飞虱科三新属四新种 (同翅目:蜡蝉总科)

记述飞虱科3新属,即奇臀飞虱属Miranus Chen et Ding,gen.nov.,东洋飞虱属Orientoya Chen et Ding,gen.nov.,和凹缘飞属属Aoyuanus Ding et Chen,gen.nov.,4新种为葛氏奇臀飞虱M.kuohi Chen et Li,sp.nov.、环鳞奇臀飞虱M.circus Chen et Ding,sp.nov.、东洋飞虱Orientoya orientalis Chen et Ding,sp.nov.和叉茎凹缘飞属Aoyuanus furcatus Ding et Chen,sp.nov.,及1新组合,片刺奇臀飞虱M.varians(Kuoh),comb.nov.。模式标本分别保存于贵州大学昆虫研究所（GZU）和南京农业大学植物保护系（NJAU）。     

偏角飞虱属分类研究(同翅目,蜡蝉总科,飞虱科)

对偏角飞虱属Neobelocera Ding et Yang的种类进行了系统整理,共4种,即偏角飞虱Neobelocera asymmetrica Ding et Yang(云南)、浙江偏角飞虱N.zhejiangensis(Zhu)(浙江、安徽)、汉阴偏角飞虱N.hanyinensis Qn etYuan(陕西)、兰坪偏角飞虱N.lanpingensis Chen(云南).对属征进行了拟定,编制了种检索表,简述了已知种的分布、寄主.描记了采自湖南张家界国家森林公园的1新种,即侧刺偏角飞虱N.laterospina sp.nov.,提供了该新种及兰坪偏角飞虱N.lanpingensis Chen的特征图.研究标本及新种模式标本保存于贵州大学昆虫研究所.     

中国西北地区飞虱科四新记录种

作者于1987和1988年对中国西北地区的飞虱种类进行了初步调查和采集,经整理鉴定,发现4种中国新记录种,均属于飞虱亚科(Delphacinae)、飞虱族(Delphacini),其中绿飞虱属Chloriona 2种,黎氏飞虱属Ribautodelphax和古北飞虱属Javesella各1种,而且黎氏飞虱属为我国首次记录。     

危害竹子的飞虱类昆虫区系及生物地理学初探(半翅目,蜡蝉总科,飞虱科)

对世界取食、危害竹子的飞虱类昆虫的物种多样性、区系成分和分布特点进行了统计、分析,并对该类昆虫的分布格局及可能的起源与演化路径进行了初步研究。结果表明:截至目前全世界共记录竹子飞虱20属105种,均隶属于飞虱亚科,以凹距飞虱族为优势类群,有18属95种,分别占竹子飞虱属、种数的90%和90.5%,余下的为飞虱族的类群;竹子飞虱主要分布于东洋界(16属96种,占91.4%)和新热带界(6属13种,占12.4%),少数属种可渗透分布至古北界;竹子飞虱的特有属、种极为丰富,特有属13个,占竹子飞虱总属数的65%,特有种89个,比例高达84.8%;竹子飞虱可能起源于新生代第三纪的冈瓦纳古陆,东洋界的中国南部和南亚诸岛是竹子飞虱的现代分布和分化中心,新热带界的厄瓜多尔可能是竹子飞虱的又一现代分布和分化中心。     

飞虱科一新属三新种(同翅目蜡蝉总科)

白颈飞虱 Sogata sirokata系Matsumura et Ishihara于1945年作为新种发表,1963年Fennah将其移至绿飞虱属Chloriona白背飞虱亚属内,后白背飞虱亚属又被提升为白背飞虱属Sogatella。我们经过研究,认为白颈飞虱不应置于长唇基飞虱属SogatoDistant或白背飞虱属Sogatella Fennah内,为此,作者将其与广东省和福建省采集的3新种一并建立无皱飞虱属Paracorbulo(新属),以白颈飞虱为模式种,新属新种描     

特里飞虱属在中国的首次发现及卢氏特里飞虱的再描记(半翅目.蜡蝉总科,飞虱科)

