减量施氮与大豆间作对蔗田氮平衡的影响

通过2010—2013年的大田试验,探讨了2个施氮水平(300和525 kg·hm-2)和3种种植模式(甘蔗、大豆单作及甘蔗-大豆1∶2间作)对蔗田大豆固氮、甘蔗和大豆氮素累积及氨挥发和氮淋溶的影响.结果表明:与大豆单作相比,甘蔗-大豆间作的大豆固氮效率下降,但不同施氮水平间作模式之间无显著差异.不同施氮水平和种植模式对甘蔗、大豆氮素累积无显著影响.减量施氮水平下氨挥发量低于常规施氮处理,不同施氮水平和种植模式对氮淋溶量无显著影响.除2011年甘蔗单作减量施氮水平下出现蔗田氮素亏缺(-66.22 kg·hm-2)外,其余不同年份不同种植模式下氮素都处于盈余状态(73.10~400.03 kg·hm-2),施氮水平显著影响了蔗田的氮素盈亏,且常规施氮水平下氮素盈余量显著高于减量施氮处理,过高的氮素盈余增加了氮素污染农田环境的风险.从培肥地力、降低氮素污染环境的风险和节约生产成本等方面考虑,减量施氮水平下甘蔗-大豆间作模式具有一定的生态合理性.     

甘蔗//大豆间作和减量施氮对甘蔗产量、 植株及土壤氮素的影响

通过田间试验探讨了甘蔗//大豆1 ∶ 1、1 ∶ 2间作模式和施氮(300 kg/hm²,525 kg/hm²)水平对甘蔗鲜重产量、甘蔗单株氮含量、土壤硝态氮、铵态氮以及微生物量氮的影响。结果表明:减量施氮(300 kg/hm²)水平下,间作甘蔗鲜重产量较单作显著下降,但间作的土地当量比均大于1,且大豆产量为1.52和3.25 t/hm²。不同施氮水平对甘蔗鲜重无显著影响,施氮水平和种植模式对甘蔗单株氮吸收量、甘蔗收获后土壤硝态氮和微生物量氮均无显著影响。土壤氮素随甘蔗大豆的不同生长时期而变化,在甘蔗分蘖末期(大豆收获期)达到最低值,此时期减量施氮水平下甘蔗//大豆间作模式(1 ∶ 1)土壤硝态氮显著高于单作。综合以上结果,从提高土地利用率和保护农业生态环境考虑,甘蔗//大豆间作模式下减量施氮具有一定的可行性。     

甘蔗/大豆间作减量施氮对甘蔗产量、品质及经济效益的影响

在大田栽培条件下,研究了减量施氮对广州地区不同甘蔗/大豆间作模式下甘蔗产量、品质、生物量动态变化及甘蔗群体经济效益的影响.结果表明:氮肥和种植模式对甘蔗产量、品质均无显著影响,各处理甘蔗产量、品质均无显著差异.不同施氮水平的甘蔗/大豆间作系统较单作甘蔗提高了土地利用率,其土地当量比(LER)为1.36～2.12.各处理甘蔗总生物量的动态积累随生育期的推进均符合"S"型生长曲线,低氮水平下问作甘蔗的生物量动态积累特征参数最协调,高氮水平下,甘蔗生长高峰期提前,快速生长最大持续期缩短,甘蔗产量下降,因此,可以通过调整氮素的投入量来改善生物量的增长参数,从而获得高产.低氮处理甘蔗/大豆间作系统经济效益比高氮处理高3.2%～26.3%,说明减量施氮可有效提高群体经济效益.甘蔗/大豆1∶2间作模式的经济效益最好.     

