Cu、Zn对水蕹菜生长的影响及Se的缓解作用

为了解Cu、Zn对水蕹菜生长的影响以及Se缓解Cu、Zn胁迫的效果,本试验以大叶水蕹菜和柳叶水蕹菜为材料,通过营养液栽培,研究了Cu、Zn处理下水蕹菜产量、生理指标和Cu、Zn含量的变化以及Se对Cu、Zn胁迫下水蕹菜生长的影响。结果表明:低浓度Cu、Zn促进水蕹菜生长;高浓度Cu、Zn抑制其生长,表现为根系活力、抗氧化酶活性和净光合速率(Pn)下降,MDA含量增加。Cu、Zn浓度分别为4.00和8.00 mg·L~(-1)时,水蕹菜产量显著下降。Cu对水蕹菜的毒害高于Zn,柳叶水蕹菜的抗氧化能力高于大叶水蕹菜。水蕹菜中Cu、Zn含量随处理浓度的增加而增加。SOD、POD、CAT和脯氨酸在缓解低浓度Cu、Zn毒害中具有协同作用。高浓度Cu、Zn处理时,水蕹菜抗氧化酶活性受到抑制,则以植物络合素(PCs)和脯氨酸的抗氧化作用为主。Se能提高水蕹菜、抗氧化酶活性以及PCs和脯氨酸含量,增强水蕹菜对Cu、Zn的抗性,提高根系活力和Pn,降低MDA的积累,促进水蕹菜生长。当水蕹菜受到轻度Cu、Zn毒害时,5.00 mg·L~(-1)的Se处理缓解效果较好。Se浓度过高会加剧Cu、Zn对水蕹菜的毒害。     

水蕹菜（Ipomoea aquatica）对含银废水的净化功能研究

 本文通过对水蕹菜净化含银废水的室内外静、动态试验研究得出：(1)水蕹菜对离子态银(Ag+)的去除速率高于对络合态银(Ag(S2O3)2)3-的去除速率即KAg+>K[Ag(S2O3)2]3-;(2)水蕹菜对银的净化率R与污水停留时间t呈指数函数关系(R=AeB/t,A、B为常数,B<0),其表面去除负荷Ps则与t呈幂函数关系(Ps=AtB B<0);(3)试验证明水蕹菜是生物净化含银废水的优良品种之一。     

蚯蚓在植物修复芘污染土壤中的作用

采用盆栽试验法,研究了蚯蚓(Pheretima hupeiensis)在植物修复芘污染土壤中的作用。结果显示,试验浓度(20.24-321.42 mg/kg) 范围内,蚯蚓活动促进了芘污染土壤中修复植物黑麦草(Lolium multiforum)黑麦草的生长,其根冠比明显增大。添加蚯蚓72 d后,种植黑麦草的土壤中芘的去除率高达60.01%-86.26%,其平均去除率(74.66%)比无蚯蚓活动的土壤-植物系统(64.55%)提高10.11%,比无植物对照组(18.24%)提高56.42%。各种生物、非生物修复因子中,植物-微生物交互作用对芘去除的平均贡献率(51.75%)最为突出,比无蚯蚓活动时(44.94%)提高6.81%。说明蚯蚓活动可强化土壤-植物系统对土壤芘污染的修复作用。     

间歇曝气对微污染源水生物接触氧化修复系统脱氮性能的影响

针对寡营养生境下生物脱氮过程碳源不足等问题,开展不同间歇曝气方式对微污染源水生物接触氧化修复系统脱氮性能的影响研究,探究修复系统短程硝化反硝化的可行性与过程机理.结果表明:在停曝-曝气时间为8 h-16 h的间歇曝气方式(Ⅰ)下启动的生物接触氧化修复系统,其铵态氮(NH+4-N)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、总氮(TN)的平均去除率分别稳定在93.0%、78.1%、19.4%;而在停曝-曝气时间为16 h-8 h的间歇曝气方式(Ⅱ)下运行修复系统,其NH+4-N、CODMn平均去除率仍能分别维持在81.2%、76.4%,体系内NO-2-N发生积累,TN去除率增至50%以上.对工况Ⅱ下修复系统周期内氮素转化特性分析发现,在确保出水NH+4-N、溶解氧(DO)浓度达标的前提下,缩短曝气时间可将体系DO长时间控制在0.5～1.5 mg·L-1,亚硝酸氧化菌(NOB)生长及其活性受到抑制,NO-2-N明显累积,最终实现了微污染源水生物接触氧化修复系统的短程生物脱氮.     

