四种国产地衣的化学成分

本文报遣柄果牛皮叶(Sticta henryana),多形树发(Alectoria variabilis),宽瓣肾岛衣漂白变型(Nephromopsis stracheyi f. ectocar pisma)和顶果珊瑚枝(Stereocaulon pomiferum)四种地衣的化学成分。根据光谱数据分析,从中分离得到的18个化合物被鉴定为5-甲基-β-苔黑酚酸甲酯(methyl 5-methy-β-orcinolcarboxylate),苔色酸(orsellinic acid),扁枝衣酸(everainic acid),苔色酸甲酯(methyl orsellinate),赤星衣酸乙酯(ethyl hematommate),β-苔黑酚酸甲酯(methyl β-orcinolcarboxylate),假杯点素A(pseudocyphellarin A),黑茶渍素(atranorin),茶渍酸(lecanoric acid),斑点酸(stictic acid),降斑点酸(norstictic acid),藻纹苔酸(salazinic acid),富马原岛衣酸(fumarprotocetraric acid),左旋和右旋松萝酸(usnic acid),左旋地衣硬酸〔(-)-lichesterinic acid〕,右旋原地衣硬酸〔( )-protolichesterinic acid〕和无羁萜(friedelin)。其中5-甲基-β苔黑酚酸甲酯系首次从植物中得到。分析结果表明,顶果珊瑚枝可作为一种较好的苔香型香原料。     

滑桃树茎皮的化学成分

从大戟科植物滑桃树的茎皮中分离得到七个化合物,通过波谱分析或与已知化合物进行薄层层析对比,分别鉴定为β-谷甾醇(1)、胡萝卜甙(2)、蒲公英赛酮(3)、苔色酸乙酯(4)、苔色酸乙酯和甲酯混合物(4和5)、麦角甾-5α,8α-二环氧-22E,24R-6,22-二烯-3β-醇(6)和(2S,3S,4R,12E,2’R)-2-(2’-羟基-二十二碳酰胺基)二十碳-1,3,4-三羟基-12-烯(7)。其中化合物4、5、6和7为首次从该种植物中分离得到。     

云南金钱槭叶子中的酚性成分

利用各种色谱技术从云南金钱槭(Dipteronia dyeriana)叶片中分离得到13个化合物。通过波谱学方法鉴定为11,12-诃子裂酸二甲酯(1),12,13-诃子裂酸二甲酯(2),11-诃子裂酸甲酯(3),12-诃子裂酸甲酯(4),13-诃子裂酸甲酯(5),鞣料云实素(6),类叶升麻苷(7),短叶苏木酚酸甲酯(8),3-O-没食子酰基莽草酸(9),樱桃苷(10),山萘酚-3-O-β-D-木糖基-(1→2)-β-D-葡萄糖苷(11),没食子酸(12),莽草酸(13)。所有化合物均首次从金钱槭属植物中分离得到。     

一株印楝植物内生真菌Epicoccumsp．次生代谢产物的研究

从印楝植物内生真菌Epicoccum sp.的发酵液中分离得到6个化合物,经波谱数据分析分别鉴定为苔黑酚(1)、4-甲基苔黑酚(2)、苔色酸(3)、对羟基苯乙酸(4)、邻苯二甲酸正丁异丁酯(5)、乙基-β-D-葡萄糖苷(6).以上化合物均为首次从该属真菌中分离得到.     

红背山麻杆叶的化学成分研究(Ⅰ)——酚酸类及相关化合物

采用80%丙酮提取石油醚萃取部位,利用凝胶、MCI及Toyopearl Butyl-650C柱色谱进行分离纯化得到10个酚酸类及相关化合物。根据化合物的波谱数据分析鉴定为水杨酸(1)、对羟基苯甲酸(2)、2,5-二羟基苯甲酸(3)、3,4-二羟基苯甲酸(4)、反-对香豆酸(5)、顺-对香豆酸(6)、咖啡酸(7)、咖啡酸甲酯(8)、没食子酸(9)、没食子酸甲酯(10)。其中化合物1~8、10均为首次从本属植物中分离得到。     

滇牡丹内生真菌PR20的鉴定及次生代谢产物的研究

根据形态学特征和18S rDNA序列分析,将滇牡丹根中分离得到的内生真菌菌株PR20鉴定为高大毛壳Chaetomium elatum。利用柱色谱层析方法从该菌株的发酵产物中分离到5个化合物,通过理化性质及波谱数据分析,分别鉴定为7-羟基-4,6二甲基苯酞(1)、苔黑酚(2)、苔色酸(3)、间羟基苯甲酸(4)和次黄嘌呤核苷(5),以上化合物均为首次从滇牡丹内生真菌中分离获得。     

