安徽省植被净初级生产力估算——基于改进的CASA模型

定量估算植被净初级生产力(NPP)对预测陆地碳循环趋势具有重要意义,目前广泛应用于NPP估算的CASA模型其精度仍有待提高。在已有CASA模型优化的基础上,考虑最大光能利用率(LUE_max)的动态变化来改进CASA模型,对改进前后的模拟结果进行比较,并利用改进后的模型估算2001—2020年安徽省植被NPP。结论如下：(1)改进的CASA模型可应用于研究区的植被NPP估算,NPP模拟值与实测值之间的相关性达到显著水平(R²=0.736,P<0.01)。(2)改进后模拟的安徽省植被NPP在空间表达上能够呈现更多细节,时间上较改进前在生长季NPP值更高,非生长季值更低,拉大了NPP的年内变化。(3)2001—2020年安徽省植被NPP整体呈波动上升趋势,多年平均值为547.61 gC m^-2 a^-1,年均增长量达2.18 gC m^-2 a^-1,2016—2020年间NPP增长最快。年内NPP具有明显的季节差异,表现为夏季>秋季>春季>冬...     

中国典型人工林净初级生产力与林龄的关系撤回

人工林在陆地生态系统中起着重要的碳汇作用。本研究基于我国25个研究区的5个主要造林树种(刺槐、栓皮栎、杉木、樟子松和油松)的树木年轮数据,利用各研究区不同树种的生物量方程计算标准木的年均净初级生产力(NPP)进而扩展到林分尺度,利用InTEC模型及Law模型模拟各研究区不同人工林NPP与林龄的关系。结果表明：刺槐林、杉木林和油松林NPP随林龄表现出先增加后逐渐平稳的趋势,栓皮栎林和樟子松林NPP达到峰值后则出现下降的趋势。不同人工林NPP-林龄拟合曲线出现拐点的顺序为：樟子松林11年、杉木林14年、油松林16年、刺槐林20年。其拐点NPP分别为6.65、7.58、4.70和2.59 t·hm^-2·a^-1。InTEC及Law NPP-林龄模型在大尺度范围内都有较高的拟合精度,樟子松林InTEC模型R²最低(R²=0.95),均方根误差(RMSE)为0.55 t·hm^-2·a^-1;杉木林InTEC模型R²最高(R²=...     

中国陆地生态系统净初级生产力时空变化特征及影响因素

为揭示气候变化背景下我国各陆地生态系统净初级生产力(NPP)的时空分布特征与驱动机制,引入重心模型分析2000—2017年我国NPP的空间分布格局变化,并利用相关分析方法结合Thornthwaite Memorial模型定量区分气候变化与人类活动影响NPP的相对作用。结果表明：(1)2000—2017年全国NPP均值为325.86 g C/m²,整体呈现出南方高北方低,东南向西北逐渐递减的特点。(2)近18年全国与各陆地生态系统NPP均呈现增长趋势,全国NPP增长速率为4.4597 g C m^-2 a^-1,总净增加约0.391 Pg C。空间上全国与森林、草地、荒漠生态系统的NPP重心向东北方向移动,农田与城市生态系统的NPP重心向西北方向移动,表明NPP在该方向上的增速和增量最大。(3)全国NPP在华北、西北地区与四川盆地主要受降水的影响,在青藏高原与云贵高原的东部主要受气温的影响,各陆地生态系统之间城市生态系统NPP对降水响应的敏感度相对最高,荒漠生态系统NPP对温度响应的敏感度相对最高。(4)气候变化和人类活动对全...     