减氮对甜玉米//大豆间作系统大豆结瘤固氮特性的影响

为了探讨减氮和甜玉米//大豆间作对大豆结瘤和固氮特性的影响, 通过大田定位试验(2015年春-2018年秋, 共8季)对比了三种施氮水平: 不施氮(N0, 0 kg·hm2) 、减量施氮(N1, 300 kg·hm2)、常规施氮(N2, 360 kg·hm2), 两种间作模式: 甜玉米//大豆2∶3间作(S2B3)、甜玉米//大豆2∶4间作(S2B4), 以及不施肥单作大豆(SB)对大豆结瘤数、根瘤干重、固氮效率和固氮量及其稳定性的影响。结果表明: 1)大豆根瘤数、根瘤干重、固氮效率和固氮量随着年季变化呈现明显的动态变化, 春季大豆根瘤数和根瘤干重显著高于秋季, 但秋季固氮效率和固氮量显著高于春季。2)施氮水平与种植模式极显著影响大豆固氮效率和固氮量, 不施肥处理大豆固氮效率为S2B4(69.87%) > S2B3(60.64%)、SB(56.3%), 但生物固氮量为SB(142.31 kg·hm-2) > S2B4(109.50 kg·hm-2) > S2B3(86.12 kg·hm-2)。3)间作甜玉米显著提高了大豆的固氮效率且随大豆种植比例的增加而增加, S2B4-N0、N1及N2的固氮效率分别比S2B3-N0、N1及N2高9.47%、3.41%、1.83%, 但是, 相同施氮水平下不同间作模式之间均无差异。4)减氮和间作甜玉米可显著提高大豆固氮率和固氮量的稳定性。总之, 减氮和间作甜玉米均能促进大豆结瘤、提高生物固氮量及固氮效率。     

玉米-大豆间作和施氮对玉米产量及农艺性状的影响

为研究玉米-大豆间作模式和施氮水平对玉米产量、主要农艺性状及生长动态的影响,进行2个种植模式(玉米单作和玉米-大豆间作)和2个施氮水平(0 kg/hm2,150 kg/hm2)的双因素随机区组试验,以期揭示施氮和间作对玉米产量的影响规律,为提高玉米-大豆间作系统产量提供一定的理论依据。研究结果表明:(1)与不施氮相比,施氮显著增加了春秋两季间作玉米产量,分别达到23.81%和40.99%。施氮处理下的间作玉米地上部生物量较不施氮提高了29.91%,单作模式下显著提高了40.34%,两者差异均达到显著水平。(2)与不施氮相比,施氮150 kg/hm2条件下春玉米单作和间作模式百粒重分别提高了18.92%和19.23%,秋玉米单作和间作模式百粒重分别提高了31.03%和32.75%,差异均达到显著水平。与不施氮相比,施氮150 kg/hm2条件下,单作和间作模式均显著提高秋玉米穗长。与不施氮相比,施氮150 kg/hm2条件下,单作秋玉米的穗粗提高了18.67%,差异显著。(3)施氮和间作均能促进玉米干物质累积、提高株高和叶绿素(SPAD值),且表现为施氮效果高于间作效果。总体来看,种植模式和施氮水平对玉米产量、主要农艺性状和生长动态均有一定影响,且施氮效果优于间作效果。由于土壤具有一定的供氮能力,而间作豆科能为玉米供给一定量的氮素,故对于春玉米而言,施氮效果仅在百粒重中表现,随着土壤原有氮素被玉米吸收利用减少后,供氮能力下降,在秋玉米中施氮效果显著提高。     

甘蔗-甜玉米间作对甘蔗产量、品质及经济效益的影响

通过甘蔗田间定位试验研究了种植模式(甘蔗单作、甘蔗-甜玉米间作(1∶1、2∶1)和施氮水平(300、525 kg·hm-2)对甘蔗群体经济效益、甘蔗产量、生物量积累动态变化及品质的影响。结果表明:低氮水平(300 kg·hm-2)下,甘蔗-甜玉米间作(1∶1、2∶1)的经济效益分别高于单作甘蔗52.67%和20.59%,土地当量比(LER)均大于1,且甘蔗-甜玉米1∶1间作模式的LER高于甘蔗-甜玉米2∶1间作31.50%;高氮水平(525 kg·hm-2)下,甘蔗-甜玉米1∶1间作的经济效益和土地利用率分别高于单作26.25%和36.00%,而甘蔗-甜玉米2∶1间作与甘蔗单作相比无间作优势;甘蔗-甜玉米间作中,因间作甘蔗最大生长速率(v m)减小,理论最大值(w m)、最快生长日(t m)等生物量动态累积特征参数的协调性劣于单作甘蔗,使间作甘蔗产量低于单作甘蔗9.72%~33.17%,而间作甜玉米产量比单作甜玉米高14.10%~24.43%;相比甘蔗单作,甘蔗-甜玉米间作对甘蔗品质无显著影响;甘蔗-甜玉米间作是实现甘蔗优质、高效种植的可行途径,其中甘蔗-甜玉米1∶1间作模式更为优化。     

