石榴园西花蓟马种群动态及其与气象因素的关系

2007-2008年,对云南省建水石榴园西花蓟马种群动态进行了系统调查,并采用回归分析(逐步回归分析、通径分析)、主成分分析及灰色系统分析就气象因子对该虫种群动态的影响进行了系统分析。结果表明,西花蓟马在建水石榴园常年发生,冬季较低,夏季最高,成虫全年种群消长呈单峰型,高峰期为5月份。相关性分析结果表明,西花蓟马种群数量与月相对湿度间呈极显著正相关性(P<0.01),与月均气温和月最低气温间呈显著正相关性(P<0.05),与月最高气温、月均降雨量和月均蒸发量间无相关性(P>0.05)。回归分析结果表明,石榴园西花蓟马种群动态的决定因子中影响最大的气象因素是月最低气温,而月均气温和月相对湿度是影响种群数量变动的主要因素。主成分分析表明,月最低气温是主要成分,其累积方差贡献率达73.03%。灰色系统分析结果表明,影响石榴园6种蓟马种群动态最关键的因子是月相对湿度;年度间影响最大的是年总降雨量;石榴花期各蓟马的种群数量与气象因素间关联度最大的是月最低温;果期各种蓟马的种群数量与气象因素间关联度最大的是月均降雨量。     

转Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab棉花生长势及其对棉田节肢动物物种丰富度的影响

【背景】转基因棉花在商业化种植之前,必须评价其环境安全性。其中新型棉花材料的生存竞争能力和对物种丰富度的影响是评价的重要内容。【方法】以转Cry1Ac＋Cry2Ab基因棉为试验材料,转Cry1Ac棉花中棉所41和非转基因棉花中棉所49为对照品种,分别于2014年5~9月对棉花株高、主茎叶片数、叶绿素含量、比叶面积、果枝数、蕾铃数等生长参数进行比较,同时对二代、三代和四代棉铃虫发生期棉田物种丰富度进行系统调查。【结果】转Cry1Ac＋Cry2Ab棉花的生长势与转Cry1Ac棉花和非转基因棉花基本相当,没有表现出明显的竞争优势;产量构成参数在成铃和脱落等方面比非转基因棉表现出良好的优势。对棉田节肢动物物种丰富度的影响表明,转Cry1Ac＋Cry2Ab棉花对靶标害虫棉铃虫具有良好的控制效果,对主要刺吸性害虫棉蚜、棉蓟马、烟粉虱、绿盲蝽与天敌龟纹瓢虫、草间小黑蛛、草蛉和小花蝽等的种群丰富度在个别时期有所影响,但总体上与转Cry1Ac棉田和非转基因棉田没有显著性差异。【结论与意义】转Cry1Ac＋Cry2Ab棉花无竞争优势,但目标性状优势较好;对棉田节肢动物物种丰富度无明显影响。研究结果为新型转Cry1Ac＋Cry2Ab棉花对棉田环境安全方面的研究进一步补充了内容,为转基因棉花的环境安全评价提供科学数据。     

盐碱旱地转Bt基因抗虫棉田主要害虫及其天敌种群消长动态

【目的】近年来,我国长江流域和黄河流域棉花面积锐减,种植区域向滨海盐碱地或干旱地转移。研究盐碱旱地转基因棉田与非转基因棉田昆虫群落差异,可为盐碱旱地对转基因棉田生物影响和盐碱旱地转基因棉田害虫防治提供理论指导。【方法】在山东东营和河北枣强盐碱干旱地转Bt基因棉田分别设置常规施药田和非施药田,进行了系统的田间昆虫种群消长动态的调查和统计分析。【结果】中轻度盐碱旱地种植转基因棉花对靶标害虫棉铃虫具有较好的控制作用;与非转基因棉花相比,对其他非靶标害虫棉蚜、烟粉虱和盲蝽及自然天敌龟纹瓢虫、草间小黑蛛种群数量无显著影响,草蛉种群数量在转基因棉田低于非转基因棉田;喷施化学农药对棉铃虫幼虫和棉蚜的防治作用较好,对烟粉虱和盲蝽的防治效果年度间和试验点间有差异,对龟纹瓢虫的杀伤力较大,对草间小黑蛛和草蛉未见明显影响。【结论】盐碱旱地对棉田不同的害虫和天敌影响不同,且转基因棉田与非转基因棉田昆虫群落结构与对照棉田无显著差异。     