气温和降雨量对中国湿地生态系统CO2交换的影响

湿地由于具有较高的初级生产力以及较低的有机质降解速率而成为缓解全球变暖的潜在有效碳汇.虽然近年来中国湿地生态系统CO₂交换过程及其影响机制研究取得了一系列进展,但尚缺乏对数据进行系统性整合分析.基于29篇文献的数据,对中国21个典型湿地植被净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)、生态系统呼吸(R_eco)、总初级生产力(GPP)、NEE的光响应参数以及R_eco的温度响应参数进行整合分析,并探讨了这些指标对温度与降雨的响应.结果表明： 年尺度上,气温和降雨量对NEE(R²=50%,R²=57% )、GPP(R²=60%,R²=50%)和R_eco(R²=44%,R²=50%)均有显著影响(P<0.05).生长季尺度上,NEE (R²=50%)、GPP (R²=36%)和R_eco(R²=19%)与气温呈显著相关(P<0.05);同时NEE(R²=33%)和GPP(R²=25%)也与降雨量呈显著相关(P<0.05),但R_eco与降雨量的相关关系不显著(P>0.05).生长季降雨量与最大光合速率(A_max)之间呈显著相关 (P<0.01),但与表观量子产率(α)、白天生态系统呼吸速率(R_eco,day)无显著相关(P>0.05).生长季气温对α、A_max和R_{eco, day}均无显著影响(P>0.05).生态系统基础呼吸速率(R_ref)与降雨量无显著相关(P>0.05),但是生态系统呼吸的温度敏感系数(Q₁₀)与降雨量呈显著的线性负相关(P<0.05),同时气温对Q₁₀(R²=0.35)、R_ref(R²=0.46)均产生显著影响(P<0.05).     

气温和降雨量对中国湿地生态系统CO2交换的影响

湿地由于具有较高的初级生产力以及较低的有机质降解速率而成为缓解全球变暖的潜在有效碳汇.虽然近年来中国湿地生态系统CO₂交换过程及其影响机制研究取得了一系列进展,但尚缺乏对数据进行系统性整合分析.基于29篇文献的数据,对中国21个典型湿地植被净生态系统CO₂交换(NEE)、生态系统呼吸(R_eco)、总初级生产力(GPP)、NEE的光响应参数以及R_eco的温度响应参数进行整合分析,并探讨了这些指标对温度与降雨的响应.结果表明： 年尺度上,气温和降雨量对NEE(R²=50%,R²=57% )、GPP(R²=60%,R²=50%)和R_eco(R²=44%,R²=50%)均有显著影响(P<0.05).生长季尺度上,NEE (R²=50%)、GPP (R²=36%)和R_eco(R²=19%)与气温呈显著相关(P<0.05);同时NEE(R²=33%)和GPP(R²=25%)也与降雨量呈显著相关(P<0.05),但R_eco与降雨量的相关关系不显著(P>0.05).生长季降雨量与最大光合速率(A_max)之间呈显著相关 (P<0.01),但与表观量子产率(α)、白天生态系统呼吸速率(R_eco,day)无显著相关(P>0.05).生长季气温对α、A_max和R_{eco, day}均无显著影响(P>0.05).生态系统基础呼吸速率(R_ref)与降雨量无显著相关(P>0.05),但是生态系统呼吸的温度敏感系数(Q₁₀)与降雨量呈显著的线性负相关(P<0.05),同时气温对Q₁₀(R²=0.35)、R_ref(R²=0.46)均产生显著影响(P<0.05).     

我国不同季节陆地植被NPP对气候变化的响应

阐明不同季节陆地植被净第一性生产力(NPP)对全球变化的响应将有助于理解陆地生态系统和气候系统之间的相互作用以及NPP变化机制.本文使用1982～1999年间的AVHRR/NDVI、气温、降水以及太阳辐射等资料,结合植被分布图和土壤质地图,利用生态过程模型,研究不同季节我国陆地植被NPP的年际变化及其地理分异.结果表明,在1982～1999年的18年间,4个季节的NPP都呈显著增加趋势.其中,春季是NPP增加速率最快的季节,夏季是NPP增加量最大的季节.不同植被类型对全球变化的响应有很大差异.常绿阔叶林、常绿针叶林和落叶针叶林NPP的增加主要由生长季节的提前所致,而落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林、矮林灌丛、温带草原及草甸、稀树草原、高寒植被、荒漠以及人工植被NPP的增加主要来自生长季生长加速的贡献.从区域分布看,在四季中春季NPP增加量最大的地区主要集中在东部季风区域;夏季NPP增加量最大的地区包括西北干旱区域和青藏高原的大部分地区、小兴安岭-长白山区、三江平原、松辽平原、四川盆地、雷州半岛、长江中下游部分地区以及江南山地东部;而秋季植被NPP增加量最大的地区主要有云南高原-西藏东部和呼伦湖的周围等地区.不同植被和地理区域NPP的这些响应方式与区域气候特征及其变化趋势有关.     

