2003-2013年小麦品种(系)抗条锈性鉴定及评价

2003-2013年在甘肃省农业科学院植物保护研究所兰州温室和甘谷试验站,分别对来自国内35个相关育种单位的冬春小麦品种(系)5001份,其中冬小麦4291份、春小麦710份,进行苗期混合菌、成株期分小种和混合菌抗条锈性接种鉴定,结果表明:全生育期表现免疫近免疫的有兰天31号等479份,高抗的有兰天23号等76份,中抗的有天选49等291份,分别占9.58％、1.52％和5.82％;成株期表现免疫近免疫的有天选50号等840份,高抗的有兰天27号等47份,中抗的有天选52等311份,分别占16.80％、0.94％和6.22％;苗期表现免疫近免疫的有兰天30号等964份,高抗的有天98102等122份,中抗的有00-30等273份,分别占19.28％、2.44％和5.46％.冬小麦有天选49号等914份材料表现全生育期抗病,占18.28％;有97-473等906份成株期表现抗病,占18.12％;有兰天20号等1225份苗期表现抗病,占24.50％.春小麦有定西41号等113份材料全生育期表现抗病,占2.26％;有陇春28号等125份成株期表现抗病,占2.50％;有0109-1等114份苗期对混合菌表现抗病,占2.28％.先后在甘肃天水汪川良种场对相关材料进行成株期抗条锈性评价,结果发现:1154份从小种圃筛选出的抗病材料中,表现抗病的有兰天31号等745份,占64.56％;105份甘肃陇南生产品种中,到2013年表现抗病的仅有兰天28号、中梁31号等30份材料,占28.57％;后备品系中,00-30-2-1、CP04-20、00127-2-3等抗性表现优异;抗源材料中,仅有贵农775、中四、T.Spelta albun、贵协1、贵协3等少数材料表现抗病,重要抗源材料贵农21、贵农22、南农92R、川麦42、Moro从2011年开始在田间表现感病,逐步失去利用价值.其衍生系品种材料如陇鉴9343、天选43号、中梁29号、兰天17号、兰天24号等也在田间逐步感病,条锈病发生流行压力持续增大.     

海南普通野生稻稻瘟病抗性资源调查和鉴定

为挖掘海南普通野生稻稻瘟病抗性资源,2010年诱发鉴定了41个居群410份材料苗期叶瘟,2011年接种稻瘟病菌（YC25）鉴定了37个居群121份材料穗颈瘟,2012年调查了80个居群2461份材料田间自然状态的抗病性。结果表明：苗期叶瘟抗性鉴定有21份高抗、117份抗病。苗期抗、高抗叶瘟性的138份材料中穗颈瘟鉴定4份高抗和3份抗病,14份表现为田间自然抗病。苗期叶瘟鉴定不抗病或未作此鉴定材料中,4份表现为抗穗颈瘟和田间自然抗病。这些抗性材料来自海口、文昌、万宁、三亚、澄迈、东方等地。本研究为海南普通野生稻资源进一步研究和抗稻瘟病育种利用提供参考     

400份小麦品种（系）条锈病成株期抗性鉴定与评价

发掘新抗源,不断拓宽抗病遗传资源,是确保农业生产可持续发展的重要战略储备。为明确400个小麦品种(系)的抗条锈表现及抗条锈基因分布状况,本研究利用混合小种(CYR31、CYR32和CYR33)在田间进行成株期条锈病抗性鉴定,同时以Yr5、Yr9、Yr10、Yr15、Yr17、Yr18和Yr26已知抗条锈病基因的分子标记进行检测筛查,综合分析供试材料可能携带的抗病基因。结果表明,在400份材料中,成株期对混合菌种表现高抗至免疫(IT=0～1)的品种(系)有177份,占44.25%;中抗(IT=2)品种(系)62份,占15.5%;中感或高感(IT=3/4)品种(系)161份,占40.25%。结合抗病表现和已知Yr基因分子检测结果表明:供试小麦中121份材料携带Yr5,占30.25%;96份携带Yr9,占24%;10份携带Yr10,占2.5%;19份携带Yr15,占4.75%;150份携带Yr17,占37.5%;15份携带Yr18,占3.75%;127份携带Yr26,占31.75%。其中定西24、N7187等25份材料未发现携带Yr5、Yr9、Yr10、Yr15、Yr17、Yr18和Yr26,推测可能含有其他未知抗性基因或新基因。该研究结果建立了小麦条锈病抗源鉴定和评价体系,筛选出177份具有不同抗病性特征的抗源材料,其中25份可能含有新抗源,为进一步培育抗条锈病新品种奠定了基础。     