转基因抗草甘膦抗虫棉对棉田冠层节肢动物群落的影响

【背景】随着转基因抗虫棉在我国的广泛种植,一种具有抗虫和耐除草剂（草甘膦）的双价棉被培育成功。这种转双价基因棉和转单价基因抗虫棉对棉田节肢动物群落结构的影响可能不同。因此,在该类转双价基因棉花进行环境释放之前,有必要研究其对棉田节肢动物群落的影响,评价其环境安全性。【方法】试验于2010年5月9日~9月23日和2011年5月10日~9月24日在河南省安阳市中国农业科学院棉花研究所试验农场进行,棉田类型有3种——转基因抗草甘膦抗虫棉田、转Bt棉田和常规棉田,每种棉田种植3个小区,每个小区面积为200 m2（8 m×25 m）。采用对角线5点取样方法,每5 d调查1次棉田的节肢动物群落,通过目测对节肢动物鉴定到属。【结果】抗草甘膦抗虫棉田、Bt棉田和常规棉田节肢动物群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落的结构与组成无明显差异;抗草甘膦抗虫棉田害虫种群数量低于抗虫棉田和常规棉田,而其天敌种群数量与常规棉田相当,略低于Bt棉田;3种棉田节肢动物群落、害虫亚群落和天敌亚群落的多样性指数、均匀性指数均无明显差异。【结论与意义】种植转基因抗草甘膦抗虫棉花不会对棉田节肢动物群落组成造成显著影响。本研究为转基因抗草甘膦抗虫棉田的环境安全性评价提供了依据。     

绿盲蝽中期预测模型的组建与应用

【目的】随着转基因棉种植年限的延长,绿盲蝽Apolygus lucorum(Meyer-Dür)成为棉田主要害虫,建立准确的预测预报模型,可为绿盲蝽的防控奠定基础。【方法】通过收集整理基点16年(1993—2008年)绿盲蝽各代成若虫的发生高峰期与发生量以及平均气温、相对湿度、降雨量、雨日、光照时数等各项因子数据,利用DPSv8.05专业版数据处理系统,采用多因子逐步回归方法,从各代发生量、平均温度、雨量、湿度、光照时长等因子中筛选出4~5个相关显著的预测因子进一步用二次多项回归建立预测模型。【结果】初步建立了绿盲蝽各代发生期、发生量预测模型,进行了回代检验,并进一步利用6年(2009—2014年)的绿盲蝽实际发生数据对预测模型的应用效果就行了外延检测,总体测报准确率平均达到85%以上。【结论】建立的绿盲蝽中期测报模型准确率较高,农业技术推广部门可以在绿盲蝽的预测预报工作中加以应用。     

转Bt基因棉和转Bt+CpTI双价基因棉对棉田主要害虫及其天敌种群动态的 影响

2002年4～10月,在北京西北旺中国农科院实验园区系统研究了单价转基因棉GK321（CryIAc）和双价转基因棉SGK321CryIAc+CpTI）对棉田主要害虫及其天敌种群动态的影响。试验设三种处理：单价转基因棉田（单价棉田）、双价转基因棉田（双价棉田）和常规对照棉(石远321)田（常规棉田）。在棉花的整个生育期系统调查棉田主要害虫及其天敌的种群数量。结果表明,单、双价棉田棉铃虫的发生数量都显著低于常规棉田;双价棉抗虫性在棉铃虫第2代发生期和单价棉无差异,但第3代发生期双价棉田内棉铃虫幼虫百株累计量比单价棉田减少了36.6%,抗虫性明显优于单价转基因棉。两种转基因棉田内非靶标害虫的发生量明显高于对照棉田的发生量,每种非靶标害虫在双价棉田和单价棉田发生数量多少因种类而异。双价棉田和单价棉田相比,棉蚜、棉叶蝉和棉粉虱的累计发生数量分别减少了33.0%、50.6%和22.7%,前两种差异极显著,后一种差异不显著;棉蓟马和绿盲蝽分别增加了208.9%和18.4%,前者差异显著,后者差异不显著。大多数天敌（包括捕食性和寄生性）在转基因棉田内发生数量显著低于常规棉田的发生数量。双价棉田内的龟纹瓢虫、棉蚜茧蜂和卵形异绒螨比单价棉田分别减少30.4%、42.8%和46.8%,差异均显著;草蛉卵和蜘蛛比单价棉田分别减少20.0%和27.4%,但差异不显著;双价棉田内的中华草蛉和小花蝽分别比单价棉田增加了27.0%和8.9%,前者差异显著,后者差异不显著。所以,单、双价转基因棉相比,对不同天敌的影响差异较大。     

新疆南部棉区杏树对棉田主要害虫和自然天敌的影响

2008—2011年在新疆莎车县调查研究了杏树对棉田主要害虫及自然天敌种群发生的影响。研究表明杏棉间作田主要害虫及天敌种类与棉单作田一致。杏树间作种植模式对棉田牧草盲蝽Lygus pratensis、棉蓟马Thripstabaci和棉长管蚜Acyrthosiphon gossyfii的种群发生有一定影响,不利于其在田间发生;对棉蚜Aphis gossyfii、棉叶螨Tetrangchus urticae影响不大。棉田瓢虫和食虫蝽天敌受间作和棉蚜发生量的双重影响。间作有利于蜘蛛数量的增加。     

