不同人工湿地植物对生活污水净化效果研究

探讨不同湿地植物对COD、总氮、总磷和铵态氮的去除能力,为生活污水净化的相关植物筛选提供依据。选择美人蕉(Canna indica)、香蒲(Typha latifolia)、再力花(Thalia dealbata)、菖蒲(Acorus calamus)、水葱(Scirpus validus)、千屈菜(Lythrum salicaria)和芦苇(Phragmites australis)共7种常见湿地植物作为研究对象,通过建立人工湿地污水处理系统,考察不同植物在7个月内对COD、总氮、总磷和铵态氮的去除率,同时考察7种湿地植物的氮磷累积能力。结果显示,香蒲、芦苇和水葱具有较高的COD去除率,水葱、千屈菜和芦苇具有较高的总氮去除率,香蒲、水葱和千屈菜对总磷的去除率较高,水葱、香蒲和千屈菜对铵态氮的去除率较高。7种植物对COD的去除率在4~8月份呈逐渐上升趋势,此后开始下降;而对总氮的去除率则从4~8月份整体呈上升趋势,8~10月去除率稳定保持在较高水平;随着时间的延长,不同植物对总磷的去除率基本呈升高的趋势;不同植物对铵态氮的去除率在4~7月期间显著上升,此后去除率均维持在较高水平。7种湿地植物对氮的累积能力均显著高于磷。香蒲、水葱、芦苇和千屈菜对4种污染物具有较好的去除能力。不同植物对4种污染物的去除过程至少需要3个月,并且均在7和8月份具有较高的去除能力。美人蕉和芦苇与其他湿地植物相比,具有更高的氮磷累积能力。     

2株耐低温微生物处理污水模拟试验初报

从下水管道的污泥中分离筛选到耐冷细菌H6和耐冷酵母菌J1,采用此2菌株进行模拟污水低温(8℃)处理试验。H6和J1菌株对模拟污水COD的去除率分别为66.6%和72.2%;H6、J1菌株对有机氮去除率分别为76.9%和64.5%;H6、J1菌株对总磷去除率分别为53.9%和14.0%。说明低温微生物在低温环境的污水处理具有广阔的应用前景。     

造纸废水处理过程中浮游动物的生态演替规律

采用序批式反应器驯化活性污泥处理造纸废水,观察颗粒污泥的形成过程及浮游动物的变化.结果显示:在污泥驯化初期污泥颗粒化程度低,COD去除能力不高,鞭毛虫纲(Mastigophora)最早出现,随后出现肉足纲(Sarcodina)生物;污泥驯化中期,污泥颗粒化程度增加,污水处理能力提高,以纤毛虫类(Ciliata)为主;污泥驯化稳定期,处理能力达到最大值,污泥颗粒化完成,固着型纤毛虫--钟虫(Vorticella)的出现和增长,标志着活性污泥的成熟.其次,在反应器运行过程中,如果运行条件发生改变或出现异常,如负荷增加、pH异常、营养缺乏等,系统内浮游动物及其活动情况也会发生有规律的变化.     

酸性条件下耐酸产甲烷颗粒污泥的培养及特性*

分别采用中性颗粒污泥和河底沉积物接种运行两个颗粒污泥膨胀床(EGSB)反应器,通过逐级降低pH的运行策略,驯化和培养了耐酸产甲烷颗粒污泥,两个EGSB反应器均能在pH5．8-6．2条件下稳定运行,容积负荷可达5．5-7．5kg COD,(m^3／d),COD去除率约90％;两种颗粒污泥在低pH值下均能保持较高的产甲烷活性,pH5．5时,仍能保持pH7．0时活性的51．8％和55．6％;还对耐酸颗粒污泥的粒径分布、沉降性能、金属元素含量、微观结构及细菌在颗粒表面和内部的分布等进行了研究。     

柠檬酸、草酸和乙酸对污泥中镉、铅、铜和锌的去除效果

研究了柠檬酸、草酸和乙酸对污泥中Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn等重金属的去除效果,并分析了污泥中重金属的形态变化和生物有效性.结果表明,随着反应时间和酸浓度的增加,污泥中重金属（Cu除外）的去除率也相应增加.污泥加入柠檬酸溶液反应7 h即可去除污泥中52.0%的Pb和74.2％的Zn, 24 h后可去除76.0%的Pb和92.5%的Zn,草酸和乙酸对重金属的去除率较低.柠檬酸去除的Pb和Zn主要以稳定态存在,并导致污泥中不稳定态重金属的比例上升,其中可交换态重金属浓度有不同程度的增加.虽然有机酸对Cd和Cu的去除率较低,但反应后可交换态Cd和Cu的浓度仍有小幅增加.     

