout in plains zebra foals at Dvůr Králové Zoo. When a suckling bout was interrupted, male foals resumed the bout sooner than female foals. The probability of a subsequent attempt decreased with increasing age in female foals but did not change in male foals. These results demonstrate higher effort in suckling interest by male foals, who tried to suckle more than female foals. Although we found sex bias in the effort to suckle, which suggested higher parent–offspring conflict in male offspring, we cannot omit a sex bias in milk supply by the mother.     

Bioenergetics of age-related versus size-related reproductive tactics in female Viviparus georgianus

Individual Viviparus georgianus from a New York population are iteroparous, maturing in their second year. Ovoviviparous females have a maximum lifespan 1 year longer than that of males (4 + versus 3+ years), though individuals of both sexes can be reproductively active for three consecutive years. Embryophores are carried over winter and released each spring. Female survivorship is positively size related, as is incremental growth within any year. Reproductive effort is age related, increasing from 5.3% for modal 2-year females to 79.7% for modal 4-year females. Reproduction is size limited in 2-year females, no females below 16 mm shell length were found containing broods. The lack of observable survivorship penalties related to reproduction may result from reproductive females have greater biomass and hence greater survivorship. Spat size is positively correlated with female age irrespective of female size, though brood numbers increase with maternal size and growth rates. Caged experiments have shown spat born early to older females grow fastest. Data presented indicate that the young of older females have greater expected lifetime fecundity and fitness. In this population, 3-year females produce approximately 50.0% of each new cohort, with 2-year and 4-year females producing 21.0% and 26.0% respectively. Matrix models of the natural population and modified hypothetical populations emphasize the importance of survivorship and early reproduction in such stable, age-structured populations.     

Successful transfer of the embryos of Przewalski's horses (Equus przewalskii) and Grant's zebra (E. burchelli) to domestic mares (E. caballus)

Blastocysts were collected non-surgically from 2 Przewalski's horse and 2 Grant's zebra mares and transferred extra-specifically to domestic horse and donkey recipients. Nine Przewalski's horse embryos were transferred surgically, and 2 non-surgically, to domestic Welsh-type pony mares. After surgical transfer, 7 (77.8%) pregnancies were established and 4 foals were born. Twelve Grant's zebra embryos were transferred surgically to 5 pony and 7 domestic donkey recipients respectively and 1 non-surgically to a donkey; 3 (60%) zebra-in-horse pregnancies were established and 2 went to term. Only 2 (28.6%) zebra-in-donkey pregnancies were established but neither went to term, although one zebra foal was aborted alive at Day 292 but failed to survive. No pregnancies resulted from the non-surgical transfers. Measurement of chorionic gonadotrophin concentrations and parental-specific lymphocytotoxic antibodies in the serum of the recipient animals indicated a pronounced maternal immunological response to the extra-specific embryo, but this could not be correlated with success or failure of pregnancy. The results indicate that extra-specific embryo transfer may be a useful aid to breeding exotic equids in captivity.     

Absence of effects from immunocontraception on seasonal birth patterns and foal survival among barrier island wild horses

Despite a large body of safety data, concern exists that porcine zonae pellucidae (PZP) immunocontraception--used to manage wild horse populations--may cause out-of-season births with resulting foal mortality. Our study at Assateague, Maryland indicated the effects of immunocontraception on season of birth and foal survival between 1990 and 2002 on wild horses from Assateague Island. Among 91 mares never treated, 69 (75.8%) of foals were born in April, May, and June (in season). Among 77 treated mares, 50 (64.9%) were born in season. Of 29 mares foaling within 1 year after treatment (contraceptive failures), 20 (68.9%) were born in season. Of 48 mares treated for greater than 2 years then withdrawn from treatment, 30 (62.5%) of 48 foals were born in season. There were no significant differences (p <.05) between either treatment group or untreated mares. Survival did not differ significantly among foals born in or out of season or among foals born to treated or untreated mares. Data indicate a lack of effect of PZP contraception on season of birth or foal survival on barrier island habitats.     

饲养林麝的种群特征和幼麝的存活研究

对饲养在上海崇明岛东平林场的林麝种群特征以及1998～2000 年间该种群所出生的74 只幼麝存活情况进行分析研究。结果表明: 该林麝种群中能繁殖的个体占51.1 % , 种群数量逐渐增长。种群存活率曲线呈C 型,说明林麝的死亡主要发生在幼麝时期。从不同年龄段性比变化来看, 初生幼麝的性比接近1∶1 , 由于雌幼麝比雄幼麝具有更高的存活率( P < 0.05) , 进入亚成体以后雄性比例逐渐下降, 显示幼麝时期存在偏雄性死亡。早出生幼麝的存活率明显高于晚出生幼麝( P < 0.05) 。引起幼麝死亡的主要原因是疾病(45. 9 %) 。     

Endogenous transplacental transmission of Neospora hughesi in naturally infected horses