我国不同季节陆地植被NPP对气候变化的响应

阐明不同季节陆地植被净第一性生产力（NPP）对全球变化的响应将有助于理解陆地生态系统和气候系统之间的相互作用以及NPP变化机制。本文使用1982－1999年间的AVHRR／NDVI、气温、降水以及太阳辐射等资料,结合植被分布图和土壤质地图,利用生态过程模型,研究不同季节我国陆地植被NPP的年际变化及其地理分异。结果表明,在1982－1999年的18年间,4个季节的NPP都呈显著增加趋势。其中,春季是NPP增加速率最快的季节,夏季是NPP增加量最大的季节,不同植被类型对全球变化的响应有很大差异。常绿阔叶林,常绿针叶林和落叶针叶林NPP的增加主要由生长季节的提前所致。而落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林、矮林灌丛,温带草原及草甸,稀树草原、高寒植被,荒漠以及人工植被NPP的增加主要来自生长季生长加速的贡献。从区域分布看,在四季中春季NPP增加量最大的地区主要集中在东部季风区域;夏季NPP增量最大的地区包括西北干旱区域和青藏高原的大部分地区,小兴安岭－长白山区,三江平原,松辽平原,四川盆地,雷州半岛,长江中下游部分地区以及江南山地东部;而秋季植被NPP增加量最大的地区主要有云南高原－西藏东部和呼伦湖的周围等地区。不同植被和地理区域NPP的这些响应方式与区域气候特征及其变化趋势有关。     

2000—2019年宁夏植被净初级生产力时空变化及其驱动因素

宁夏是我国重要的农牧交错区,开展该地区植被净初级生产力(NPP)时空变化及其驱动因素研究对于认知该地区NPP变化趋势及主导因素、揭示其植被恢复状况及成因具有重要作用。本研究基于MODIS NPP数据,利用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、相关分析、叠加分析等方法分析宁夏植被NPP的时空变化及驱动因素。结果表明: 2000—2019年,宁夏植被NPP总体呈波动上升趋势,其线性增长速度为5.46 g C·m^-2·a^-1。研究区植被NPP在空间上呈现两高两低的分布特征,以南部山区最高,其次为引黄灌区,中部干旱带丘陵区和贺兰山一带最低。研究区84.2%的植被NPP处于显著恢复中,主要分布在中部及南部山区丘陵地,植被NPP随海拔变化显著,受地形影响明显。宁夏植被NPP重心总体向正南方向移动,南部植被NPP的增量和增速大于北部。宁夏地区年降水量呈增加趋势,年均温微弱降低,植被NPP主要受降水量的显著影响(R²=0.291),年均温与植被NPP相关性不显著。研究区96.9%的区域处于植被恢复状态,受气候变化和人类活动共同促进。     

2008—2018年伊犁河流域植被净初级生产力时空分异特征

基于MODIS数据和改进的光能利用率模型(CASA模型)对2008—2018年伊犁河流域植被净初级生产力(NPP)进行估算,通过一元线性回归趋势分析、变异系数、Hurst指数等方法对其时空分异特征进行分析。结论如下：(1)时间特征上,伊犁河流域植被NPP呈现波动上升趋势,年内植被NPP呈现出“单峰型”特点,该流域四季植被NPP大小关系为：夏季>春季>秋季>冬季;(2)空间特征上,伊犁河流域植被NPP呈现东北低西南高,沿天山山脉呈环状分布,各植被类型NPP的大小为：林地(624.13 g C m^-2 a^-1)>耕地(575.04 g C m^-2 a^-1)>草地(270.57 g C m^-2 a^-1)>裸地(114.26 g C m^-2 a^-1)。该流域植被NPP在海拔、经纬度方面均呈现不同的变化特征。(3)空间稳定性上,伊犁河流域植被NPP存在明显的空间差异性,各变异程度...     