柠檬酸、草酸和乙酸对污泥中镉、铅、铜和锌的去除效果

研究了柠檬酸、草酸和乙酸对污泥中Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn等重金属的去除效果,并分析了污泥中重金属的形态变化和生物有效性.结果表明,随着反应时间和酸浓度的增加,污泥中重金属（Cu除外）的去除率也相应增加.污泥加入柠檬酸溶液反应7h即可去除污泥中52.0%的Pb和74.2%的Zn,24h后可去除76.0%的Pb和92.5%的Zn,草酸和乙酸对重金属的去除率较低.柠檬酸去除的Pb和Zn主要以稳定态存在,并导致污泥中不稳定态重金属的比例上升,其中可交换态重金属浓度有不同程度的增加.虽然有机酸对Cd和Cu的去除率较低,但反应后可交换态Cd和Cu的浓度仍有小幅增加.     

粗甘油优化污泥脱水液培养小球藻过程的研究

污泥脱水液为污泥压缩过程产生的污水,因其含有N、P等营养物,可用于微藻的培养。但污泥脱水液碳氮比低,可利用碳源有限,影响微藻生长。本研究考察外加不同浓度(1 g/L,2 g/L,4 g/L,6 g/L)生物柴油副产物-粗甘油对污泥脱水液培养小球藻过程的影响。结果表明:1 g/L、2 g/L粗甘油浓度能促进小球藻生长,藻生物量为1.29 g/L、1.45 g/L;2 g/L粗甘油浓度下氨氮、总氮去除率达99.32%和97.52%。粗甘油被分解后易使培养体系pH降至7以下,使总磷去除率比对照组略低。外加1 g/L、2 g/L粗甘油组的COD去除量分别为553.00 mg/L和405.00 mg/L。藻细胞元素和傅里叶红外光谱分析表明补加粗甘油后藻细胞中C元素和H元素相对含量均明显增加,C元素含量约为对照组的1.5倍;2 g/L粗甘油组的蛋白质与脂类物质含量均高于对照组。MPBR半连续培养小球藻过程中,HRT为5 d时藻生物量维持在1.99~2.21 g/L,大约为批次生物量的1.50倍;氨氮、总氮、总磷、COD的去除率分别在96.26%~99.20%、92.44%~94.04%、53.63%~58.58%、59.44%~65.57%。     

高效降解生活污水中COD的根际微生物的分离筛选

采用平板划线法从人工湿地的芦苇、美人蕉的根际土壤中分离出若干细菌、真菌、放线菌菌株,在实验室条件下检测了这些菌株对灭菌生活污水和自然生活污水COD的去除效果,结果表明4株细菌、1株放线菌、1株真菌对灭菌生活污水和自然生活污水COD均具有较高的去除率。4株细菌在降解灭菌生活污水COD的去除率在48 h后依次为75.4%、78.7%、83.5%、69.8%;其在降解未灭菌生活污水COD的去除率在48 h后依次为43.4%、47.8%、50.7%、36.8%;真菌对灭菌和未灭菌生活污水COD的去除率在48 h后分别为60.2%、41.3%;放线菌对灭菌和自然生活污水COD 48 h后的去除率分别为57.8%、46.4%。这几株高效降解COD的湿地根际微生物具有潜在的应用价值。     