减量施氮对玉米-大豆套作体系中作物产量及养分吸收利用的影响

通过田间试验研究了种植方式(玉米单作、大豆单作、玉米-大豆套作)和施氮水平(0、180、240 N kg·hm-2)对玉米和大豆产量、养分吸收及氮肥利用的影响.结果表明:与单作相比,玉米-大豆套作体系中玉米籽粒产量、地上部植株N、P、K吸收量及收获指数略有降低,而大豆籽粒产量、地上部植株N、P、K吸收量及收获指数显著提高.玉米-大豆套作系统的套作优势随施氮量的增加而降低,与当地农民常规施氮量(240 kg·hm-2)相比,减量施氮(180kg·hm-2)处理下玉米和大豆产量、经济系数,以及N、P、K吸收量和收获指数、氮肥农学利用率、氮肥吸收利用率显著提高,土壤氮贡献率降低;与不施氮相比,减量施氮降低了玉米带土壤的全N、全P含量,提高了大豆带土壤的全N、全P、全K含量和玉米带土壤的全K含量.减量施氮水平下,玉米-大豆套作系统的周年籽粒总产量、地上部植株N、P、K总吸收量均高于玉米和大豆单作,土地当量比(LER)达2.28;玉米-大豆套作系统的氮肥吸收利用率比玉米单作高20.2%,比大豆单作低30.5%,土壤氮贡献率比玉米和大豆单作分别低20.0%和8.8%.玉米-大豆套作减量一体化施肥有利于提高系统周年作物产量和氮肥利用率.     

大豆合丰25复合诱变研究

以大豆合丰25为试验材料,经过航天搭载与^60Co-γ辐射的复合诱变处理,对M2代4个株系的主要农艺性状进行研究。结果表明经过复合诱变后大豆群体株高、底荚高度、主茎节数、单株荚数、单株粒数等主要农艺性状发生不同程度的变化,存在着与对照达到显著或极显著的株系;只有1个株系主茎节数存在单株变异率,其它株系主茎节数单株变异不明显;株高、底荚高度、单株荚数、单株粒数等农艺性状均有不同程度的单株变异率,可以为大豆种质创新所利用。     

施氮量对不同茬口冬小麦产量及氮肥利用率的影响

为探明不同茬口及施氮量对冬小麦产量及氮肥利用率的影响,以"豫农211"为材料,采用二因素裂区设计。主因素为玉米单作(SM)、玉米大豆间作(MS)、大豆单作(SS) 3个茬口,副因素为N0(0 kg·hm~(-2))、N180(180 kg·hm~(-2))、N240(240 kg·hm~(-2))、N300(300kg·hm~(-2)) 4个施氮量。结果表明:不同施氮水平下,与玉米单作相比,玉米大豆间作和大豆单作茬口冬小麦产量增幅分别为4.74%～10.01%、5.12%～17.05%,且均显著增加;茬口对小麦穗数及穗粒数均有显著影响,对千粒重影响不显著,与玉米单作相比,大豆单作和玉米大豆间作茬口穗数增幅分别为10%～15%、4%～19%,穗粒数增幅分别为2%～21%、4%～20%;施氮量对小麦穗数及千粒重有显著影响,对穗粒数影响不显著;不同茬口与施氮量的交互作用对穗粒数和千粒重差异均达显著水平;同一施氮处理下,茬口处理间氮肥农学利用效率和偏生产力均表现为大豆单作玉米大豆间作玉米单作,且在N180和N240水平下均达显著水平;结合施氮量与产量拟合曲线,相比玉米单作茬口,大豆单作及玉米大豆间作在保证冬小麦产量的同时降低了氮肥的投入,在生产实践中对不同茬口下小麦施氮量具有指导意义;玉米单作茬口,冬小麦最佳经济产量施氮量和最高产量施氮量分别为243和262 kg·hm~(-2);大豆单作和玉米大豆间作茬口,最佳经济产量施氮量分别为196和210 kg·hm~(-2),最高产量施氮量分别为205和222 kg·hm~(-2)。     

