温度及补充营养物对泽兰实蝇寿命的影响

【背景】泽兰实蝇是恶性杂草紫茎泽兰的专食性天敌,能够抑制紫茎泽兰的生长、发育,可有效控制紫茎泽兰的蔓延。【方法】采用人工恒温饲养方法,分别设置5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40℃等8个温度及配置浓度为2.5%、5%、10%和20%的不同营养物(白糖、蜂蜜和葡萄糖),测定温度及营养物对泽兰实蝇雌、雄成虫寿命的影响。【结果】在5℃时雌、雄成虫寿命最长,分别为35.06、35.26d;在40℃时雌、雄成虫寿命最短,均为0.16d。雄成虫饲喂20%葡萄糖时寿命最长,为30.00d;而雌成虫饲喂20%白糖时寿命最长,为19.20d。【结论与意义】在5～40℃泽兰实蝇雌、雄成虫寿命与温度呈负相关性;20℃下补充白糖、蜂蜜和葡萄糖均能延长雌、雄成虫寿命。这为泽兰实蝇的室内大量繁殖和田间释放提供了理论依据。     

泽兰实蝇内生殖器官的结构及其发育状况

【背景】泽兰实蝇属双翅目实蝇科,是杂草紫茎泽兰的重要专性天敌。该蝇幼虫可蛀入紫茎泽兰内部形成虫瘿,有效控制紫茎泽兰的扩散,许多国家都利用泽兰实蝇控制紫茎泽兰的危害。【方法】通过光学显微法观察了泽兰实蝇成虫内生殖器官的结构及其发育动态。【结果】雌性泽兰实蝇的内生殖系统主要由卵巢、输卵管、受精囊、雌性附腺等器官组成,雄性生殖系统由精巢、输精管、雄性附腺、射精管组成。在成虫发育过程中,雌虫卵巢的长度在第4日龄时达最大值,宽度在1日龄时达最大值,与其他日龄相比有显著差异,雌性附腺及受精囊的大小在各日龄间无显著差异;雄虫精巢长度在4日龄时达到最大,宽度在2日龄时达最大,且不同日龄间也有显著差异,而雄性附腺的大小在不同龄期间无显著差异。【结论与意义】本文阐明了泽兰实蝇的内生殖系统结构与发育状况,这有助于为提高泽兰实蝇人工繁殖效率及生物防治效果奠定理论基础。     

原产地和入侵地紫茎泽兰对泽兰实蝇的选择性、卵巢蛋白质含量与解毒酶活性的影响

[目的] 紫茎泽兰是我国危害严重的恶性入侵杂草。比较专一性天敌泽兰实蝇对该杂草入侵前后植株的适应性,是揭示外来植物入侵后适应性机制的重要科学问题之一。[方法] 比较泽兰实蝇对原产地和入侵地紫茎泽兰植株的寄主选择性,并测定寄生于2类植株的上泽兰实蝇卵巢蛋白质含量及乙酰胆碱酯酶、羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性。[结果] 泽兰实蝇对原产地和入侵地紫茎泽兰的选择无显著性差异;寄生在紫茎泽兰入侵地植株上的卵巢蛋白质含量较原产地植株上更高。解毒酶活力比较表明,入侵地紫茎泽兰上泽兰实蝇的羧酸酯酶活性低于原产地上的,但谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（雌虫）活性比较则相反,乙酰胆碱酯酶活性比较均无显著性差异。[结论] 紫茎泽兰入侵后,专一性天敌泽兰实蝇的适应性有所下降,丰富了外来植物入侵机制中天敌逃逸假说的内涵。     

紫茎泽兰入侵前后抗虫物质含量差异及其对泽兰实蝇寄生的响应

【目的】紫茎泽兰是我国重要的入侵杂草,对我国生态环境和农、林、牧业造成重大危害。本研究通过比较紫茎泽兰原产地与入侵地种群地上部抗虫物质含量的差异及其对泽兰实蝇寄生的响应,为探明紫茎泽兰入侵种群持续扩张的化学生态机制提供依据。【方法】选取5个紫茎泽兰种群(3个中国云南种群:C1,C2,C3;2个墨西哥种群:M1,M2),比较原产地和入侵地种群地上部分碳氮比、单宁类(单宁酸、儿茶素、鞣花酸)和类黄酮物质(槲皮素、异槲皮素、山奈酚)含量差异,以及泽兰实蝇寄生前后这些抗虫物质的含量变化。【结果】入侵地种群地上部分碳氮比不同程度地低于原产地种群,茎秆部位差异最明显。紫茎泽兰入侵地种群的单宁类和类黄酮物质含量亦低于原产地种群,其中,芽尖部位单宁酸和儿茶素含量差异尤为明显,分别比原产地种群低26.4%和32.3%。泽兰实蝇寄生后,原产地和入侵地种群单宁类和类黄酮物质含量基本呈上升趋势,其中,M1种群寄生植株在虫瘿破膜前,儿茶素含量比未寄生植株升高了163.2%。【结论】紫茎泽兰入侵种群在抗虫特性方面产生了资源再分配的适应性变化,有利于其在新生境天敌缺乏条件下的持续扩张。虽然泽兰实蝇寄生会诱导紫茎泽兰原产地种群和入侵地种群抗虫物质的增加,但原产地种群增加的幅度更大,表明紫茎泽兰入侵后对专食性天敌胁迫的适应性明显下降。     