陕西秦巴山区植被第一性生产物质量与价值量测评研究

生物圈及陆地植被是人类赖以生息、生活和发展的物质基础 ,它为人类提供食物、药材、原材料等具有直接资源价值的生物产品。因此 ,陆地植被 NPP物质量与价值量的测评研究 ,对于更好地认识生态系统的生态过程与生态功能具有重要的意义。在地理信息系统 (GIS)支持下 ,充分考虑植被类型及覆盖率差异 ,利用改进的 NPP模型 ,对陕西段秦巴山地陆地生态系统 NPP物质量进行了测定。结果显示 :秦巴山区 8.2× 1 0 6 hm2 的陆地植被每年生产 82 .8× 1 0 6 t生物有机物 ,单位面积 NPP物质量 ,随植被类型和气候带发生有规律变化 ,从植被类型来看 ,天然林和次生林≥人工果树≥次生灌丛≥次生草被 ;从纬度地带性变化来看 ,亚热带≥暖温带≥高山温带 ;从垂直地带性变化来看 ,随山地高度增加先增后减 ,一般在海拔 1 0 0 0～ 1 3 0 0 m达到最大值。为了货币化测评第一性生产的价值量 ,以 NPP物质量为基础 ,将其折算成相当于标准煤的能量值 ,按现行市场价格估测植被第一性生产价值量 ,结果表明 :秦巴山地每年第一性生产合 1 .8× 1 0 1 0元 ,占国内生产总值的 8%。虽然 ,价值量的估计是十分概念化和保守的 ,但仍可发现本区陆地植被第一性生产在大农业中占有相当比重 ,NPP的价值量占农业生产总值 3 7.0 5 % ,是林业生产总     

近20年来西南地区植被净初级生产力时空变化与影响因素及其对生态工程响应

植被净初级生产力（NPP）是研究陆地生态系统中物质和能量转换的重要指标，NPP的空间分布与区域气候、植被生长以及人类活动等因素息息相关，其变化能反映植被群落的生产能力，是生态系统功能和结构变化的重要表征。近20年来，中国西南地区植被NPP呈现增长趋势。然而，目前对NPP时空变化格局及潜在原因尚不清楚。因此，利用2001-2018年间MODIS-NPP、岩性、气候、土地利用、造林面积和石漠化治理情况等数据，对西南地区植被NPP的时空变化趋势及其成因进行了分析。结果发现：（1）2001-2018年间，中国西南地区植被NPP总体呈增长趋势，突变分析结果显示，2012-2018年间NPP的增长速度（5.13 gC m^-2a^-1）比2001-2011年更快（1.78 gC m^-2a^-1），在两个时段，岩溶区NPP增长速度都高于非岩溶区；（2）对西南地区植被NPP变化与气候因子的相关分析结果显示，2001-2011年与2012-2018年两个时间段内NPP与温度的平均相关性（R=0.19，0.26）要高于NPP与降水的平均相关性（R=0.07，0.05），表明西南地区植被NPP更容易受到温度的影响；（3）对两个时期土地利用变化下NPP总量的变化情况的研究结果显示，2001-2011年期间城市用地面积增加使得NPP总量下降，而2012-2018年未利用地面积增长造成了NPP总量下降；（4）2001-2018年西南地区累计造林面积与NPP存在显著正相关性（R=0.7，P<0.05），说明"退耕还林"工程实施促进了西南地区NPP增长。对石漠化面积统计结果表明，2011年后石漠化面积显著减少，这与NPP的突变点一致，表明石漠化治理对西南地区NPP增长有重要促进作用。     

Assessing the Spatiotemporal Variation in Distribution,Extent and NPP of Terrestrial Ecosystems in Response to Climate Change from 1911 to 2000

To assess the variation in distribution, extent, and NPP of global natural vegetation in response to climate change in the period 1911–2000 and to provide a feasible method for climate change research in regions where historical data is difficult to obtain. In this research, variations in spatiotemporal distributions of global potential natural vegetation (PNV) from 1911 to 2000 were analyzed with the comprehensive sequential classification system (CSCS) and net primary production (NPP) of different ecosystems was evaluated with the synthetic model to determine the effect of climate change on the terrestrial ecosystems. The results showed that consistently rising global temperature and altered precipitation patterns had exerted strong influence on spatiotemporal distribution and productivities of terrestrial ecosystems, especially in the mid/high latitudes. Ecosystems in temperate zones expanded and desert area decreased as a consequence of climate variations. The vegetation that decreased the most was cold desert (18.79%), while the maximum increase (10.31%) was recorded in savanna. Additionally, the area of tundra and alpine steppe reduced significantly (5.43%) and were forced northward due to significant ascending temperature in the northern hemisphere. The global terrestrial ecosystems productivities increased by 2.09%, most of which was attributed to savanna (6.04%), tropical forest (0.99%), and temperate forest (5.49%). Most NPP losses were found in cold desert (27.33%). NPP increases displayed a latitudinal distribution. The NPP of tropical zones amounted to more than a half of total NPP, with an estimated increase of 1.32%. The increase in northern temperate zone was the second highest with 3.55%. Global NPP showed a significant positive correlation with mean annual precipitation in comparison with mean annual temperature and biological temperature. In general, effects of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems were deep and profound in 1911–2000, especially in the latter half of the period.     