抗青枯病烟草种质资源在云南省的评价

筛选出抗性稳定的种质资源是选育抗病品种的重要基础。本文采用人工接种和病田自然发病方法鉴定了48份烟草种质的青枯病抗性表现。土壤盆栽接种鉴定表现为高抗的材料有CF207、岩烟97、TI448A、DB101、G80、RG17、GTH-1等7份材料,表现抗病的有MSK149、Oxford 2028、NC95、YN108、K346、K358、Enshu FC、Oxford 207、RG11等9份材料。苗期恒温水培接种鉴定结果表明,Oxford 207和岩烟97表现为高抗,Enshu FC表现抗病,抗病材料与云烟85和K326杂交F1的抗性表现为中感至抗病。田间自然发病鉴定结果表明,我国审定的中抗青枯病的品种RG17、RG11、K358和K346,在云南省田间抗性表现为中抗,产值较高。TI448A田间表现为抗青枯病,但易感黑胫病和空茎病。Oxford 2028和Oxford 207田间表现为抗病至高抗,产值较高。G3和岩烟97田间分别表现为高抗和抗病,产值较低。根据接种鉴定和田间病圃2年抗性鉴定,筛选出育种潜力较大的青枯病抗源Oxford 207、Enshu FC,岩烟97和TI448A。     

茶树种质资源抗病性鉴定

１９８７～１９９５年开展了茶树种质资源抗病性鉴定研究．经田间和室内鉴定试验,从３４份资源材料中筛选出对茶轮斑病高抗材料１份,抗性材料１１份;从３０份资源材料中筛选出对茶苗根结线虫病高抗材料５份,抗性材料１３份．从而为抗病育种或推广生产提供了抗源材料,同时也为抗性机制及遗传规律研究提供了基础．     

小麦品种莱州137抗叶锈性鉴定及基因检测

摘要：小麦叶锈病是小麦生产中的重要病害,培育持久抗叶锈性品种可以有效、经济地控制该病害。本文通过基因推导、分子检测结合系谱分析成株抗性鉴定对小麦重要生产品种中抗病基因进行分析,从而确定小麦品种中所携带的抗病基因。本试验用20个不同毒力的叶锈菌菌系、36个已知抗叶锈基因载体品种以及感病对照品种郑州5389对供试品种莱州137进行苗期抗叶锈病基因推导分析,并分别用12个与抗叶锈病基因连锁的分子标记进行目的基因的分子检测,同时利用系谱分析法来验证莱州137所携带的已知抗叶锈病基因;在2014-2015年度和2015-2016年度将莱州137、慢锈性对照品种SAAR和感病对照品种郑州5389种植于河北农业大学小麦试验田和河南周口黄泛区农场试验田,用田间混合生理小种（FHRT、THTT、THJT）接种进行成株期抗病性鉴定。结果表明,通过苗期基因推导分析,莱州137对小种FGBQ、PGJQ、TGTT、THSM、PHGM、PHST、FHJS、FHGQ、FNTQ、PRSQ和KHGQ表现抗病,而Lr26对FGBQ、PGJQ和TGTT高抗,Lr10和Lr14b分别对小种THSM、PHGM和PHST、PHGM、THTT表现高抗,同时系谱分析和分子检测也验证已知抗叶锈基因Lr26和Lr10,因此在供试品种莱州137中鉴定出Lr26、Lr10、Lr14b以及未知的抗叶锈病基因;根据2年2点的田间抗叶锈病鉴定,莱州137表现出成株抗性特点,且经分子标记检测该品种中未含有Lr34和Lr46,故小麦品种莱州137中含有未知的成株抗叶锈性基因,可作为新的小麦叶锈病抗源加以利用。     