大豆种质资源农艺性状和产量的年份间差异及其关系

明确大豆种质资源农艺性状的变化及其与产量的关系对大豆遗传育种具有重要的意义。以249份大豆种质资源为材料,应用多元统计方法分析了大田条件下两年间大豆农艺性状与产量的变化。结果表明,大豆种质资源的农艺性状和产量两年变异系数分别为6.2%~78.0%和6.3%~48.5%,变异较大。生育日数因在黄淮海区域生态类型较接近,变异系数较小;而主茎节数变异系数也较小。株高、有效分枝数、底荚高度、单株荚数、单株粒数、每荚粒数、单株粒重、百粒重、单位面积产量则相对变异较大。品种之间农艺性状和产量差异均显著。不同年份间生态因子（温度、降水量及日照时数）对大豆农艺性状和产量的影响较大,年份间不同指标差异亦显著。分别对两年农艺性状采用主成分分析,简化为4个与产量相关的独立指标,并建立了产量与农艺性状之间的方程Y=17.5-1.76x1+1.32x2+0.30x3+2.50x4和Y=198.8-3.12x1+7.71x2+0.08x3+2.71x4以表达其量化关系;采用聚类分析方法将两年中249份大豆种质资源分别聚为5类,并分析了各类品种的特性,为高产稳产大豆新品种的选育以及高产栽培措施的调控提供理论依据。     

Stinkbug complex of soybean glycine max (l.) Merrill and the importance of insecticidal control in the northern guinea savanna area of Nigeria

Field experiments were conducted in Samara for a two year period (1996 and 1997) to identify the major pod sucking bugs of soybean and to determine the effect of insecticides and frequency of application on the bugs and soybean yield. Nezara viridula L. Halydicoris ventralis Dall. Sphaerocoris annulus Fab. and Agonoscelis versicolor Fab. were the major bugs and their population were less than two bugs per plot. Also, insecticides and frequency of spray application had no significant effect on the pod sucking bugs population, percentage damage pods, seed damage index, 100 seed weight and seed yield per hectare. Hence, except the status of the pod sucking bugs population in this area of study changes significantly (possibly due to the influence of environmental factors and cropping patterns) soybean may be grown in this area with no insecticidal protection.     

马铃薯/大豆套作对3个大豆品种光合指标和产量的影响

以大豆品种中黄30(早熟)、冀豆17(中熟)和齐黄34(晚熟)单作为对照,在大田条件下,研究马铃薯/大豆套作模式中3个品种生育期叶面积指数的变化及干物质积累的特征,分析套作马铃薯收获前后对大豆光合指标、产量及其构成因素的影响.结果表明： 生育前期阴蔽导致套作大豆叶面积指数(LAI)降低,干物质积累变缓,营养生长期相对延长,不同品种套作大豆光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)和气孔导度(g_s)均低于单作.生育后期套作大豆生长加快,尤其是马铃薯收获后晚熟品种增幅显著提高.此时,套作大豆受光条件得到较大改善,表现出较强的补偿效应,LAI、干物质积累、P_n和g_s相对于单作上升幅度加大,接近于单作大豆,但不同品种补偿能力不同.与单作相比,套作模式下不同大豆品种的有效荚数、单株粒数及每荚粒数均有所降低,其中早熟品种分别显著下降22.0%、36.0%、17.6%,中熟品种下降5.1%、13.1%、8.9%,晚熟品种下降5.7%、7.6%、2.1%.套作模式下,中、晚熟大豆品种的产量较早熟品种分别高92.4%和163.4%,总土地当量比(LER)分别达到1.81和1.84.表明中、晚熟大豆品种与马铃薯组合套作优势更强,有利于马铃薯收获后大豆的补偿生长,促进套作大豆产量提高,充分发挥了复合群体的产量优势.     