基于MODIS的中国草地NPP综合估算模型

草地生态系统是陆地生态系统分布最广的生态系统类型之一,其碳储量的估算在全球变化中的作用越来越受到重视。为了快速、便捷地实现中国草地净初级生产力(NPP)的估算,在获取野外调查资料与同期遥感影像数据的基础上,利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)以及气候数据,构建了草地NPP综合估算模型。模型包括叶面积指数(LAI)和光合累积量(PA)两个子模型,其中LAI子模型利用了遥感数据NDVI,PA子模型利用了温度、降水和辐射等气候数据。通过建模以外独立的实测数据的验证,模拟值与实测值之间有很好的相关性,R2为0.8519,相关性达到极显著水平。RMSE和RRMSE均较小,表明模型的模拟结果比较可靠。同时模拟值与实测值之间的平均相对误差仅为1.97%,模拟结果的准确度较高,因此利用上述模型估算中国草地NPP是可行的。以上结果为中国草地NPP估算提供了新的方法。     

Responses of Terrestrial Ecosystems’ Net Primary Productivity to Future Regional Climate Change in China

The impact of regional climate change on net primary productivity (NPP) is an important aspect in the study of ecosystems’ response to global climate change. China’s ecosystems are very sensitive to climate change owing to the influence of the East Asian monsoon. The Lund–Potsdam–Jena Dynamic Global Vegetation Model for China (LPJ-CN), a global dynamical vegetation model developed for China’s terrestrial ecosystems, was applied in this study to simulate the NPP changes affected by future climate change. As the LPJ-CN model is based on natural vegetation, the simulation in this study did not consider the influence of anthropogenic activities. Results suggest that future climate change would have adverse effects on natural ecosystems, with NPP tending to decrease in eastern China, particularly in the temperate and warm temperate regions. NPP would increase in western China, with a concentration in the Tibetan Plateau and the northwest arid regions. The increasing trend in NPP in western China and the decreasing trend in eastern China would be further enhanced by the warming climate. The spatial distribution of NPP, which declines from the southeast coast to the northwest inland, would have minimal variation under scenarios of climate change.     

中国西北部草地植被降水利用效率的时空格局

植被降水利用效率(PUE)是评价干旱、半干旱地区植被生产力对降水量时空动态响应特征的重要指标。利用光能利用率CASA(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach)模型估算了2001—2010年中国西北七省草地植被净初级生产力(NPP),结合降水量的空间插值数据,分析了近十年草地植被PUE的空间分布、主要植被类型的PUE,及其时空格局的驱动因素。结果表明:(1)2001—2010年西北七省草地植被的平均PUE为0.68 g C m~(-2)mm~(-1)。在温带草地各类型中,PUE的大小顺序为草甸草原灌丛典型草原荒漠草原荒漠,各类型草地PUE之间差异显著;对于高寒草地而言,高寒草原的PUE显著高于高寒草甸;(2)温带草地PUE的空间分布与年降水量的关系呈抛物线形状(R~2=0.65,P0.001),PUE峰值出现在年降水量P=472.9 mm的地区;荒漠地区植被PUE的空间分布与年降水量的关系同样呈抛物线形状(R~2=0.63,P0.001),PUE峰值出现在年降水量P=263.2mm的地区;对于高寒草地而言,年降水量100 mm以下地区植被PUE变异较大,年降水量大于100 mm的地区植被PUE的空间分布随降水量的变化呈抛物线形状(R~2=0.47,P0.001),PUE峰值出现在P=559.2 mm的地区;(3)不同降水量区域,植被PUE的年际波动与气候因子的关系也有较大差别。在年降水量为200—1000 mm的地区,草地PUE的年际波动与年降水量的变化呈正相关;在年降水量高于1050 mm的地区,草地PUE的年际波动与年均温的相关性较强,相关系数最高可达到0.4。     