人工合成抗纹枯病小麦新种质的鉴定

小麦纹枯病是影响我国小麦生产的主要土传病害。培育、推广抗纹枯病小麦品种是防治该病害最经济、有效的方法。普通小麦中抗源匮乏,严重制约抗纹枯病小麦育种的进展。为发掘人工合成小麦中纹枯病新抗源,本试验通过人工接种、抗病鉴定方法,在江苏省和北京市两地,对来源于国际玉米小麦改良中心的102份人工合成六倍体小麦品系,进行4年的纹枯病抗性的多环境鉴定。结果表明,人工合成小麦品系间对小麦纹枯病抗性存在差异,在其中进行小麦纹枯病抗源的筛选是有效的。与普通小麦品种扬麦158、扬麦12相比,这102份人工合成小麦的大部分对纹枯病的抗性表现抗或中抗水平,其中一些品系在多年多点鉴定中表现稳定抗性,如ZC93、ZC111、ZC112、ZC123、ZC172、ZC206和ZC221表现为抗病水平,病情指数低于目前最好的普通小麦抗源,可作为抗纹枯病小麦育种的新抗源。     

玉米种质资源抗南方锈病鉴定

玉米南方锈病已成为近几年我国夏玉米生产区间歇性暴发流行的病害,对玉米生产构成严重威胁,病害流行年份可造成10%以上的产量损失。目前,已确认的抗病自交系非常有限,而抗病育种急需不同抗性控制背景的自交系。为发掘和丰富可利用的南方锈病抗源,于2008～2012年,在广西南宁采用田间人工接种方法对1589份玉米种质资源进行抗南方锈病鉴定。通过高病害压力和连续多年的鉴定,从1589份玉米种质中鉴定出高抗（HR）材料26份,占鉴定总数的1.64%;抗病（R）材料137份,占鉴定总数的8.62%;中抗（MR）水平的材料382份,占鉴定总数的24.04%;感病（S）材料489份,占鉴定总数的30.77%;高感（HS）材料555份,占鉴定总数的34.93%。总体上抗南方锈病种质较少,引进种质中抗病类型材料的比例略高。经重复鉴定,筛选出赤556等18份自交系、老来秕等3份地方品种、A69等4份来自津巴布韦的材料、引自CIMMYT的Dr11表现稳定高抗南方锈病,为今后我国玉米抗南方锈病育种提供了新的抗性资源。     

萝卜种质资源对黑腐病的抗性鉴定与筛选

对40份初选萝卜种质分别接种Xcc8004和XccBJ两个菌株,进行黑腐病苗期抗性鉴定,对其中8份代表性萝卜种质肉质根切片接种Xcc8004进行抗性鉴定和27份萝卜种质幼苗接种8个效应物基因进行过敏反应鉴定。结果表明:不同萝卜种质苗期对黑腐病的抗性存在显著差异,筛选出高抗Xcc8004的材料3份、抗病1份、中抗4份,高抗XccBJ的材料1份、抗病2份、中抗5份。萝卜苗期对Xcc8004和XccBJ的抗病性极显著相关,幼苗和肉质根对Xcc8004的抗病性极显著相关。筛选出17份对不同效应物表现过敏反应的萝卜种质。对效应物XC₀241表现过敏反应的种质数最多,对XC₀542和XC₀541表现过敏反应的种质数次之。不同抗源对不同效应物的过敏反应程度有所不同。稳定可靠抗病资源的获得为萝卜抗病育种和抗病机理的深入研究提供了基础材料。     