重金属累积对泽兰实蝇幼虫生长发育和保护酶的影响

为了弄清重金属通过寄主植物紫茎泽兰累积后对专性寄生天敌泽兰实蝇的生理影响,采用模拟Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)或Zn~(2+)污染的土壤培养法胁迫紫茎泽兰,让泽兰实蝇低龄幼虫寄生取食,利用原子吸收分光光度法测定泽兰实蝇老熟幼虫中Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)或Zn~(2+)的含量,同时测定分析泽兰实蝇老熟幼虫的体长、鲜重、能量物质和保护酶的变化。结果表明,实验处理的Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)或Zn~(2+)均可通过紫茎泽兰传递并累积到泽兰实蝇老熟幼虫体内,引起老熟幼虫一系列生理变化:长度和鲜重降低;总糖、总蛋白和总脂的含量降低,相应的热量值也降低;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)等保护酶的活性降低。本研究为进一步阐明重金属污染对食物链各环节的影响提供了重要的理论依据。     

泽兰实蝇雌雄成虫转录组及差异分析

[目的]泽兰实蝇Procecidochares utilis Stone是入侵杂草紫茎泽兰Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng的重要的专食性天敌,已成为控制紫茎泽兰的重要因子.本研究旨在获得泽兰实蝇转录组,并深入研究泽兰实蝇雌雄成虫差异表达基因.[方法]利用Illumina高通量测序技术对泽兰实蝇雌雄成虫进行转录组测序和生物信息分析.[结果]总共获得29 147条unigenes,平均长度为457 bp,同时将所得序列注释到七大数据库进行比对,共获得19 384条unigenes注释结果.分析发现11 331条差异表达基因;与雄成虫相比,雌成虫有2 640条unigenes表达量上调,8 691条unigenes表达量下调.[结论]本研究获得了泽兰实蝇转录组,为今后泽兰实蝇性别相关研究提供了序列支持.     

紫茎泽兰化感作用对9种草本植物种子萌发的影响

【背景】紫茎泽兰是一种入侵我国的世界性恶性杂草,给当地的农、林、畜牧业生产造成严重的经济损失,使生态环境面临"绿色灾难"。紫茎泽兰的化感作用是其成功入侵的重要原因,其化感物质对当地植物的生长具有明显的抑制作用。【方法】利用培养皿滤纸法研究了紫茎泽兰叶片水提液对9种草本植物种子萌发的影响,这些植物包括紫茎泽兰入侵早期直接与之竞争的云南草本植物:鲁梅克斯、高丹红、鸭茅(安巴)、苕子、胡枝子,以及为替代控制紫茎泽兰而引进的外来优良牧草:紫花苜蓿(敖汉)、白三叶(海发)、红三叶、黑麦草(速达)。【结果】紫茎泽兰叶片提取液对9种受体植物种子萌发均具有化感作用。低浓度提取液对受体植物的化感作用较弱(对部分植物种子萌发有促进作用);高浓度提取液对受体植物的化感作用较强,且能降低种子发芽率及发芽速率,其中,发芽速率对化感作用更敏感。不同植物对紫茎泽兰化感作用的敏感程度不同,鲁梅克斯、鸭茅和苕子对紫茎泽兰的化感作用较敏感;黑麦草、胡枝子和高丹红最不敏感;紫花苜蓿、红三叶和白三叶对低浓度紫茎泽兰叶片水提液不敏感,对高浓度提取液较敏感。【结论与意义】不同植物种子对紫茎泽兰化感作用的敏感性存在差异,研究结果有利于了解紫茎泽兰成功入侵的机制,并可为筛选具有替代控制潜力的优良牧草奠定基础。     