大豆滞绿(stay-green)突变体诱变后代表型性状变异分析

本文利用大豆滞绿突变体Z-94320经60Co-γ射线诱变的突变体后代M5、M6代为材料,进行两年的田间性状观察记录统计,用相关性分析、主成分分析、聚类分析对其17个主要表型性状统计分析。结果表明:诱变后代产生了丰富的变异,出现了多种种皮色和子叶色,产生了非滞绿性状,形成了各种生育周期,且分离出晚熟性状。通过相关性分析发现,单株粒重与株重、茎粗、主茎荚数、分枝荚数、一粒荚数、二粒荚数、三粒荚数、瘪粒荚数、虫食数呈极显著正相关,这些性状可以对产量进行预测;主成分分析在M5代提取出“产量因子”、“株型因子”、“粒荚因子”、“茎荚因子”四个主成分,对农艺性状累计贡献率达到70.50%,M6代提取出“产量因子”、“虫害因子”、“株型因子”、“茎杆因子”四个主成分,对农艺性状累计贡献率达到71.54%;聚类分析将M5、M6代材料分别划分为6类,发现同代中各类群农艺性状情况大致相似,但是各农艺性状在两代之间的变化明显,在株重、结荚高度、单株粒重等方面M6代显著高于M5代,并筛选出两株高产品系和一株特色滞绿品系。本研究逐步完善了对滞绿大豆突变体库的构建,为滞绿大豆诱变后代的遗传多样性研究提供了基础的数据分析。     

Expression of the narrow leaflet gene for yield and agronomic traits in soybean

Genes that affect plant form and function may be used to enhance the yield of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Most soybean cultivars have broad (ovate) leaflets. A single gene, ln, controls inheritance for the narrow leaflet characteristic. Narrow leaflet cultivars (ln/ln) also tend to have a higher percentage of four-seeded pods than ovate (Ln/Ln) leaflet cultivars. Heterozygous (Ln/ln) plants have a leaflet shape intermediate between narrow and ovate. Determining the agronomic effects of the narrow leaflet allele (ln) in the heterozygous (Ln/ln) condition in soybean may have applications in practical plant breeding. We studied an ovate leaflet and a narrow leaflet cultivar, crosses between them in the F(1) and F(2), and backcrosses to both cultivars. The ratio of leaflet width to leaflet length accurately distinguished among narrow, ovate, and intermediate leaflet plants in the F(2) and backcross generations. In the F(2) generation, differences occurred among plants with different leaflet morphology. Narrow leaflet plants produced more seeds per pod and lower seed weight than ovate leaflet plants. Narrow and ovate leaflet plants produced comparable numbers of pods per plant and plant yield. Compared to ovate leaflet plants, intermediate leaflet plants produced similar numbers of seeds per pod and seed weight. Intermediate leaflet plants produced significantly more pods per plant and plant yield than plants with either ovate or narrow leaflets. The heterozygous condition at the locus for leaflet morphology resulted in heterosis for plant yield and may be of benefit in association with commercialization and development of hybrid soybean.     

不同绿豆突变体主要农艺性状的多元遗传分析

对12个绿豆突变体的10个主要农艺性状进行了相关分析、主成份分析及聚类分析.分析结果表明：10个主要农艺性状的变异系数为16.01%（单株荚数）～3.64%（荚宽）.相关分析表明单株荚数与单株产量呈极显著的正相关;百粒重与单株产量呈显著的负相关;生育期与单株产量呈极显著的负相关.主成分分析结果表明前4个主成分（产量构成因子、单荚粒数因子、株型因子和荚宽因子）对变异的贡献率达87.45%;聚类分析后把12个绿豆突变体分为5类,各类之间单株产量差异明显.在绿豆突变体的选择中只有把不同性状综合考虑进去,才能够真正选择出性状优良的突变体.     