记述采自黑龙江三江平原的飞虱科中国1新纪录属:特里飞虱属Trichodelphax Vilbaste,1968及中国1新纪录种:卢氏特里飞虱T.lukjanovitshi(Kusnezov,1929),并对卢氏特里飞虱作了重新描记,提供了成虫外形照片及雄性外生殖器特征图。研究标本保存在西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆。     

中国飞虱科二属分类概要及三新种记述(半翅目,蜡蝉总科,飞虱科)

对分布于我国南方的飞虱科两个属:细突飞虱属Neoterthrona Yang et Yang及等胸飞虱属Paraconon Yang et Yang进行了分类概要,修订了2属的属征,并记述3个新种:直茎细突飞虱Neoterthrona recta sp.nov.,具瘤细突飞虱Neoterthrona tubercularis sp.nov.和中华等胸飞虱Paraconon sinensis sp.nov..文中分别给出了2属所有种的检索表.新种模式标本保存于西北农林科技大学昆虫博物馆.     

中国飞虱科一新记录属和三新记录种

记述采自中国西南地区的飞虱科1新记录属：Altekon Fennah及3新记录种：小黑飞虱A.marpessa(Fennah),齿突小黑飞虱A.charcamis Fennah和暗尾背刺飞虱Hugamiodes fuscicaudata(Muir),附主要特征图,研究标本保存于贵州大学昆虫研究所。     

飞虱科四新种记述

本文记述的四个新种,属于同翅目、飞虱科(Delpbacidae)、片距飞虱亚科(Delphacinae)、片距族(Delphacini),分隶于四个属。模式标本均存放于安徽农学院。 一、额叉飞虱属Dicrantropis Fieber 1866 扭叉额叉飞虱Dicranotropis tortilis新种(图1)     

飞虱科一新属二新种

记述飞虱科一新属,即沟茎飞虱属Sulculus Ding et Chen, gen.nov.,二新种,即沟茎飞虱S. sulcatus Ding,sp.nov.和荔波沟茎飞虱S. liboensis Chen, sp. Nov.。模式标本分别保存于南京农业大学植物保护系和贵州大学昆虫研究所。     

Identifying female phenotypes that promote behavioral isolation in a sexually dimorphic species of fish Etheostoma zonale

In sexually dimorphic species characterized by exaggerated male ornamentation, behavioral isolation is often attributed to female preferences for conspecific male signals. Yet, in a number of sexually dimorphic species, male mate choice also results in behavioral isolation. In many of these cases, the female traits that mediate species boundaries are unclear. Females in sexually dimorphic species typically lack many of the elaborate traits that are present in males and that are often used for taxonomic classification of species. In a diverse and largely sexually dimorphic group of fishes called darters (Percidae: Etheostoma), male mate choice contributes to behavioral isolation between a number of species; however, studies addressing which female traits males prefer are lacking. In this study, we identified the dominant female pattern for two sympatric species, Etheostoma zonale and Etheostoma barrenense, using pattern energy analysis, and we used discriminate function analysis to identify which aspects of female patterning can reliably classify species. We then tested the role of female features in male mate choice for E. zonale, by measuring male preference for computer animations displaying the identified (species-specific) conspecific features. We found that the region above the lateral line is important in mediating male mate preferences, with males spending a significantly greater proportion of time with animations exhibiting conspecific female patterning in this region than with animations exhibiting heterospecific female patterning. Our results suggest that the aspects of female phenotypes that are the target of male mate choice are different from the conspicuous male phenotypes that traditionally characterize species.     

Alternative mating tactics and extreme male dimorphism in fig wasps

The dimorphisms in morphology and behaviour of male fig wasps are among the most extreme in the animal kingdom, and offer excellent opportunities to test the predictions of certain sexual selection models. Winged males resemble their conspecific females closely, but wingless males are so divergent in form that they have repeatedly been classified into different taxa. Wingless males mate within their natal fig fruits, whereas winged males disperse to mate. Individual species may have winged males, wingless males or both morphs. A key hypothesis proposes that sexual selection on male mating opportunities favours winged males in species with small broods and wingless males in species with large broods. Using data from 114 species in 33 genera, we show that both simple and formal comparative analyses support the correlated evolution of large brood size and male winglessness. Theoretical models further predict that, in male dimorphic species, the proportion of winged males should equal (in cases without local mate competition) or exceed (in cases with local mate competition) the proportion of females developing in fig fruits without wingless males. These predictions are met by eight out of nine male dimorphic species studied. Taken together, the patterns across all species, and between different male dimorphic species, strongly support sexual selection on mating opportunities as the major determinant of male morph ratios in fig wasps.     