Over a 2-yr study period, we investigated possible endogenous transplacental transmission of Neospora hughesi in 74 mare and foal pairs following the diagnosis of neuronal neosporosis in a weanling foal. Presuckle and postsuckle serum of each foal, serum and colostrum of each periparturient mare, and serum of each mare and foal pair, collected at 3-mo intervals thereafter, were tested for N. hughesi using an indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Furthermore, whole blood and colostrum samples and placentae were tested for the presence of N. hughesi by real-time PCR. The mares' seroprevalence at foaling based on IFAT (titer ≥ 160) was 52 and 6% in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Colostral antibodies against N. hughesi were detected in 96 and 11% of the mares in the 2-yr study. With the exception of 3 foals, all remaining foals were born seronegative to N. hughesi. Passive transfer of colostral antibodies to N. hughesi was documented in 15 foals. Three foals born from 2 different mares had presuckle antibodies at a titer ranging from 2,560 to 20,480. All 3 foals were born healthy. Two foals were born to the same dam that also gave birth to the weanling diagnosed with neuronal neosporosis in 2005. The third foal was born to a second mare with no previous foaling history at the farm. Seroconversion was documented in 10 foals and 9 mares over the 2-yr study. All blood and colostrum samples tested PCR negative for N. hughesi. Only 1 placenta collected in 2007 from the mare with the 2 congenitally infected foals tested PCR positive for N. hughesi. In conclusion, N. hughesi persisted in this population via endogenous transplacental infection.     

Long-term changes in a population of an invasive bivalve and its effects

Although the ecological and economic effects of non-native species probably often change through time, few studies have documented such effects. The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) is an important invader that has had large ecological and economic effects on the ecosystems it has invaded in North America and western Europe. Our 20-year study of the Hudson River, New York, showed that the characteristics of a zebra mussel population and its effects on other benthic animals both changed substantially through time. Over the period of study, annual survivorship of adult zebra mussels fell >100-fold, which caused the aggregate filtration rate of the population to fall by 82%. Population size and body size of zebra mussels may also have fallen. In the early years of the invasion, densities of nearly all benthic animals in deepwater sites fell steeply (by 80–99%). After about 8 years of decline, these populations began to recover, and are approaching pre-invasion densities. The littoral zoobenthos showed neither the initial decline nor the subsequent recovery. Although the mechanisms behind these changes are not fully clear, our study shows that the effects of an invader may change considerably over time.     

Population demography of Northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) at the Estação Biológica de Caratinga/Reserva particular do Patrimônio Natural-Felìciano Miguel Abdala, Minas Gerais, Brazil

The 957‐ha forest at the Estação Biológica de Caratinga/Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural‐Felìciano Miguel Abdala, in Minas Gerais, Brazil, supports one of the largest known populations of the critically endangered northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus). We combine long‐term data on one group that has been monitored since 1982 with new data obtained on the other three groups since 2002 and 2003 to describe the demographic structure of this population, evaluate its potential for future growth, and predict how dispersal and competitive regimes may change in response to current demographic conditions. As of January 2005, the 226 individuals in the population were divided into four mixed‐sex groups with 37–77 members, and an all‐male unit whose eight males maintained transient associations with two of the mixed‐sex groups. Although 51.77% of the population was female, the sex ratio among adults and subadults was female‐biased (0.75), while that among immatures was male‐biased (1.47). Consistent with expectations from mean interbirth intervals, 64.18% of adult females gave birth in 2003 and 2004. However, by January 2005, only 52.31% of adult females were still carrying infants <24 months of age due to unusually high infant mortality. First‐year survivorship among the 25 infants born in the population in 2003 was only 76%, considerably lower than previously documented in the longest‐studied group. High female fecundity is indicative of a healthy population, but the current male bias in births will result in a decline in the population growth rate within two decades, and may increase levels of male reproductive competition and alter dispersal patterns. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Parentage, reproductive success and breeding behaviour in the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum)

Female greater horseshoe bats form maternity colonies each summer in order to give birth and raise young. During the mating period, females visit males occupying territorial sites, copulation takes place and sperm are stored until ovulation occurs, normally in April. Using microsatellite markers and a likelihood method of parentage analysis, we studied breeding behaviour and male reproductive success over a five-year period in a population of bats in south-west Britain. Paternity was assigned with 80% confidence to 44% of young born in five successive cohorts. While a small annual skew in male reproductive success was detected, the variance increased over five years due to the repeated success of a few individuals. Mating was polygynous, although some females gave birth to offspring sired by the same male in separate years. Such repeated partnerships probably result from fidelity for either mating sites or individuals or from sperm competition. Females mated with males born both within and outside their own natal colony; however, relatedness between parents was no less than the average recorded for male female pairs. Gene flow between colonies is likely to be primarily mediated by both female and male dispersal during the mating period rather than more permanent movements.