野生大豆资源对大豆疫病抗病性和耐病性鉴定

大豆疫病是大豆重要病害之一,在世界范围内导致严重经济损失。防治大豆疫病最有效方法是利用抗病或耐病品种。筛选抗性资源是发掘抗性基因和抗病育种的基础。本研究鉴定了野生大豆资源对大豆疫病的抗病性和耐病性,以期发掘优异抗源。苗期用子叶贴菌块方法鉴定104份野生大豆资源对两个不同毒力的大豆疫霉分离物PSJS2(毒力型:1a,1b,1c,1d,1k,2,3a,3b,3c,4,5,6,7,8)和PS41-1(毒力型:1a,1d,2,3b,3c,4,5,6,7,8)抗性,结果表明33份资源抗PS41-1,35份资源抗PSJS2,其中18份抗两个分离物。在抗病性鉴定基础性上,用菌层接种方法对选择的82份资源进行耐病性鉴定,发现7份高耐病性资源。这些结果表明,野生大豆中可能含有新的大豆疫病抗病和(或)耐病资源,这些抗病或耐病资源可以用于未来大豆抗病育种,以丰富大豆对大豆疫病的抗性遗传基础。     

Genome-wide association mapping for seedling and field resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Puccinia striiformis</Emphasis> f. sp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">tritici</Emphasis> in elite durum wheat

Key message

Genome-wide association analysis in tetraploid wheat revealed novel and diverse loci for seedling and field resistance to stripe rust in elite spring durum wheat accessions from worldwide.

Abstract

Improving resistance to stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is a major objective for wheat breeding. To identify effective stripe rust resistance loci, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using 232 elite durum wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. durum) lines from worldwide breeding programs. Genotyping with the 90 K iSelect wheat single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array resulted in 11,635 markers distributed across the genome. Response to stripe rust infection at the seedling stage revealed resistant and susceptible accessions present in rather balanced frequencies for the six tested races, with a higher frequency of susceptible responses to United States races as compared to Italian races (61.1 vs. 43.1% of susceptible accessions). Resistance at the seedling stage only partially explained adult plant resistance, which was found to be more frequent with 67.7% of accessions resistant across six nurseries in the United States. GWAS identified 82 loci associated with seedling stripe rust resistance, five of which were significant at the false discovery rate adjusted P value <0.1 and 11 loci were detected for the field response at the adult plant stages in at least two environments. Notably, Yrdurum-1BS.1 showed the largest effect for both seedling and field resistance, and is therefore considered as a major locus for resistance in tetraploid wheat. Our GWAS study is the first of its kind for stripe rust resistance in tetraploid wheat and provides an overview of resistance in elite germplasm and reports new loci that can be used in breeding resistant cultivars.

     

Dr. Heinz rogoll‐70 Jahre

The wheat crop remains vulnerable to all three rust diseases (leaf rust, stem rust and yellow rust) caused by Puccinia spp. according to the prevalence of the pathogen in different wheat-growing areas worldwide. Stripe rust or yellow rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici is the most significant rust pathogen which prefers cool, moist areas and highlands. The pathogen is recognised as responsible for huge production losses in wheat. Genetic variation in pathogen makes its control difficult. Therefore, resistance against all the races of the pathogen known as durable or race-non-specific resistance is preferred. The present study was carried out to identify durable resistance against stripe rust in selected wheat cultivars from Pakistan through seedling testing, field evaluation at adult stage, morphological marker studies and marker-assisted selection. Results revealed that 4% of the cultivars were resistant at the seedling stage while the rest were susceptible or intermediate. To confirm their field resistance, the same cultivars were evaluated under field conditions at Cereal Crops Research Institute Pirsabak (located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, KP) a hot spot of stripe rust in Pakistan. Observations exhibited that at the adult stage 4% of the cultivars were resistant, 70% intermediate or moderately resistant while the others were highly susceptible. Leaf tip necrosis was observed in 30% of the cultivars. Wheat cultivars showing susceptibility at the seedling stage were highly to moderately resistant at adult stage showing durable resistance. For further validation, morphological markers were also observed in cultivars indicating the presence of Yr18/Lr34 gene. Eleven cultivars (C-518, Mexipak, Kohinoor-83, Faisalabad-83, Zardana-93, Shahkar-95, Moomal-2002, Wattan-94, Pasban-90, Kiran-95, and Haider-2000) were identified, having durable or race non-specific resistance against stripe rust. These cultivars can further be utilised in wheat breeding programmes for deploying durable resistance to attain long lasting control against stripe rust.     

