HOG1 MAPK参与调控亚砷酸钠诱导的酵母细胞凋亡

【目的】本研究探讨了HOG1 MAPK在亚砷酸钠诱导酵母细胞凋亡中的作用。【方法】以酵母野生株BY4741及其HOG1突变株(ΔHOG1)为材料,研究了亚砷酸钠对酵母细胞生长、相对存活率和氧化损伤的影响,并采用流式细胞术检测了亚砷酸钠胁迫下酵母细胞凋亡率、ROS水平和线粒体膜电位的变化。【结果】亚砷酸钠可抑制酵母细胞生长,诱导细胞凋亡。在相同处理组中,ΔHOG1对亚砷酸钠更为敏感,表现为细胞存活率降低,凋亡率升高。在亚砷酸钠胁迫过程中,ΔHOG1胞内ROS水平和MDA含量显著高于野生株BY4741,而线粒体膜电位显著低于野生株。【结论】HOG1 MAPK可能通过影响胞内ROS水平和线粒体膜电位的变化调控亚砷酸钠诱导的酵母细胞凋亡。     

低温对枇杷苗叶片与根尖的生理状况及超微结构的影响

为探讨枇杷(Eriobotrya japonica)苗对低温伤害的响应,采用人工降温的方法,研究了‘解放钟’实生枇杷苗在低温胁迫下叶肉细胞与根细胞超微结构的变化,同时测定叶片褐变率、根系活力和细胞质膜相对透性(PMP)。结果表明,轻度低温(0℃)胁迫12h,根系活力下降26.09%,叶片褐变率仅升高17.15%,根系PMP值持续升高而叶片呈下降趋势。电镜下观察,根细胞和叶肉细胞均有明显线粒体增加现象。0℃胁迫36 h根细胞发生胞间结冰,液泡消失、线粒体膨大变形、双层膜消失、嵴消失、细胞壁结构损伤,而叶肉细胞仅表现叶绿体破坏、淀粉粒变小,线粒体完整。重度低温(–3℃、–5℃)胁迫下,根细胞和叶肉细胞均发生细胞内结冰,且低温对根细胞的破坏程度明显高于叶肉细胞,根细胞比叶细胞发生细胞结冰的时间更早,受害更严重。这表明根细胞比叶肉细胞对低温更敏感,因此,在低温来临前对枇杷地下部采取保温措施,对缓解地上部低温伤害具有积极作用。     

Sestrin2对热暴露肺上皮细胞凋亡的干预作用及其机制*

目的:探讨Sestrin2蛋白对热暴露肺上皮细胞凋亡的干预作用及其作用机制。方法:体外培养的Beas-2B细胞分为对照组(37℃)和热暴露组(39℃、40℃和41℃),在上述温度中暴露不同时间(0、3、6和12 h),胰酶消化后收集细胞,分别通过Western blot、荧光分光光度计、流式细胞仪等方法检测细胞中的Sestrin2、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、活性氧自由基(ROS)表达水平,细胞线粒体膜电位及细胞凋亡率。基因序列克隆入高表达质粒pcDNA 3.1⁺中,采用Lipfectamine 2000方法转染Beas-2B细胞,构建Sestrin2和SOD高表达细胞,观察细胞线粒体膜电位及细胞凋亡等指标的变化。结果:随着暴露温度的升高,与对照组相比,热暴露组细胞Sestrin2蛋白表达水平下降。在41℃热暴露Beas-2B细胞,不同时间点ROS水平显著上升,线粒体膜电位显著下降,细胞凋亡率增加。Sestrin2和SOD高表达细胞,在41℃暴露条件下,与对照组比较,ROS表达水平显著降低,线粒体膜电位下降幅度减小,热暴露导致细胞凋亡率降低。结论: Sestrin2能够通过线粒体膜电位和SOD缓解热暴露引起肺上皮细胞的凋亡,对Beas-2B细胞具有保护作用。     