Effects of apricot trees on insect pests and their natural enemies in nearby cotton fields in southern Xinjiang

2008-2011年在新疆莎车县调查研究了杏树对棉田主要害虫及自然天敌种群发生的影响.研究表明杏棉间作田主要害虫及天敌种类与棉单作田一致.杏树间作种植模式对棉田牧草盲蝽Lygus pratensis、棉蓟马Thrips tabaci和棉长管蚜Acyrthosiphon gossyfii的种群发生有一定影响,不利于其在田间发生;对棉蚜Aphis gossyfii、棉叶螨Tetrangchus urtieae影响不大.棉田瓢虫和食虫蝽天敌受间作和棉蚜发生量的双重影响.间作有利于蜘蛛数量的增加.     

气象因素对芒果蓟马种群数量动态的影响

明确芒果园中蓟马复合种种群动态与气象因子之间的关系。用粘虫板定期定点监测芒果园中蓟马的种群消长情况;通过相关分析、主成分分析和灰色关联分析,分析其与气象因素的关系。芒果花期蓟马种群数量为全年发生高峰。相关分析结果表明,监测日蓟马种群数量与日平均气温(℃)、日最大风速(m/s)显著正相关,与日最低气温(℃)显著负相关。芒果花期蓟马种群数量与2月降水量(mm)、3月平均风速(m/s)、1-2月平均气温(℃)、2月月均最高、最低气温(℃)、2-3月平均相对湿度(%)及1-3月平均最小相对湿度(%)显著相关。主成分分析表明,月平均温度(℃)和月最低气温(℃)是影响蓟马种群动态的主要因素,对蓟马种群动态的影响达56.0%。灰色关联分析表明,月均最低气温(℃)对芒果蓟马种群数量影响最大。月最低气温(℃)和月平均温度(℃)是影响芒果园中蓟马复合种种群数量动态的主要气象因素。芒果蓟马复合种种群数量受食物、种群扩散、天敌、自身繁殖和气候因素的共同影响。     

转基因抗虫棉种植面积变化对花生田棉铃虫种群影响

【目的】棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner)是花生田主要害虫之一。转基因抗虫棉全面推广后,棉铃虫种群(包括棉田、花生田、玉米田)得到有效控制。近年,随着转基因抗虫棉种植面积逐年下降,花生田棉铃虫种群呈现逐年上升趋势。【方法】本文通过调查山东省花生主产区(非棉区)龙口、招远、莱阳、文登四个县级市花生田棉铃虫成虫、卵量、幼虫量等的发生情况,分析了棉铃虫发生面积及种群数量15年(2000—2014年)的变化规律,并重点分析了主要影响因素。【结果】结果表明:花生棉铃虫发生面积受棉花种植面积影响较大,二者呈显著负相关性;花生田棉铃虫累计诱蛾量总体呈下降趋势,但与棉花种植面积相关性不显著;棉铃虫卵量、虫量与抗虫棉种植面积呈显著负相关性。【结论】所以,转基因抗虫棉种植面积减少是导致花生田棉铃虫种群数量上升的主要因素。另外,近年玉米田棉铃虫发生面积也呈逐年上升趋势,与抗虫棉种植面积呈显著负相关。所以,随转基因抗虫棉种植面积的下降,若不采取有效措施,棉铃虫种群可能会出现大发生趋势。     

Pollen,ovules, and pollination in pea: Success,failure, and resilience in heat

Field pea (Pisum sativum), a major grain legume crop, is autogamous and adapted to temperate climates. The objectives of this study were to investigate effects of high temperature stress on stamen chemical composition, anther dehiscence, pollen viability, pollen interactions with pistil and ovules, and ovule growth and viability. Two cultivars (“CDC Golden” and “CDC Sage”) were exposed to 24/18°C (day/night) continually or to 35/18°C for 4 or 7 days. Heat stress altered stamen chemical composition, with lipid composition of “CDC Sage” being more stable compared with “CDC Golden.” Heat stress reduced pollen viability and the proportion of ovules that received a pollen tube. After 4 days at 35°C, pollen viability in flower buds decreased in “CDC Golden,” but not in “CDC Sage.” After 7 days, partial to full failure of anthers to dehisce resulted in subnormal pollen loads on stigmas. Although growth (ovule size) of fertilized ovules was stimulated by 35°C, heat stress tended to decrease ovule viability. Pollen appears susceptible to stress, but not many grains are needed for successful fertilization. Ovule fertilization and embryos are less susceptible to heat, but further research is warranted to link the exact degree of resilience to stress intensity.     