小麦抗条锈基因Yr69的连锁标记开发

抗条锈病基因Yr69对我国小麦条锈菌(Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici)小种具有广谱抗性,在小麦抗条锈病育种中具有重要价值.为提高分子标记辅助选择育种的效率,加快Yr69在小麦抗病育种中的应用,本研究利用条锈菌小种CYR34对包含340个小麦家系的'Taichung29/CH7086'...     

Inheritance and expression of stripe rust resistance in common wheat (Triticum aestivum) transferred from Aegilops tauschii and its utilization

Stripe rust is one of the most destructive diseases for wheat crops in China. Two stripe rust physiological strains, i.e. CYR30 (intern. name: 175E191) and CYR31 (intern. name: 293E175) have been the dominant and epidemic physiological strains since 1994. One Aegilops tauschii accession (SQ-214) from CIMMYT was found immune from or highly resistant to Chinese new stripe rust races CYR30 and CYR31 at adult stage. SQ-214 was crossed with a highly susceptible Ae. tauschii accession As-80. Analysis of data from F1-F2 populations of SQ-214/As-80 revealed that the resistance was controlled by a single dominant gene. To exploit the resistance for wheat breeding, SQ-214 was crossed with Chinese Spring (CS) and backcrossed by two Chinese commercial wheat varieties MY26 and SW3243. The resistance from SQ-214 was suppressed in the F1 hybrids (CS/SQ-214) and the F2 population of CS/SQ-214//MY26. However, the resistance of SQ-214 was expressed in several F2 individuals of CS/SQ-214//SW3243. Eleven advanced lines with high level of resistance to the Chinese stripe rust CYR30 and CYR31 have been developed. This result suggested that SW3243 does not suppress the expression of the Chinese stripe rust and should be used as wheat germplasm for exploiting resistance of Ae. tauschii in wheat breeding. The gliadin electrophoretic pattern of the eleven advanced lines with high stripe rust resistances was compared with their parents SQ-214, CS and SW3243 by acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The omega-gliadin bands of Gli-Dt1 in Ae. tauschii SQ-214 were transferred to some advanced lines and freely expressed in common wheat genetic background. One of advanced lines possesses a null Gli-D1 allele, where the omega-gliadin bands encoding by the Gli-D1 allele were absent. The potential utilization of this advanced line for wheat quality and stripe rust resistance breeding is also discussed in this paper.     

小麦与条锈菌互作中过氧化物酶的细胞化学研究

采用细胞化学方法对小麦与条锈菌互作过程中过氧化物酶的分布及其活性大小进行了研究,结果表明：过氧化物酶主要分布于细胞壁和细胞间隙中;在未行接种的小麦叶片中,抗病品种和感病品种的过氧化物酶活性均比较低;条锈菌侵染后,诱导抗、感病品种叶片中的过氧化物酶活性升高,且抗病品种升高的幅度明显大于感病品种;感病品种中过氧化物酶活性在侵染位点附近细胞壁上表现升高,而抗病品种中该酶的活性在侵染点细胞以及远离侵染点的叶肉细胞的细胞壁和细胞间隙中均显著升高。高活性的过氧化物酶是小麦抗条锈性的生化标记和重要机制之一。     

Genes for wheat resistance to yellow rust and the role of epiphytotics in the emergence of new races

The paper presents the results of a multi-year assessment of wheat resistance to yellow rust on an artificial infectious background in the field. The dynamics of the disease in the differentiatial varieties with identified resistance genes is studied. The formation of new races of the pathogen after its epiphytotics is revealed. The loss of resistance of certain genotypes that had “effective genes” and were resistant to the disease at the beginning of the experiment is registered. The adult plant resistance, which is of great importance in breeding of resistant varieties of wheat, is analyzed.     