山柰酚通过线粒体凋亡通路诱导三阴性乳腺癌细胞凋亡的机制研究

本文旨在探讨山柰酚对三阴性乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231的抑制作用及其可能的分子机制。用不同浓度的山柰酚处理细胞,CCK-8法检测山柰酚对MDA-MB-231和人正常乳腺上皮细胞MCF-10A活力的影响,倒置显微镜观察各组细胞形态变化,克隆形成法检测细胞增殖,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,JC-1染色法检测细胞线粒体膜电位的改变,Western blot检测B细胞淋巴瘤-2(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、细胞色素C(Cyt C)和细胞周期蛋白D1(CyclinD1)的蛋白表达,比色法检测半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶-3(Caspase-3)以及半胱氨酸天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶-9(Caspase-9)的活性。结果显示,山柰酚体外可显著抑制MDA-MB-231细胞的增殖,诱导细胞凋亡,且对正常乳腺上皮细胞活力无影响,降低细胞线粒体膜电位,上调Bax、Cyt C的表达,下降Bcl-2和Cyclin D1的表达,增强Caspase-3、Caspase-9活性。结果表明,线粒体凋亡信号通路的激活是山柰酚诱导MDA-MB-231细胞凋亡的途径之一。     

喜树碱诱导甜菜夜蛾细胞凋亡线粒体途径的MPTP依赖性

【目的】线粒体通透性转换孔(MPTP)的开放可以导致线粒体膜通透性改变,与细胞凋亡关系密切。本研究旨在探索MPTP在喜树碱诱导的昆虫细胞凋亡中的作用,以进一步揭示喜树碱(CPT)诱导昆虫细胞凋亡的机制。【方法】环孢菌素A(CsA)为MPTP开放抑制剂,通过预加入20μmol/L CsA,应用流式细胞仪测定其对CPT和羟基喜树碱(HCPT)诱导的甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua细胞(IOZCAS-SPEX-Ⅱ)凋亡作用的影响,包括细胞内Ca~(2+)浓度变化,线粒体膜电位变化以及活性氧簇(ROS)变化,从而分析MPTP在CPT和HCPT诱导细胞凋亡的作用。【结果】结果显示,10μmol/LCPT和HCPT处理IOZCAS-SPEX-Ⅱ细胞6 h和12 h时,与0.1%DMSO对照组相比,甜菜夜蛾细胞发生凋亡,胞质Ca~(2+)浓度增大,线粒体膜电位降低或丧失,ROS增加,即CPT和HCPT诱导甜菜夜蛾细胞发生凋亡,为线粒体内途径。但经过20μmol/L CsA预处理2 h后再加入CPT和HCPT处理6 h,与0.1%DMSO组相比,细胞凋亡率、胞质Ca~(2+)浓度、线粒体膜电位及ROS产生均无显著差异(P0.05),即CsA抑制了MPTP的开放,从而抑制了CPT和HCPT诱导的甜菜夜蛾细胞凋亡;而加入CPT和HCPT处理12 h时,CsA对MPTP开放的抑制作用显著降低,与单CPT和HCPT处理组相比,细胞凋亡率、胞质Ca~(2+)浓度、线粒体膜电位及ROS差异不显著,即CPT和HCPT诱导的细胞凋亡如常发生。【结论】本研究证实喜树碱和羟基喜树碱诱导甜菜夜蛾细胞凋亡线粒体途径具有MPTP开放依赖性,且首次明确这种依赖性具有时间性。     

