新分离呼吸道肠道病毒生物学特性和S4片段的序列测定

新分离呼吸道肠道病毒(简称呼肠病毒)经过空斑分纯后进行生物学和部分基因序列的鉴定.首先通过BYD株(由端青从北京于某患者标本中分离到的第一株呼肠病毒)对4种传代细胞的敏感性试验,选出L929和LLC-MK2敏感细胞,然后用LLC-MK2细胞进行理化性质试验,血凝试验和形态学鉴定.结果显示该病毒为耐乙醚、不耐酸、不耐热的RNA病毒;对人O型红细胞能产生凝集,滴度达132;电镜下可查见细胞胞浆内有球形、直径为70nm～80nm、双层衣壳的病毒颗粒.提取BYD株RNA并进行S4片段序列分析,结果显示该片段的氨基酸序列与已知呼肠病毒1～3型标准株的同源性分别为95%、90%和95%.以上这些生物学以及S4片断的序列分析结果表明新分离BYD株病毒符合呼肠病毒科的特性.     

二株不同基因型树鼩呼肠孤病毒的分离和鉴定

目的从腹泻树鼩的粪便样本中分离和鉴定病毒。方法树鼩腹泻粪便样本分别接种Vero、LLCMK2和KMB17细胞,经连续传代,观察记录细胞病变,并对培养上清进行透射电镜检查、病毒RNA-PAGE电泳分析、轮状病毒鉴别筛查、S1全长基因片段扩增和生物信息学分析。结果树鼩腹泻粪便样品在KMB17、Vero和LLC-MK2细胞上经连续3代次传代后,均能产生细胞病变。经电镜检查、病毒RNA-PAGE电泳分析和轮状病毒鉴别筛查,推测其为呼肠孤病毒。病毒基因组全长S1基因扩增、序列测定和分析结果表明,KMB17培养上清中获得的病毒与I型原型株T1L同源性最高,核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为85%和90%,因此该病毒定义为呼肠孤病毒I型。而LLC-MK2和Vero细胞上清中的病毒S1基因与III型原型株T3D核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为85%和92%,因此为呼肠孤病毒III型。结论对今后树鼩和其他宿主呼肠孤病毒的分离鉴定有一定的指导意义。     

新型鸭呼肠孤病毒的分离与鉴定

本研究从临床表现为出血性坏死性肝炎的病死鸭肝脾中分离到病毒。病原特性鉴定显示,分离毒能致死番鸭胚和鸡胚;人工感染1日龄雏番鸭、雏半番鸭均能复制出与临床自然发病鸭相同的临床症状和病理变化,并能回收到病毒。分离毒能在MDEF等多种细胞中增殖并产生细胞病变。电镜下病毒在细胞浆中呈大量散在、成堆和晶格状排列,病毒粒子呈球形、无囊膜、双层衣壳、直径70nm左右。在SDS-PAGE中具有禽呼肠孤病毒10个RNA片段的特征,但M1-3和S1-4片段的迁移率明显不同于番鸭呼肠孤病毒(MDRV)。分离毒S3基因全序列与禽呼肠孤病毒(ARV)、火鸡呼肠孤病毒(TRV)和MDRV的核苷酸同源性分别为60%～60.2%,61.9%,62.3%～62.7%,氨基酸同源性分别为68.2%～69%,68.2%,69.3%～70.1%;S3基因编码的σB蛋白属于单独的进化分支,提示分离毒S3基因具有不同于ARV和MDRV的特征。结果表明鸭出血性坏死性肝炎的病原是一种属于呼肠孤病毒科正呼肠孤病毒属新型鸭呼肠孤病毒。     

番鸭呼肠孤病毒的鉴定

从以软脚为主要临床症状,以肝、脾表面有多量灰白色坏死点,肾肿大及出血为主要病变的病番鸭肝、脾组织中分离到5株病毒(MW9710、MW9803、MW9806、MW9809和MW9810).雏番鸭和雏鹅经人工感染后出现与自然病例相同的临床症状和病理变化,并能回收到病毒.樱桃谷鸭、麻鸭和鸡人工感染不发病.经电镜观察,病毒呈球形,正二十面体,立体对称,无囊膜,有双层衣壳,直径为60nm～73nm,病毒粒子在胞浆中增殖.病毒对乙醚、氯仿、胰蛋白酶、50℃处理1h和3%甲醛处理不敏感.对pH3处理2h、60℃处理30min和紫外线照射敏感.1mol/L Mg-Cl2不能增强病毒的感染力.病毒核酸型为dsRNA,病毒核酸具有禽呼肠孤病毒的特征:有10条带,按其大小可分为三类:大片段(L1～L3)、中片段(M1～M3)和小片段(S1～S4).但是MW9710株的M2和S1～S4片段的迁移率明显不同于鸡关节炎病毒(ARV)S1133株,而与番鸭呼肠孤病毒法国株(89330、89026株)的核酸电泳图谱极为相似.在血清中和试验中,ARV S1133和MW9710株互不交叉.并且,以针对ARV S1基因的特异性引物XZ11、XZ12对MW9710株等进行RT-PCR扩增,只能从ARV中扩增出特异性条带;而以MDRV89026株S1基因的特异引物HP11、HP12进行RT-PCR扩增,只能从MW9710等分离毒株中扩增出特异性条带.上述结果表明,MW9710株等5株病毒是上述疫病(番鸭"肝白点病")的病原,属呼肠孤病毒科正呼肠孤病毒属番鸭呼肠孤病毒.     