基于IBIS模型的1960-2006年中国陆地生态系统碳收支格局研究

定量评估区域陆地生态系统碳收支是生态系统与全球变化科学研究的重要科学问题之一。利用集成生物圈模型（IBIS）对中国陆地生态系统历史时期（1960-2006年）气候及CO₂浓度变化条件下碳收支时空变异特征和发展趋势进行了模拟分析。结果表明,1960-2006年间,中国陆地生态系统净初级生产力（NPP）总量水平约为2.46 GtC/a,总体呈上升趋势,在东南及西南地区最高,其次是长白山及大小兴安岭地区,西北内陆地区的净初级生产力水平最低;1960-2006年间,中国陆地生态系统净生态系统生产力（NEP）总量水平约为0.11 GtC/a,总体呈上升趋势,绝大部分区域表现为碳汇效应,大兴安岭、小兴安岭、长白山、东南地区及西南部分地区碳汇效应较强,西北内陆区表现出弱碳源效应,温带湿润区、高原温带区和高原寒带区碳汇效应呈显著上升趋势;中国11个气候区,NPP与降水均为正相关,除了中温带湿润区、寒温带湿润区、高原温带和高原寒带外,降水是限制植被生长的主要因子。除了高原寒带外,NEP同样表现出与降水的更强相关性,与气温的相关性较弱。经验证,IBIS模型对于中国陆地生态系统碳收支的模拟结果合理,可以为科学预测生态系统的固碳潜力和制定区域碳管理政策提供科学依据。     

Modelled effects of precipitation on ecosystem carbon and water dynamics in different climatic zones

The ongoing changes in the global climate expose the world's ecosystems not only to increasing CO₂ concentrations and temperatures but also to altered precipitation (P) regimes. Using four well-established process-based ecosystem models (LPJ, DayCent, ORCHIDEE, TECO), we explored effects of potential P changes on water limitation and net primary production (NPP) in seven terrestrial ecosystems with distinctive vegetation types in different hydroclimatic zones. We found that NPP responses to P changes differed not only among sites but also within a year at a given site. The magnitudes of NPP change were basically determined by the degree of ecosystem water limitation, which was quantified here using the ratio between atmospheric transpirational demand and soil water supply. Humid sites and/or periods were least responsive to any change in P as compared with moderately humid or dry sites/periods. We also found that NPP responded more strongly to doubling or halving of P amount and a seasonal shift in P occurrence than that to altered P frequency and intensity at constant annual amounts. The findings were highly robust across the four models especially in terms of the direction of changes and largely consistent with earlier P manipulation experiments and modelling results. Overall, this study underscores the widespread importance of P as a driver of change in ecosystems, although the ultimate response of a particular site will depend on the detailed nature and seasonal timing of P change.     

Global pattern of NPP to GPP ratio derived from MODIS data: effects of ecosystem type, geographical location and climate

Aim To examine the global pattern of the net primary production (NPP)/gross primary production (GPP) ratio of the Earth's land area along geographical and climatic gradients. Location The global planetary ecosystem. Methods The 4‐year average annual NPP/GPP ratio of the Earth's land area was calculated using 2000–03 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. The global pattern of the NPP/GPP ratio was investigated by comparing it among each typical terrestrial ecosystem and plotting it along a geographical and climatic gradient, including latitude, altitude, temperature and precipitation. Results The global terrestrial ecosystem had an average NPP/GPP ratio value of 0.52 with minor variation from 2000 to 2003. However, the NPP/GPP ratio showed considerable spatial variation associated with ecosystem type, geographical location and climate. Densely vegetated ecosystems had a lower NPP/GPP ratio than sparsely vegetated ecosystems. Forest ecosystems had a lower NPP/GPP ratio than shrub and herbaceous ecosystems. Geographically, the NPP/GPP ratio increased with altitude. In the Southern Hemisphere, the NPP/GPP ratio decreased along latitude from 30° to 10° and it exhibited high fluctuation in the Northern Hemisphere. Climatically, the NPP/GPP ratio exhibited a decreasing trend along enhanced precipitation when it was less than 2300 mm year^?1 and a static trend when the annual precipitation was over 2300 mm. The NPP/GPP ratio showed a decreasing trend along temperature when it was between –20 °C and 10 °C, and showed an increasing trend along rising temperature when it was between –10 °C and 20 °C. Within each ecosystem, the NPP/GPP ratio revealed a similar trend to the global trend along temperature and precipitation. Conclusions The NPP/GPP ratio exhibited a pattern depending on the main climatic characteristics such as temperature and precipitation and geographical factors such as latitude and altitude. The findings of this research challenge the widely held assumption that the NPP/GPP ratio is consistent regardless of ecosystem type.     