硫化氢对低温胁迫下甜樱桃柱头和子房线粒体功能的影响

为探索低温胁迫下外源硫化氢(H₂S)对甜樱桃花的柱头和子房线粒体功能的影响,本研究以甜樱桃品种‘早大果’花枝为试材,在-2 ℃低温下喷施0.05 mmol·L^-1硫氢化钠(NaHS,H₂S供体)和15 μmmol·L^-1 次牛磺酸(HT、H₂S清除剂),测定柱头和子房线粒体中活性氧、抗氧化酶和线粒体膜通透性转换孔(MPTP)开放程度、膜流动性、膜电位和细胞色素(Cyt c/a)比值变化。结果表明: 低温胁迫导致线粒体内过氧化氢(H₂O₂)和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加,线粒体MPTP明显增大,膜流动性降低,膜电位和线粒体Cyt c/a吸光度比值、膜H⁺-ATPase活性显著下降,线粒体结构受到损伤。低温胁迫下,外施0.05 mmol·L^-1 NaHS可显著降低低温胁迫下柱头和子房线粒体H₂O₂和MDA含量,在较长时间内维持较高的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,减小线粒体MPTP开放程度,增强线粒体膜流动性,提高线粒体膜电位、Cyt c/a值和膜H⁺-ATPase活性;NaHS清除剂HT则抵消NaHS对上述参数的影响。综上所述,外源H₂S可以提高低温胁迫下甜樱桃柱头和子房线粒体抗氧化酶活性,减少H₂O₂和MDA积累,提高膜H⁺-ATPase活性,稳定线粒体膜结构和功能,进而缓解低温胁迫对花器官的伤害。     

细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶Roscovitine 诱导非小细胞肺癌A549 细胞凋亡及 其机制的研究

目的:探讨细胞周期蛋白依赖激酶(CDK)抑制剂Roscovitine(Ros)诱导非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)A549细胞凋亡及其作用机制。方法:以不同浓度Ros(10μM、20μM、40μM)处理细胞24h,采用Annexin V-PI染色以流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,Westernblot法检测胞浆中和线粒体促凋亡蛋白Bax和Bad的表达,流式细胞仪检测线粒体膜电位(MMP)变化。结果:Ros以剂量依赖的方式诱导A549细胞凋亡,同时Bad和Bax在胞浆的含量随着Ros剂量的增加而减少,而在线粒体中却出现相反的结果,线粒体膜电位随Ros剂量的增大而降低。结论:Ros可通过促进Bax和Bad由胞浆向线粒体易位,诱导NSCLC A549细胞由线粒体途径发生凋亡。     

环境胁迫对库拉索芦荟叶片超微结构影响研究

对1年生库拉索芦荟分别用盐(1.8%的NaCl)、低温(10℃)、干旱[25%(w/v)的聚乙二醇-6000]3种胁迫条件处理7d后,对其叶肉细胞超微结构进行观察.结果发现:3种胁迫处理均可使库拉索芦荟细胞膜系统、叶绿体、线粒体、细胞核等结构受到不同程度的破坏,叶绿体周围出现许多小泡,导致细胞内膜系统紊乱,细胞器结构稳定性降低;盐胁迫下高尔基体在细胞质中解体;盐和低温胁迫下均可见线粒体膜与叶绿体膜发生融合、线粒体嵌在叶绿体当中的现象.另外,本研究发现,盐胁迫、低温胁迫比干旱胁迫对库拉索芦荟细胞膜的损伤更严重,而水分胁迫对其的伤害程度较小,表明库拉索芦荟的抗旱性较其抗盐性更强.     

低温锻炼和低温胁迫期间翠南报春叶肉细胞超微结构的适应变化

低温锻炼(10℃)期间翠南报春叶肉细胞线粒体增加并出现质膜内陷现象,低温胁迫(0℃)过程中,低温锻炼植株的细胞超微结构表现相对稳定,叶绿体片层结构和线粒体数目都未发生明显变化。未受低温锻炼植株线粒体数目在低温胁迫第2天增多,第3、4天逐渐减少,并在第3天出现质膜内陷现象。多泡体和囊泡结构有时伴随着质膜内陷出现。这种变化可能是经低温锻炼的翠南报春抗寒性提高的细胞结构基础。     