寄主植物物理性状及营养物质对地红蝽寄主选择性的影响

【目的】地红蝽Pyrrhocoris tibialis是一种重要的农业植食性害虫,寄主范围广泛。本研究测定地红蝽对不同植物的取食偏好及分析寄主植物物理性状和营养物质在地红蝽成虫寄主选择行为中的作用,以期从寄主理化性状的角度来探讨地红蝽寄主选择行为机制,为指导作物抗虫育种提供依据。【方法】通过自由选择方法研究地红蝽成虫对5种寄主植物(谷子Setaria italica、高粱Sorghum bicolor、绿豆Vigna radiata、大豆Glycine max和玉米Zea mays)叶片的取食选择性;使用Y型嗅觉仪进一步检测地红蝽对5种植物叶片气味的趋性反应;测定分析5种植物叶片物理性状及主要营养物质含量与地红蝽取食选择性的相关性。【结果】地红蝽成虫对5种寄主植物叶片的取食选择率存在显著性差异,依次为谷子＞高粱＞绿豆＝大豆＞玉米,与对这5种寄主植物叶片气味的趋性反应百分率结果一致。相关性分析表明,地红蝽成虫的取食选择性与叶片长宽比、含水量和背面茸毛密度呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.881, 0.884和0.906,而与地红蝽成虫取食前后寄主植物叶片可溶性糖含量变化和总蛋白质含量变化呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.915和-0.951。通径分析表明,寄主植物叶片背面茸毛密度和总蛋白质含量变化是地红蝽寄主选择性的重要决定因素。【结论】地红蝽成虫对不同寄主植物存在取食选择和趋向性差异,地红蝽成虫取食选择与寄主植物叶片长宽比、背面茸毛密度、含水量以及可溶性糖和总蛋白质含量变化有关。     

番茄褪绿病毒对MED烟粉虱成虫在不同寄主植物上的寄主选择性和取食行为的影响

【目的】由粉虱传播的番茄褪绿病毒(tomato chlorosis virus, ToCV)具有较强的暴发性和流行性,目前该病毒现已蔓延至世界各地,可为害多种作物,对农林经济生产造成严重危害。病毒侵染会影响介体昆虫的寄主选择性和取食行为,从而影响病毒传播。本研究旨在明确ToCV对MED烟粉虱Bemisiatabaci在不同寄主上的寄主选择性及取食行为的影响。【方法】利用Y型嗅觉仪测定携带和未携带ToCV的MED烟粉虱雌成虫的寄主选择性,利用刺吸电位(electrical penetration graph, EPG)技术比较携带和未携带ToCV的烟粉虱雌成虫在健康的番茄、辣椒、棉花和豇豆4种寄主植株上的取食行为差异。【结果】未携带ToCV的MED型烟粉虱雌成虫对于4种寄主植物的选择偏好性排序为番茄、辣椒＞棉花＞豇豆;携带ToCV烟粉虱雌成虫对4种寄主植物的选择性偏好性降低,排序为番茄、辣椒、棉花＞豇豆。与未携带ToCV烟粉虱雌成虫相比,携带ToCV烟粉虱雌成虫取食4种植物所产生的刺探次数均显著增加,第1次到达韧皮部的时间有明显延后,取食总时间与韧皮部的取食时间明显减少。【结论】ToCV使烟粉虱对寄主的选择偏好性和取食行为发生显著改变,从而增加了病毒在寄主植物间传播的可能。     

CO_2浓度倍增条件下泽兰实蝇寄生对紫茎泽兰生长和营养成分的影响

利用人工气候箱设置两种CO_2浓度(400μL/L和800μL/L),在释放和未释放天敌泽兰实蝇两种情况下测定了紫茎泽兰的生长状况和营养成分。结果表明,在两种CO_2浓度下泽兰实蝇的寄生均可抑制紫茎泽兰的生长,但不同CO_2浓度下生长的紫茎泽兰株高、茎直径、节间距和各营养成分含量存在差异。在相同的寄生强度下,800μL/L CO_2浓度下生长的紫茎泽兰比400μL/L CO_2浓度下生长的紫茎泽兰的株高、节间距和茎直径分别增加了31.74%、6.70%和9.84%;CO_2浓度倍增条件下泽兰实蝇的寄生导致紫茎泽兰的游离氨基酸和淀粉含量显著降低(P0.01),分别较对照降低了25.81%和11.76%;在800μL/L CO_2浓度下紫茎泽兰形成的虫瘿和羽化出下一代泽兰实蝇的数量也显著低于400μL/L CO_2浓度下的处理植株,说明CO_2浓度倍增条件下泽兰实蝇对紫茎泽兰的抑制效果减弱。研究结果可为预测全球气候变化下泽兰实蝇对紫茎泽兰的控制效应提供理论依据。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.