Is diversification in male reproductive traits driven by evolutionary trade-offs between weapons and nuptial gifts?

Many male animals have evolved exaggerated traits that they use in combat with rival males to gain access to females and secure their reproductive success. But some male animals invest in nuptial gifts that gains them access to females. Both these reproductive strategies are costly in that resources are needed to produce the weapon or nuptial gift. In closely related species where both weapons and nuptial gifts are present, little is known about the potential evolutionary trade-off faced by males that have these traits. In this study, we use dobsonflies (order Megaloptera, family Corydalidae, subfamily Corydalinae) to examine the presence and absence of enlarged male weapons versus nuptial gifts within and among species. Many dobsonfly species are sexually dimorphic, and males possess extremely enlarged mandibles that they use in battles, whereas in other species, males produce large nuptial gifts that increase female fecundity. In our study, we show that male accessory gland size strongly correlates with nuptial gift size and that when male weapons are large, nuptial gifts are small and vice versa. We mapped weapons and nuptial gifts onto a phylogeny we constructed of 57 species of dobsonflies. Our among-species comparison shows that large nuptial gift production evolved in many species of dobsonfly but is absent from those with exaggerated weapons. This pattern supports the potential explanation that the trade-off in resource allocation between weapons and nuptial gifts is important in driving the diversity of male mating strategies seen in the dobsonflies, whereas reduced male–male competition in the species producing large spermatophores could be an alternative explanation on their loss of male weapons. Our results shed new light on the evolutionary interplay of multiple sexually selected traits in animals.     

苦草属植物雄花果实种子显微结构的研究

苦草属植物体外部形态相似,叶线行或带形,野外难以直接鉴定到种,而雄花雄蕊数目、果实和种子的显微结构是苦草属(Vallisneria)植物物种的鉴别性特征之一。苦草属物种的雄花小,仅有1.5 mm,人工解剖雄花观察方法难以实现雄花雄蕊数目的识别;本研究采用雄株雄佛焰苞水培预培养技术获取自然开放的雄花并利用解剖学显微镜对3种苦草属植物雄花、果实和种子进行了解剖观察和研究。显微结构观察表明,苦草(V. natans)雄蕊1枚,果实圆柱形,表面光滑,种子无翅,具纵条纹;刺苦草(V. spinulosa)雄蕊2枚,果实三棱形,棱上具刺,种子具翅;密刺苦草(V. denseserrulata)雄蕊2枚,果实三棱圆柱形,表面光滑,种子无翅。依据文献,密刺苦草、刺苦草、长梗苦草(V. longipedunculata)和安徽苦草(V. anhuiensis)是安徽苦草属新分布记录种,其中长梗苦草和安徽苦草是分布于安徽的新种。     

The influence of territoriality and mating system on the evolution of male care: a phylogenetic study on fish

Evolution of male care is still poorly understood. Using phylogenetically matched-pairs comparisons we tested for effects of territoriality and mating system on male care evolution in fish. All origins of male care were found in pair-spawning species (with or without additional males such as sneakers) and none were found in group-spawning species. However, excluding group spawners, male care originated equally often in pair-spawning species with additional males as in strict pair-spawning species. Evolution of male care was also significantly related to territoriality. Yet, most pair-spawning taxa with male care are also territorial, making their relative influence difficult to separate. Furthermore, territoriality also occurs in group-spawning species. Hence, territoriality is not sufficient for male care to evolve. Rather, we argue that it is the combination of territoriality and pair spawning with sequential polygyny that favours the evolution of male care, and we discuss our results in relation to paternity assurance and sexual selection.     