DZNep诱导HL-60细胞凋亡和生长抑制

[目的]研究S-腺苷同型半胱氨酸水解酶抑制剂DZNep(3-Deazaneplanocin A)对人早幼粒白血病细胞HL-60增殖的影响。[方法]细胞计数法分析DZNep(10~500 nmol/L)处理对HL-60细胞增殖的影响;以DNA片段化、Annexin-V/PI法和线粒体膜电位法检测DZNep处理对HL-60细胞凋亡的影响。Western Blot检测细胞凋亡相关基因Bax和细胞色素C的表达。[结果]50 nmol/L DZNep对HL-60细胞的24、48、72h增殖抑制率达18%、44.5%、81.7%。Annexin-V/PI法显示DZNep能诱导HL-60细胞发生剂量依赖性的细胞凋亡。进一步研究发现,DZNep(50nmol/L)处理24 h诱导23.8%的HL-60细胞发生线粒体途径介导的细胞凋亡,表现为细胞DNA片段化、线粒体膜电位下降和Bax基因表达上调,同时伴有细胞浆内细胞色素C增加。[结论]DZNep能在较低浓度下抑制HL-60细胞增殖并通过激发线粒体凋亡途径诱导HL-60细胞凋亡,具有抗人早幼粒细胞白血病治疗的潜在应用前景。     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.     

Composition and diversity of bird communities in Swedish farmland–forest mosaic landscapes

CapsuleThe amount of forest (at local and landscape scales) and occurrence of residual habitats at the local scale are shown to be the major factors influencing bird community composition in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Aims To investigate the importance of local habitat and landscape structure for breeding birds in farmland–forest landscapes in central Sweden.

Methods Breeding birds were censused at 292 points. A detailed habitat mapping was made within 300 m of the points. Within a 300–600 m radius only two major habitats (forests and arable fields) were identified.

Results Cluster analyses of bird communities identified three site types that also differed in habitat composition: (i) partially forested sites in forested landscapes; (ii) heterogeneous sites with residual habitats in mosaic landscapes; and (iii) field-dominated farmland sites in open landscapes. A total of 19 of 25 farmland bird species (restricted to farmland or using both farmland and forest) had the highest abundance in farmland sites with mosaics of forest and farmland, while only six farmland species had the highest abundance in field-dominated sites. The bird community changed from being dominated by farmland species to being dominated by forest species (common in forest landscapes without farmland) at small proportions (10–20%) of forest at the local scale. A major difference in habitat composition between heterogeneous and field-dominated sites was the occurrence of different residual habitats (e.g. shrubby areas and seminatural grasslands). These habitats seemed to influence bird community composition more than land-use, despite covering <10% of the area. Seminatural grasslands were important for bird community composition and species-richness, but grazing seemed to be less important. Among different land-use types, cereal crops were the least preferred fields. Set-asides with tall vegetation and short rotation coppices were positively associated with species-richness of farmland birds.

Conclusion In general, the composition of the landscape was important for bird community composition, although amount and distribution of forests, occurrence of residual habitats and land-use of fields at the local scale had the strongest influence on bird community composition. The possible implications of these patterns for managing farmland–forest landscapes are discussed.     

Chemical constituents from the fruits of Rhus typhina L. and their chemotaxonomic significance

This work describes the isolation and characterization of twenty-nine compounds from the fruits of Rhus typhina L., including eleven flavonoids (1–11), eleven phenols (12–22), two pentacyclic triterpenes (23–24), two organic acids (25–26), one lumichrome (27), one courmarin (28) and one pyrimidine (29) on the basis of their spectroscopic data. Compounds apigenin (1), daidzein (4), orobol (5), 3′, 5, 5′, 7-tetrahydroxyflavanone (6), naringenin (7), butein (8), (-)-catechin (9), quercetin-3-O-α-L-(3″-O-galloyl)-rhamnoside (11), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (13), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (14), vanillin (15), methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (16), 3,5-dihydroxybenzamide (18), tyrosol (19), caffeic acid (20), 3-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propan-1-one (21), phlorizin (22), friedelin (23), oleanolic acid (24), 4,4-dimethyl-heptanedioic acid (25), anthranilic acid (26), lumichrome (27), scoparone (28) and uracil (29) have not been recorded before in this plant. This is the first report on the occurrence of compounds 4–7, 9, 11, 13–14, 16, 18–21, 25–29 from the genus Rhus. Moreover, the chemotaxonomic significance of these isolated compounds was also summarized.