ABR结合SBR法处理印染废水的研究*

采用实验室规模的厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)与序批式活性污泥曝气反应器(SBR)结合工艺处理印染废水。通过对ABR-SBR处理系统工艺条件的试验,在ABR段HRT为24~36 h,污泥负荷为0.43~2.46 kg COD/(m³.d),进水pH值为6.5~8.0,温度20℃~35℃;SBR段的溶解氧为2 mg/L,曝气时间为3~10 h,沉淀时间为2 h的条件下,经处理的印染工业废水COD、色度和苯胺去除率分别为32%~95%、89%~99%和50%~98%,其COD为30.0~97     

N+离子注入活性污泥辅助处理焦化废水的初步研究

利用离子束对活性污泥进行不同剂量的辐照处理。分析测定了辐照前后活性污泥的废水处理效果、性能参数与污染负荷的变化。结果表明离子束照射剂量在40×2.6×1013N /cm2~200×2.6×1013N /cm2时,污泥浓度、30 min沉降后的污泥沉降比、污泥指数和活性污泥增长率均略低于对照。40×2.6×1013N /cm2以上的辐照剂量即会导致污泥增长率下降,特别当剂量达到200×2.6×1013N /cm2时,污泥量出现负增长(-1.2%和-2.00%)。N 离子注入的单位活性污泥氨氮、化学需氧量去除率均有提高,在辐照剂量40×2.6×1013N /cm2~160×2.6×1013N /cm2时,处理效果随辐照剂量增加有增强趋势。酚的单位活性污泥处理能力明显优于对照,在辐照剂量为160×2.6×1013N /cm2时系统处理率达到99.76%。     

Effect of hexavalent chromium on the activated sludge process and on the sludge protozoan community

The objectives of this study were the determination of chromium effects to the performance of an activated sludge unit and the investigation of the response of the activated sludge protozoan community to Cr(VI). Two bench scale activated sludge reactors were supplied with synthetic sewage containing Cr(VI), at concentrations from 1 up to 50 mg L(-1). Protozoan species were identified and were related to the system efficiency. Variations in the abundance and diversity of the protozoan species were observed under various chromium concentrations. High removal rates of organics and nutrients were observed after the acclimatization of the activated sludge, which were related to the initial chromium(VI) concentration. Chromium(VI) removal efficiency was high in all cases. The protistan community was affected by the influent chromium content. Dominance of sessile species was observed in the reactor receiving 5 mg L(-1) influent chromium, whereas co-dominance of sessile and carnivorous species was observed in the reactors receiving higher chromium concentrations.     

Effects of Cr(VI) on the performance and kinetics of the activated sludge process

The substrates removal performance, removal kinetics and the electron transport system (ETS) of sludge were investigated by sequencing batch reactors (SBR) and batch assays, respectively. Compared to the control system, significant decreases were observed in substrate removal efficiency with the Cr(VI)-feeding concentration up to 5 mg L⁻¹ in SBR system. And the recovery for NH₄⁺-N removal were more difficult than that of COD after the termination of Cr(VI)-feeding. Significant inhibitory effects of Cr(VI) on the ETS activity and substrate removal kinetics were observed in the batch assays. The inhibitory effects of Cr(VI) would be overestimated on COD removal and underestimated on NH₄⁺-N removal by the short-term batch assay as compared to the long-term operations. Additionally, significant correlations between the ETS activity and the inhibitory rates of Cr(VI) on substrate removal indicated the ETS activity can provide effective predictions on the potential performance of substrate removal in activated sludge.     

Anammox反应器启动前后微生物群落结构差异性

接种A^2/O回流污泥启动Anammox-UASB反应器,研究了上升流速对系统脱氮性能影响,利用高通量测序对反应器中微生物群落结构变化进行了研究。结果表明,历时35 d成功启动Anammox反应器。上升流速升高可以明显促进脱氮效果,在最佳上升流速为1.14 m/h时TN去除率达84.74%,去除速率高达0.766 gTN/(L·d)。高通量分析表明,Anammox污泥群落Alpha多样性较接种污泥明显减少,Anammox污泥中的Anammox菌主要为Candidatus Jettenia和Candidatus Brocadia两个属,同时检测到大量的其他脱氮微生物菌属,系统中这些脱氮微生物的大量增值使系统脱氮能力逐步提高。     