草鱼呼肠孤病毒RNA聚合酶基因功能区在原核细胞中的表达

草鱼呼肠孤病毒(grass carp reovirus)为我国分离、鉴定的第一株水生动物病毒.1983年,我国首次报道引起爆发性草鱼出血病的病原为草鱼出血病病毒[1,2],其后相继进行了系统的病毒形态学、生物学、生物化学及分子生物学特性等研究[3-8].自1979年Meyers T R等报道从水生动物中分离出第一株呼肠孤样病毒,迄今国际上已分离鉴定40余种水生呼肠孤病毒(aquareovirus).在这些分离株中,大多数毒株不能引起寄主的病理反应或仅表现出较弱的致病性.然而研究认为,GCRV为水生呼肠孤病毒中致病力最强的毒株[9].可见,以GCRV为模型,研究水生呼肠孤病毒的复制与致病机理具有一定的理论及实际意义.我们在对GCRV反应核心及体外转录研究中,已证实GCRV RNA聚合酶在病毒粒子中的存在及其位置[5];GCRV序列测定及定位结果显示,GCRV-VP2多肽为该病毒RNA聚合酶(RNA dependent RNA polymerase RdRp)[6,7].为了探讨草鱼呼肠孤病毒的侵染与宿主的相关性及复制机制,我们首次进行了该病毒RNA聚合酶基因(GCRV-RdRp)功能区序列在原核细胞中的表达研究,并得到高效表达融合蛋白.这一结果将为该酶的活性及特性分析提供实验依据.下面报道本研究结果.     

人偏肺病毒在传代细胞和人呼吸道上皮细胞中分离和鉴定

人偏肺病毒（Human metapneumovirus,HMPV）是2001年鉴定出的新发呼吸道病毒,婴幼儿、老人和免疫抑制人群易感,引起上呼吸道和下呼吸道感染,目前尚无疫苗和特异性治疗方案。为获得北京地区HMPV临床流行毒株,本研究将经荧光定量PCR检测为HMPV阳性的鼻咽抽吸物样本分别接种LLC-MK2、Vero-E6和分化良好的人呼吸道上皮细胞（Human Airway Epithelium,HAE）,观察细胞病变、检测免疫荧光、电镜观察病毒形态、测定病毒滴度及分析复制特点,对分离获得的HMPV分离株进行鉴定。结果表明,HMPV感染LLC-MK2细胞可形成合胞体,但在Vero-E6中多呈单个细胞感染;经免疫荧光检测,HAE、LLC-MK2和Vero-E6细胞均可见绿色荧光;电镜结果可见病毒为近似球型的颗粒,有包膜和刺突,直径约在150nm～200nm之间;HMPV在HAE和LLC-MK2两种细胞上的复制特点基本相同。本研究成功建立了临床样本在LLC-MK2、Vero-E6和HAE分离培养HMPV的方法,分离并鉴定了HMPV临床分离株,为HMPV感染机制的研究奠定基础。     

一株小鼠诺如病毒的分离和鉴定及全基因组序列分析

小鼠诺如病毒(Murine norovirus,MNV)属于杯状病毒科诺如病毒属成员,是2003年新发现的感染实验小鼠的病毒,也是目前已知的小鼠病毒中感染率最高的一种病毒。本研究利用RAW264.7细胞从MNV感染小鼠的盲肠内容物中进行病毒分离,采用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)方法、病毒空斑试验、TCID50试验、电镜观察、间接免疫荧光试验和测序分析等方法对分离到的病毒进行鉴定,结果显示RAW264.7细胞接毒24~48h后出现明显的细胞病变,表现为细胞圆缩、变亮、聚集,最后大部分细胞死亡脱落。分离株在RAW264.7细胞上传代至第2~3代时可出现稳定的细胞病变。经病毒空斑试验获得一株纯化病毒,病毒滴度TCID50为105.25/0.1mL。电镜观察可见明显的病毒颗粒,颗粒呈球形,无囊膜,直径约30~35nm。分离株经鉴定后命名为MNV Guangzhou/K162/09/CHN。采用RT-PCR技术分段扩增基因组开放阅读框(ORF),同时应用3′-RACE和5′-RACE技术扩增基因组的3′-UTR和5′-UTR,分别对扩增片段进行克隆和测序,经拼接后获得分离株全基因组序列。结果显示分离株基因组序列全长7 380个核苷酸(GenBank登录号:HQ317203),将分离株全基因组序列与GenBank登录的国外参考毒株进行同源性比较,结果表明该毒株与其他MNV分离株核苷酸同源性为87.4%~89.7%。基于VP1蛋白核苷酸序列绘制MNV毒株系统发生进化树,结果表明该分离株与来自日本(S7-P2和S7-PP3)、美国(CR3和CR18)、韩国(K4)和德国(Berlin/04/06/DE和Berlin/05/06/DE)的毒株进化距离较近,同属一个进化分支。本研究是国内首次对MNV病毒进行分离鉴定和全基因组序列分析的报道。     