Genome Wide Association Study of Seedling and Adult Plant Leaf Rust Resistance in Elite Spring Wheat Breeding Lines

Leaf rust is an important disease, threatening wheat production annually. Identification of resistance genes or QTLs for effective field resistance could greatly enhance our ability to breed durably resistant varieties. We applied a genome wide association study (GWAS) approach to identify resistance genes or QTLs in 338 spring wheat breeding lines from public and private sectors that were predominately developed in the Americas. A total of 46 QTLs were identified for field and seedling traits and approximately 20–30 confer field resistance in varying degrees. The 10 QTLs accounting for the most variation in field resistance explained 26–30% of the total variation (depending on traits: percent severity, coefficient of infection or response type). Similarly, the 10 QTLs accounting for most of the variation in seedling resistance to different races explained 24–34% of the variation, after correcting for population structure. Two potentially novel QTLs (QLr.umn-1AL, QLr.umn-4AS) were identified. Identification of novel genes or QTLs and validation of previously identified genes or QTLs for seedling and especially adult plant resistance will enhance understanding of leaf rust resistance and assist breeding for resistant wheat varieties. We also developed computer programs to automate field and seedling rust phenotype data conversions. This is the first GWAS study of leaf rust resistance in elite wheat breeding lines genotyped with high density 90K SNP arrays.     

小麦农家品种赤壳中一个主效抗条锈病基因的微卫星标记和定位

小麦农家品种赤壳(苏1900)对当前我国小麦条锈菌(Puccinia striiformis Westend.f.sp.tritici)多个流行小种均有较好抗性。遗传分析表明,该品种对条中32号小种的抗性是由一对显性基因控制。本文采用分离群体分析法(bulked segregant analysis,BSA)和微卫星多态性分析方法,对该基因进行了分子标记和定位研究。用Taichung29×赤壳的F2代分离群体建立抗、感DNA池,共筛选了400多对SSR引物,发现5个标记Xwmc44、Xgwm259、Xwmc367、Xcfa2292、Xbarc80在抗、感DNA池间与在抗、感亲本间同样具有多态性,它们均位于1BL染色体臂上。经用具有140株抗病株、60株感病株共200株植株的F2代分离群体进行的遗传连锁性检测,上述5个标记均与目的基因相连锁,遗传距离分别为8.3cM、9.1cM、17.2cM、20.6cM和31.6cM。用全套21个中国春缺-四体材料进行的检测进一步证实了这5个SSR标记均位于小麦1B染色体上。综合上述结果,将赤壳中的主效抗条锈病基因YrChk定位在1BL染色体臂上。与以前已定位于1B染色体上的抗条锈病基因的比较研究表明,YrChk基因可能是一个新的抗条锈病基因。小麦农家品种中抗病基因资源的发掘和利用将有助于提高我国小麦生产品种中的抗病基因丰富度,有助于改善长期以来小麦生产品种中抗病基因单一化的局面。     

小麦抗条锈病基因YrCN19的诊断检测和遗传分析

用小麦条锈病抗性基因YrCN19的诊断标记Xgwm410对19个小麦品种或品系进行PCR筛选,其中川农19、新抗5号、爱民5号和爱民6号扩增出与条锈病抗性基因YrCN19共分离的特征片断,其大小为391个碱基,而在其他的小麦品种或品系中未能检测到该片断。系谱分析和抗性鉴定结果表明川农19、新抗5号、爱民5号和爱民6号含有小麦条锈病基因YrCN19。抗性遗传分析发现小麦条锈病抗性在川农19,新抗5号和爱民5号中的遗传符合单个显性基因的遗传规律(3抗:1感);杂交组合烟辐188/爱民6号的抗性遗传也符合单个显性基因的遗传规律,而另外一些杂交组合(如R25/爱民6号,鲁955159/爱民6号和苏3110/爱民6号)中的抗性分离则符合两对基因互补的遗传规律(9抗:7感)。本研究揭示了小麦条锈病抗性基因YrCN19在不同遗传背景和杂交组合的抗性表达和分离有差异,从而加速YrCN19在小麦抗条锈育种中的开发与利用。