A novel membrane bioreactor enhanced by effective microorganisms for the treatment of domestic wastewater

The activated sludge membrane bioreactor (MBR) has been shown to have some advantages for the processing and reclamation of domestic wastewater. We hypothesized that certain microorganisms, chosen for their abilities to decompose the chemical components of raw sewage, would, when coupled with the MBR, significantly improve the stability and efficiency of this system. We selected environmental bacterial strains which oxidize ammonia and nitrites and produce protease, amylase, and cellulase for the development and testing of a novel biologically enhanced MBR (eMBR). We compared the eMBR with the activated sludge MBR. With the eMBR, the average values of effluent quality were: chemical oxygen demand (COD), 40 mg/l(average efficiency of removal 90.0%); and NH₄ ⁺–N, 0.66 mg/l(average efficiency of removal 99.4%). Effluent qualities met the standard and were stable during the entire 90 days of this study. For the activated sludge MBR, the COD removal rate was 91.7%, and the NH₄ ⁺–N removal (94.8%) was less than that of the eMBR. Start-up time for the eMBR was only 24–48 h, much shorter than the 7–8 days required to initiate function of the standard MBR. The biomass concentrations of total heterotrophic bacteria and autotrophic bacteria in the eMBR did not fluctuate significantly during the course of the study. Various kinds of microorganisms will establish an ecological balance in the reactor. Compared with the activated sludge MBR, the eMBR not only produced an excellent and stable quality of effluent but also resulted in a shorter time to start-up and significantly improved the efficiency of NH₄ ⁺–N removal.     

造纸废水活性污泥的微生物群落结构及多样性分析

为探究造纸废水活性污泥中微生物群落结构多样性以及对造纸废水处理效果的影响，利用Illumina MiSeq 高通量测序方法，分析在处理造纸废水过程中，同一运行阶段两个并联氧化沟内活性污泥的微生物群落与多样性组成。结果表明，系统中处理造纸废水的活性污泥在同一废水条件下微生物群落结构总体稳定，优势细菌为绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidota）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、Myxococcota、放线菌门(Actinobacteria）、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes）等。最重要的优势细菌类群为Chloroflexi，相对丰度占比为47.67%~48.22%，远远高于其他废水中Chloroflexi的占比，其中厌氧绳菌纲（Anaerolineae）是其主要成员，占比84.39%~88.34%，可针对性地去除造纸废水中的污染物。造纸废水活性污泥样品中存在大量特殊功能菌群，其在废水中污染物尤其是木质素的去除中发挥着重要作用。     

Phosphorus removal characteristics of granular and flocculent sludge in SBR

Aerobic granulation technology has become a novel biotechnology for wastewater treatment. However, the distinct properties and characteristics of phosphorus removal between granules and flocculent sludge are still sparse in enhanced biological phosphorus removal process. Two identical sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were operated to compare phosphorus removal performance with granular sludge (R1) and flocculate activated sludge (R2). Results indicated that the start-up period was shorter in R2 than R1 for phosphorus removal, which made R2 reach the steady-state condition on day 21, while R1 was on day 25, and R2 released and took up more phosphorus than R1. As a result, the phosphorus removal was around 90% in R2 while 80% in R1 at the steady-state system. The special phosphorus release rate and special phosphorus uptake rate were 8.818 mg P/g volatile suspended solids (VSS)/h and 9.921 mg P/g VSS/h in R2, which were consistently greater than those (0.999 and 3.016 mg P/g VSS/h) in R1. The chemical oxygen demand removal in two reactors was similar. The granular SBR had better solid-separation performance and higher removal efficiency of NH₄⁺–N than flocculent SBR. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA fragment analysis revealed that the diversity and the level of phosphorus-accumulating bacteria in flocculent sludge were much more than those in the granular sludge.     