Love, careers, and heights in France, 2001

Short men are less likely to be married or live in a permanent relationship than their taller counterparts. This pattern is not due to their social status. While blue-collar workers are shorter on average than managers, the effects of height on finding a mate are similar in the two social groups. Being tall is also economically advantageous for men. With identical educational attainment levels, tall men have better careers than short men as they are given greater supervisory responsibilities. In making a commitment, some women might take height into account as an anticipated indicator of future resources of the household. Choice of partner is also influenced by social norms--i.e., partners should be physically well-matched--which is more difficult for shorter men.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Magnesium,calcium, copper,and zinc in meals

Meals of 12 diets were prepared from conventional foods with precautions against contamination by metallic elements because of epidemiologic associations between ischemic heart disease and the metabolism of magnesium, calcium, copper, and zinc. Magnesium, calcium, copper, and zinc were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry with satisfactory accuracy and precision. The mean daily amount of copper in the diets was less than the apparent adult requirement. Mean amounts of magnesium and zinc were close to apparent requirements; however, adults consuming amounts less than one standard deviation below these means may be depleting body stores and be at risk of pathology. Magnesium and copper were highly correlated (r=0.849,P=0.0001) in meals. This and other significant correlations probably will prevent the relationships of these elements to ischemic heart disease from being elucidated by epidemiology. Metabolic experiments will be necessary to differentiate among several hypotheses.     

Diet,intestinal morphology,and nitrogen assimilation efficiency in the damselfish,Stegastes lividus,in Guam

Synopsis Analysis of stomach contents of Stegastes lividus revealed a shift from omnivory in juveniles to herbivory in adults. Red algae, primarily Polysiphonia spp., Gelidiopsis intricata and Ceramium spp., formed the bulk of the diet in all size classes. Foraminifera and small crustaceans were of particular importance in the diet of juveniles. Net nitrogen assimilation efficiency of field-fed S. lividus was approximately 61%, and did not vary with fish size. The net assimilation efficiencies of fish fed on Enteromorpha in the laboratory ranged from size-class means of 36–79% for nitrogen and from 29–72% for total organic material, and increased from juveniles to adults. Apparently, juveniles compensate for a lower efficiency in assimilating plant food by including a higher percentage of animal material in their natural diets. The ratios of intestine length to standard length (IL/SL) and to intestine diameter (IL/ID) increased rapidly in juveniles and leveled off in adults. The retention time for ingested food items may only be about one-half as long in juveniles as in adults. The combination of observed IL/ID ratios and estimated retention times proved most valuable in the interpretation of ontogenetic changes in feeding habits and assimilation efficiency.     

Correlations of calcium accumulations in arteries, veins, cartilages, ligaments, and bones in single humans

To show the relationships of calcium accumulation in the thoracic aorta to the other tissues, calcium contents were determined with a microwave-induced plasma-atomic emission spectrometer on arteries, veins, cartilages, ligaments, and bones. These tissues were resected from 18 individuals, consisting of 11 men and 7 women who died in the age range 59–91 yr. As thoracic and abdominal aortas are routinely used for radiographic examination of arterial calcification, they appear to be standard tissues of the calcium accumulation. The calcium accumulations were determined in the femoral artery, the superior and inferior venae cavae, the internal jugular vein, cartilages of the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint and the intervertebral disk, both the ligaments of the anterior cruciate ligament and the ligamentum capitis femoris, and the calcaneus, in contrast with the thoracic aorta. As calcium increased in the thoracic aorta, it increased in the femoral artery, the articular disk of the temporomandibular joint, the intervertebral disk, both ligaments of the anterior cruciate ligament, and the ligamentum capitis femoris, but it did not increase in veins, such as the superior and inferior venae cavae and the internal jugular vein. In contrast, it decreased in the calcaneus.     

Seroepidemiology of human parechovirus types 1, 3, and 6 in Yamagata,Japan, in 2014

To clarify the seroepidemiology of human parechovirus type 1 (HPeV1), 3 and 6, neutralizing antibodies (NT Abs) were measured in 214 serum specimens collected in 2014 in Yamagata, Japan. The seroprevalence against HPeV1 was 100% in all age groups, while that against HPeV3 and HPeV6 was 79.4% and 66.8%, respectively, overall. The geometric mean titers of NT Abs against HPeV1, 3 and 6 were 755.2, 255.0 and 55.9, respectively, overall. Our findings indicate that HPeV1 is the most prevalent HPeV circulating in Yamagata, followed by HPeV3 and HPeV6.