7例水痘患者水痘带状疱疹病毒的分离与鉴定分析

目的对7例临床水痘患者的疱疹液样本,进行水痘带状疱疹病毒(varicella-herpes zoster virus,VZV)的分离及鉴定分析。方法对7例临床水痘患者的疱疹液,用2BS细胞进行病毒分离及病毒滴度检测;用特异性引物分别对病毒分离株及疫苗株(Oka株)的ORF68、ORF54、ORF38进行聚合酶链反应(Polymerase Chain Reaction,PCR)扩增及测序,用DNAMAN软件对病毒分离株的ORF68序列与Dumas株序列进行比对鉴定,并对病毒分离株和Oka株的ORF54、ORF38进行限制性片段长度多态性(restriction fragment length polymorphism,RFLP)分析。结果从7例临床水痘患者的疱疹液样本中,分离到4株VZV病毒株;病毒分离株的细胞病变(cytopathic effect,CPE)及病毒滴度随传代次数的增加而增强;4株病毒分离株的ORF68序列与Dumas株完全一致;ORF54、ORF38的RFLP结果显示,4株病毒分离株均为BglⅠ+PstⅠ+型,Oka株为BglⅠ+PstⅠ-型。结论成功分离的4株病毒分离株均为VZV野生毒株。     

小鼠诺如病毒分离鉴定及病毒衣壳蛋白基因序列分析

目的了解广东地区小鼠诺如病毒（murine norovirus,MNV）的分子遗传特征和进化来源。方法采用小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW264.7细胞对RT-PCR检测为阳性的小鼠样本进行病毒分离,通过细胞病变、RT-PCR、间接免疫荧光试验、测序方法对病毒分离株进行鉴定。应用RT-PCR技术针对15株MNV分离株的VP1基因的1626个核苷酸片段进行基因扩增,将扩增产物连接在pMD18-T载体后转化到大肠杆菌中进行克隆。通过氨苄青霉素平皿筛选,将鉴定为阳性的克隆菌进行核苷酸序列测定及序列分析。将这15株MNV分离株与从GenBank获得的19株MNV参考株进行序列比较分析,基于VP1基因的1626核苷酸片段构建系统发生进化树,一起进行分子流行病学研究。结果从80个小鼠样本中分离到了15株MNV病毒,通过细胞病变试验、RT-PCR试验、间接免疫荧光试验和测序分析鉴定确认分离到的病毒为MNV。序列分析结果显示MNV分离株的VP1蛋白基因全长均为1626个核苷酸,广东地区15株MNV分离株的核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别在89.7%~100%和94.8%~100%之间,15株MNV分离株与其他19株MNV参考毒株核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别在87.5%~92.9%和92.4%~98.2%之间。进化树分析表明来自设施A和设施D的13株病毒之间的亲缘关系较近,同属一个进化分支。来自设施B的ZD-1毒株和设施C的ZYY-163毒株与来自广东（K162）、日本（S7-P2、S7-PP3）、韩国（K4）和德国（Berlin/04/06/DE、Berlin/05/06/DE）同属另一个进化分支。结论成功分离到15株MNV病毒。遗传进化分析表明广东地区的MNV分离株来源并不相同,来自设施B和设施C的MNV分离株与国外分离株的亲缘关系较近,而来自设施A和设施D的13株MNV分离株可能是本地固有的毒株。     

一株草鱼呼肠孤病毒弱毒株的分离、鉴定及免疫原性初步分析

从江西南昌患出血病草鱼体内分离出的草鱼病毒(暂命名为JX09-01)能使草鱼肾脏细胞(CIK)、草鱼肝细胞(L8824)、草鱼吻端成纤维细胞(PSF)产生明显的细胞病变效应(CPE)。感染CIK 细胞固定后经电镜观察,发现细胞质内有大量病毒聚集, 形态和排列方式与已报道的草鱼呼肠孤病毒(Grass carp reovirus, GCRV)相似。针对GCRV 873 株S6 基因设计的简并引物可以从病料组织和感染细胞中扩增出目的条带, 而针对GCRVHZ08 株S6 基因设计特异性引物未能扩增出目的条带。对JX09-01 株的S6 全基因进行序列分析表明, 其核苷酸序列同GCRV 873 株和HZ08 株的同源性分别是99.3%和30.4%, 推导出的氨基酸序列同源性分别是98.6%和30%, 说明草鱼病毒JX09-01 株为草鱼呼肠孤病毒。用JX09-01 株接种当年8-10 cm左右的草鱼, 没有明显的临床症状, 不能致草鱼死亡。用传代至15 代的CIK 细胞病毒液进行免疫保护试验, 结果显示其对强毒株的免疫保护率达到86.7%。实验结果初步显示, 新分离到的JX09-01 为草鱼呼肠孤病毒弱毒株, 可作为弱毒疫苗的候选毒株。       

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.