Determinants of soil organic carbon sequestration and its contribution to ecosystem carbon sinks of planted forests

The area of forest established through afforestation/reforestation has been increasing on a global scale, which is particularly important as these planted forests attenuate climate change by sequestering carbon. However, the determinants of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and their contribution to the ecosystem carbon sink of planted forests remain uncertain. By using globally distributed data extracted from 154 peer‐reviewed publications and a total of 355 sampling points, we investigated above‐ground biomass carbon (ABC) sequestration and SOC sequestration across three different climatic zones (tropical, warm temperate, and cold temperate) through correlation analysis, regression models, and structural equation modeling (SEM). We found that the proportion of SOC sequestration in the ecosystem C sequestration averaged 14.1% globally, being the highest (27.0%) in the warm temperate and the lowest (10.7%) in the tropical climatic zones. The proportion was mainly affected by latitude. The sink rate of ABC (R_ABC) in tropical climates (2.48 Mg C ha^?1 year^?1) and the sink rate of SOC (R_SOC) in warm temperate climates (0.96 Mg C ha^?1 year^?1) were higher than other climatic zones. The main determinants of R_SOC were the number of frost‐free days, latitude, mean annual precipitation (MAP), and SOC density (SOCD) at the initial observation; however, these variables depended on the climatic zone. According to the SEM, frost‐free period, mean annual temperature (MAT) and MAP are the dominant driving factors affecting R_SOC in Chinese plantations. MAT has a positive effect on R_SOC, and global warming may increase R_SOC of temperate plantations in China. Our findings highlight the determinants of SOC sequestration and quantitatively reveal the substantial global contribution of SOC sequestration to ecosystem carbon sink provided by planted forests. Our results help managers identify and control key factors to increase carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems.     

Variability in exchange of CO2 across 12 northern peatland and tundra sites

Many wetland ecosystems such as peatlands and wet tundra hold large amounts of organic carbon (C) in their soils, and are thus important in the terrestrial C cycle. We have synthesized data on the carbon dioxide (CO₂) exchange obtained from eddy covariance measurements from 12 wetland sites, covering 1–7 years at each site, across Europe and North America, ranging from ombrotrophic and minerotrophic peatlands to wet tundra ecosystems, spanning temperate to arctic climate zones. The average summertime net ecosystem exchange of CO₂ (NEE) was highly variable between sites. However, all sites with complete annual datasets, seven in total, acted as annual net sinks for atmospheric CO₂. To evaluate the influence of gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R_eco) on NEE, we first removed the artificial correlation emanating from the method of partitioning NEE into GPP and R_eco. After this correction neither R_eco (P= 0.162) nor GPP (P= 0.110) correlated significantly with NEE on an annual basis. Spatial variation in annual and summertime R_eco was associated with growing season period, air temperature, growing degree days, normalized difference vegetation index and vapour pressure deficit. GPP showed weaker correlations with environmental variables as compared with R_eco, the exception being leaf area index (LAI), which correlated with both GPP and NEE, but not with R_eco. Length of growing season period was found to be the most important variable describing the spatial variation in summertime GPP and R_eco; global warming will thus cause these components to increase. Annual GPP and NEE correlated significantly with LAI and pH, thus, in order to predict wetland C exchange, differences in ecosystem structure such as leaf area and biomass as well as nutritional status must be taken into account.