京津冀区域市政污水厂活性污泥种群结构的多样性及差异

【背景】活性污泥中微生物的种群结构影响着污水生物处理的高效性及稳定性,是有效保证污水处理效果的关键。【目的】研究活性污泥中细菌的群落结构组成及多样性,并分析相应菌群的主要功能,旨在更好地发挥细菌的净化作用、保持污水处理过程的稳定及提高污水的处理效率。【方法】以京津冀区域内典型市政污水厂活性污泥为研究对象,通过IlluminaMiSeq高通量测序及实时定量PCR技术,对5个污水厂活性污泥的微生物种群结构特征进行了详细解析,研究不同工艺参数下活性污泥中优势种群及脱氮菌群丰度的差异。【结果】5个污水厂活性污泥种群结构具有一定差异,其中Hengshui (HS)厂污泥的群落结构受温度的影响最大,而Shahe (SH)、Daoxianghu (DXH)、Nangong(NG)厂活性污泥群落结构则受总氮、总磷与氨氮的共同影响,氨氮对SH厂活性污泥种群结构影响最大。DXH、NG和HS厂污泥中优势菌均为Anaerolineaceae,而SH和Hejian (HJ)厂的优势菌则为Saprospiraceae与Lactobacillus。活性污泥中反硝化菌丰度最高的为HJ厂,丰度最低的为HS厂,反硝化功能基因nirS比nirK分布更为广泛。【结论】对于不同污水厂,影响其活性污泥群落结构组成的环境因素也是不同的,并且特殊的进水水质也会对污泥菌群组成和生物多样性产生影响。     

Immobilization materials mixed with activated sludge as column biofilters for the treatment of gaseous stream containing benzene and toluene

Activated sludge has been utilized for the treatment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are emitted from industrial processes. Nevertheless, activated sludge systems often suffer from the problem caused by concentration gradients as well as pressure drops. Channeling is also a major problem in the treatment process. As the bed height of the packed activated sludge system increases, the pressure drop increases accordingly. To solve these problems, we proposed immobilized activated sludge column reactors for treating VOCs in air. The immobilization material used to mix with activated sludge was properly selected in this work. Elemental compositions of these materials were analyzed. In this study, we also proposed a VOC feed system so that more stable inlet concentrations could be achieved. Hence, the equipment and operating costs were reduced and the problem of VOCs leaking from peristaltic pumps was avoided. The moisture content of the system was well maintained and better VOC removal efficiency was achieved. With an operation condition of progressive VOC inlet concentrations, better removal efficiency of benzene and toluene was then obtained. In conclusion, by the utilization of immobilization materials selected from wastes as well as immobilized activated sludge column reactors, significant removal efficiency for both benzene and toluene was demonstrated.     

Anaerobic filters for the treatment of coal gasification wastewater

A process train consisting of the following sequence of unit processes, a berl-saddle-packed anaerobic filter, an expanded bed, granular activated carbon anaerobic filter, and an activated sludge nitrification system was evaluated for the treatment of a synthetically prepared coal gasification wastewater. The first-stage anaerobic filter resulted in very little removal of organic matter and no methane production. Excellent reduction in organic matter occurred in the granular activated carbon anaerobic filter. The removal mechanism was initially adsorptive and near the end of the study, removal of organic matter was primarily through conversion to methane gas. It is felt that the success of the activated carbon anaerobic filter was due to the ability of the activated carbon to sequester some components of the wastewater that were toxic to the mixed culture of anaerobic microorganisms. The activated sludge nitrification system resulted in complete ammonia oxidation and was very efficient in final effluent polishing.     

Diversity and distribution of a deeply branched novel proteobacterial group found in anaerobic-aerobic activated sludge processes

A novel coccobacilli group found previously in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) systems was further revealed to have a high degree of diversity and distribution in various activated sludge systems. Phylogenetic analysis based on 14 existing and 18 newly retrieved 16S rRNA sequences revealed that these sequences formed a novel cohesive cluster with seven subgroups in the gamma-Proteobacteria. Fluorescence in situ hybridization with a set of probes designed specifically targeting the novel group at different hierarchical levels showed that the novel group with a coccoid (2-4 micro m) to occasionally long-rod (up to 20 micro m) shape widely distributed and in some cases predominated in sludge samples taken from nine lab- and full-scale EBPR systems (10-50% of total cells) and four conventional activated sludge systems (1-10%). Variation of predominance was also observed among those subgroups in systems showing deteriorated or effective EBPR activity.