雪白睡莲花酚类成分研究

采用大孔树脂、硅胶、ODS RP-18和Sephadex LH-20柱从雪白睡莲的干燥花蕾中分离得到7个酚类成分,通过理化性质和波谱学方法鉴定化合物的结构,分别为:isostrictiniin(1)、老鹤草素(2)、鞣花酸(3)、短叶苏木酚(4)、Annulatin 3’-O-β-D-xyloside(5)、短叶苏木酚酸甲酯(6),1,2,3,4,6-五没食子酰基葡萄糖(7)。这些化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到,化合物1,2,5和6首次从该属植物中分得。     

刺楸中酚性成分研究

采用常压柱色谱、半制备型高效液相色谱以及制备型薄层色谱等色谱技术结合重结晶等分离纯化手段,从刺楸根中分离得到6个酚性化学成分,通过理化性质和波谱分析鉴定所得化合物分别为苔色酸乙酯(1),2-羟基-4-甲氧基-3,6-二甲基苯甲酸(2),香草醛(3),原儿茶醛(4),原儿茶酸(5)和3-甲氧基苯甲醛(6).所有化合物均为首次从该属植物中获得.     

针芽肺衣的化学成分

从针芽肺衣(Lobaria isidiophora)中共得到9个化合物,分别鉴定为针肺晶(isidiphoin),斑点酸(stictic acid),降斑点酸(norstictic acid),隐斑点酸(cryptostictic acid),茶渍酸(lecanoric acid),网脊衣酸A、B(retigeric acid A, B)和苔色酸甲酯、乙酯(methyl, ethyl orsellinates)。其中针肺晶为一新的缩酚酮,根据光谱和化学分析,推定了其结构。     

小花杜鹃中两个新的木脂素

研究小花杜鹃(Rhododendron minutiflorum)的化学成分及其α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性。采用正相硅胶、ODS、Sephadex LH-20和HPLC等多种色谱技术,从小花杜鹃的95%乙醇提取物中分离得到9个化合物,通过波谱分析和文献数据对比,鉴定其结构分别为rhodominutinan A(1)、rhodominutinan B(2)、3,4-di(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzyl)tetrahydrofuran(3)、venkatasin(4)、苔色酸甲酯(5)、苔黑酚羧酸乙酯(6)、2,4-二羟基-3,6-二甲基苯甲酸甲酯(7)、芹菜素(8)、山奈酚(9)。其中化合物1和2为新的木脂素,化合物3~9为首次从小花杜鹃中分离得到。通过α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂体外筛选模型评价化合物的潜在降血糖活性,结果表明化合物8和9具有较好的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性,IC₅₀值分别为57.51±6.35、54.70±3.67μM。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

安徽牯牛降的丝孢菌Ⅰ

本文报导作者采自安徽枯牛降自然保护区的18种丝孢菌,分属于5个属,其中有3个新种:牛皮冻生尾孢(Cercospora paederiicola),山鸡椒假尾饱(Pseudocercospora litseae-cubebae),鸡血藤生假尾孢(P. millettiicola)和2个中国新纪录。文中对新种进行了描述及绘图,新记录种作了简要说明。研究的标本保存在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室(HMAS)。     

Changes of dung beetle communities from rainforests towards agroforestry systems and annual cultures in Sulawesi (Indonesia)

Little is known about how tropical land-use systems contribute to the conservation of functionally important insect groups, including dung beetles. In a study at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (a biodiversity hotspot in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia) dung-beetle communities were sampled in natural forest, young secondary forest, agroforestry systems (cacao plantations with shade trees) and annual cultures (maize fields), each with four replicates (n = 16 sites). At each site we used 10 pitfall traps, baited with cattle dung, along a 100 m transect for six 3-day periods. The number of trapped specimens and species richness at the natural forest sites was higher than in all land-use systems, which did not significantly differ. Each land-use system contained, on average, 75% of the species richness of the natural forest, thereby indicating their importance for conservation. However, a two-dimensional scaling plot based on NESS indices (m = 6) indicated distinct dung beetle communities for both forest types, while agroforestry systems and annual cultures exhibited a pronounced overlap. Mean body size of dung beetles was not significantly influenced by land-use intensity. Five of the six most abundant dung beetle species were recorded in all habitats, whereas the abundance of five other species was significantly related to habitat type. Mean local abundance and number of occupied sites were closely correlated, further indicating little habitat specialisation. The low dung beetle diversity (total of 18 recorded species) may be due to the absence of larger mammals in Sulawesi during historical times, even though Sulawesi is the largest island of Wallacea. In conclusion, the dung beetle fauna of the lower montane forest zone in Central Sulawesi appears to be relatively robust to man-made habitat changes and the majority of species did not exhibit strong habitat preferences.