Three New Species of Thraulodes (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae: Atalophlebiinae) from Venezuela

Three new species of Thraulodes from Venezuela are described. One species is known from male and female imagines, and the other two only from male imagines. With this, the known Thraulodes species for Venezuela are four. A key for the male imagines of the known species of Thraulodes from Venezuela is provided.     

Copulation behaviour in mammals: evidence that sperm competition is widespread

We review information on copulation behaviour and sperm competition in mammals using data primarily from the literature. Female mammals of many species regularly copulate with more than one male during each oestrous period. Such multi-male copulations are reported more often in social, compared with solitary species. In addition, the mates of males of polygynous species experience multi-male copulations as often as the mates of males or monogamous species. Male mammals attempt to increase their certainty of paternity through a number of reproductive tactics. Copulation frequency is higher in specks with multi-male copulations compared with other species. Consortships, which can br regarded as a form of mate guarding, are often absent from species in which more than one male copulates with each female during her oestrous period. Most solitary burrow-living small mammal species copulate in the open, whereas social species often copulate inside their burrows. Insurance copulations may occur in many species since high copulation rates occur in four circumstances: (i) when mates are reunited, (ii) when a new male takes over a female, (iii) when a strange male steals a copulation, and (iv) when an audience of males is present.     

Female preferences drive the evolution of mimetic accuracy in male sexual displays

Males in many bird species mimic the vocalizations of other species during sexual displays, but the evolutionary and functional significance of interspecific vocal mimicry is unclear. Here we use spectrographic cross-correlation to compare mimetic calls produced by male satin bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus) in courtship with calls from several model species. We show that the accuracy of vocal mimicry and the number of model species mimicked are both independently related to male mating success. Multivariate analyses revealed that these mimetic traits were better predictors of male mating success than other male display traits previously shown to be important for male mating success. We suggest that preference-driven mimetic accuracy may be a widespread occurrence, and that mimetic accuracy may provide females with important information about male quality. Our findings support an alternative hypothesis to help explain a common element of male sexual displays.     

Functional andromonoecy in Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae)

The occurrence of cyathia containing staminate flowers but lacking a pistillate flower was studied in 17 species of Euphorbia. Male cyathia were found in the majority of species studied (88.2%) giving functional andromonoecy. In the male cyathia, the pistillate flower is generally totally absent, but sometimes a vestigial pistillate flower with a non-functional ovary is present. The proportion of male cyathia varied at both the population and species level. The position of male cyathia within the inflorescence showed a constant pattern among species: the proportion of male cyathia decreased from the first to the last levels of the pleiochasia. In general, perennial species had significantly higher proportions of male cyathia than annual species (mean 20 and 2.3%, respectively). In annual species there was a trend for production of male cyathia only in the first level of the inflorescence, whereas in perennials production up to the fourth level of the inflorescence was usual. Functional andromonoecy is common in Euphorbia and represents a new sex segregation in the genus. The selective forces causing this secondary sex segregation in Euphorbia, such as improved pollination or increased outcrossing, are discussed.     

Sexual size dimorphism and sexual selection in turtles (order testudines)

Summary This paper combines published and original data on sexual size dimorphism, reproductive behavior, and habitat types in turtles. Our major finding is that observed patterns of sexual size dimorphism correlate with habitat type and male mating strategy. (1) In most terrestrial species, males engage in combat with each other. Males typically grow larger than females. (2) In semiaquatic and bottom-walking aquatic species, male combat is less common, but males often forcibly inseminate females. As in terrestrial species, males are usually larger than females. (3) In truly aquatic species, male combat and forcible insemination are rare. Instead, males utilize elaborate precoital displays, and female choice is highly important. Males are usually smaller than females.We interpret these correlations between sexual behavior and size dimorphism in terms of sexual selection theory: males are larger than females when large male size evolves as an adaptation to increase success in male combat, or to enable forcible insemination of females. In contrast, males are usually smaller than females where small size in males evolves to increase mobility (and hence, ability to locate females), or because selection for increased fecundity may result in increased female size. In turtle species with male combat or forcible insemination, the degree of male size superiority increases with mean species body size.