低氮条件下甘蔗-大豆间作对甘蔗产量、品质及经济效益的影响

为探究甘蔗-大豆间作对甘蔗产量、品质及经济效益的影响,在施用尿素150 kg·hm^-2条件下,选择3个甘蔗品种(B8、ROC22及GT21)进行了甘蔗单作、甘蔗-大豆间作两种种植模式的试验.结果表明： 甘蔗-大豆间作对甘蔗的有效茎数、茎径以及原料蔗、蔗糖产量均有显著影响,而对原料蔗品质影响不大;与单作相比,间作大豆处理的宿根蔗茎径大小、有效茎数、蔗茎产量和糖产量分别提高5.1%～8.7%、7.9%～31.0%、9.0%～40.5%和5.6%～39.5%;每公顷原料蔗+大豆、糖+大豆可分别增收5.89～7.93万元和5.83～7.72万元;3个品种中,ROC22间作大豆的经济收益最高,而宿根蔗B8和GT21的产量均高于ROC22.表明甘蔗-大豆间作是减少氮肥施用、提高经济收入的有效栽培措施.     

Crop Growth, Disease and Yield Components of Rusted Phaseolus Beans in Ethiopia

Crop growth and disease epidemics in sprayed and non-sprayed bean plots, artificially infected with rust (Uromyces appendiculatus) 3 weeks after emergence. were assessed weekly in two cultivars, at two locations for two seasons. Disease intensity was regulated by the application of a fungicide at 5 spray frequencies. Fungicide application influenced leaf area index (LAI) and reduced rust intensity. The fungicide had no significant effect on other diseases and dead leaf area. Fungicide application increased seed yield (SY) by increased numbers of pods per plant (PP). Rust severity was strongly correlated with pustule density but the overall relationships among rust assessment parameters depended on cultivar and location. Seed yield and pods per plant were highly correlated with LAI. The relationships between LAI and seeds per pod or seed weight depended on cultivar and location. Overall rust assessment parameters (rust severity and pustule density) showed close, negative relationships with seed yield. seed weight and pods per plant but not with seeds per pod. The relationships obtained in the partially resistant line 6-R-395 were less definite than those in the susceptible line Mexican 142. The yield parameters seed yield and pods per plant, showed strong positive relationships.     

Genetic analyses of agronomic and seed quality traits of synthetic oilseedBrassica napus produced from interspecific hybridization ofB. campestris andB. oleracea

The heritability, the number of segregating genes and the type of gene interaction of nine agronomic traits were analysed based on F₂ populations of synthetic oilseedBrassica napus produced from interspecific hybridization ofB. campestris andB. oleracea through ovary culture. The nine traits—plant height, stem width, number of branches, length of main raceme, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, length of pod, seed weight per plant and 1000-seed weight—had heritabilities of 0.927, 0.215, 0.172, 0.381, 0.360, 0.972, 0.952, 0.516 and 0.987 respectively, while the mean numbers of controlling genes for these characters were 7.4, 10.4, 9.9, 12.9, 11.5, 21.7, 20.5, 19.8 and 6.4 respectively. According to estimated coefficients of skewness and kurtosis of the traits tested, no significant gene interaction was found for plant height, stem width, number of branches, length of main raceme, number of seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight. Seed yield per plant is an important target for oilseed production. In partial correlation analysis, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight were positively correlated with seed yield per plant. On the other hand, length of pod was negatively correlated (r = -0.69) with seed yield per plant. Other agronomic characters had no significant correlation to seed yield per plant. In this experiment, the linear regressions of seed yield per plant and other agronomic traits were also analysed. The linear regression equation wasy = 0.074x₈ + 1.819x₉ + 6.72x₁₂ -60.78 (R ² = 0.993), wherex ₈, x₉ and x₁₂ represent number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod and 1000-seed weight respectively. The experiment also showed that erucic acid and oil contents of seeds from F₂ plants were lower than those of their maternal parents. However, glucosinolate content was higher than that of the maternal plants. As for protein content, similar results were found in the F₂ plants and their maternal parents. It was shown that the four quality traits, i.e. erucic acid, glucosinolate, oil content, and protein content, had heritability values of 0.614, 0.405, 0.153 and 0.680 respectively.