固定化微生物菌剂与蕹菜对中华鳖养殖污水的净化效果研究

为解决中华鳖(Trionyx sinensis)养殖所造成的水环境污染问题,研究利用海藻酸钠、沸石对复合光合菌剂和枯草芽孢杆菌菌剂分别进行固定化,并研究了不同固定化微生物菌剂与蕹菜对中华鳖养殖污水的净化效果。结果表明:净化处理15d后,利用固定化微生物菌剂与蕹菜共同处理组对中华鳖养殖污水的净化处理效果最好,养殖污水的CODMn、NH 4+-N、NO3-N、NO 2-N、PO34的去除率分别为88.7%、87.3%、90.8%、98.3%、74.9%。蕹菜处理组对于NO3-N、NO 2-N、NH 4+-N的去除率显著高于固定化复合光合菌剂处理组和固定化枯草芽孢杆菌处理组。固定化复合光合菌剂处理组对于NO3-N、NO 2-N、NH 4+-N的去除率显著高于固定化枯草芽孢杆菌菌剂处理组,但固定化枯草芽孢杆菌处理组对于污水的CODMn的去除率最高,可达90.6%。     

中国泥鳅属和副泥鳅属鱼类的分类整理

根据形态学特征及线粒体Cyt b和COⅠ基因对我国泥鳅属(Misgurnus)和副泥鳅属(Paramisgurnus)鱼类进行了分类整理。结果表明: 泥鳅属和副泥鳅属鱼类在鳞焦大小, 须长及基枕骨末端愈合程度等特征上存在差异。基于联合基因分析, 泥鳅属和副泥鳅属属间遗传距离(15.2%—17.5%)接近于泥鳅属种间遗传距离(10.7%—18.4%); 分子系统树显示我国泥鳅属鱼类未构成单系, 副泥鳅属嵌套分布于泥鳅属中; 北方泥鳅(Misgurnus bipartitus)和泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)亲缘关系近, 其次是大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus), 黑龙江泥鳅(Misgurnus mohoity)位于系统树的基部。结合形态特征与分子数据, 副泥鳅属应作为泥鳅属同属异名, 大鳞副泥鳅应归入泥鳅属; 北方泥鳅曾为黑龙江泥鳅的同物异名, 与黑龙江泥鳅存在明显的形态差异, 且两者亲缘关系较泥鳅远, 北方泥鳅为有效种。     

无土栽培美人蕉等植物处理生活废水的研究

采用无土栽培美人蕉、蕹菜、水稻、野生稻处理生活废水 .结果表明 ,静态试验中 COD、T- N、T- P等污染物的平均去除率 ,4种植物处理比对照分别高出 8.7～1 9.8%、2 0 .3～ 66.6%、2 3.5～ 61 .7% .4种植物对污染物的去除能力为美人蕉、蕹菜 >水稻 >野生稻 .3级植物塘系统中污染物去除率分别为 BOD2 79.7%、COD 71 .1 %、T- N66.5%、T- P 60 .7% ,而人工土快滤与植物塘的复合系统中则为 BOD583.9%、COD79.3%、T- N64.8%、T- P40 .9% .     

适于冻融过程的砷镉复合污染土壤稳定化材料筛选

冻融交替是影响北方地区污染土壤重金属稳定化修复效果的重要因素，但目前相关研究并不多见。本研究针对常见的19种重金属稳定化材料，通过模拟15周期冻融过程，探究冻融交替作用对不同材料修复土壤的理化性质及As、Cd稳定效果的影响。结果表明：(1)稳定化修复材料提高了复合污染土壤pH和电导率(EC),施加黏土矿物(SL)、调理剂(MCA、SA2)及生物炭(MBC、FBC1、FBC2)6种材料能够同步降低土壤有效态As和Cd的含量，分别降低15.0%～32.0%和14.0%～33.0%,其中MCA对土壤Cd和As的稳定效果最佳，生物炭MBC次之；(2)冻融交替显著影响稳定化修复效果，15周期冻融后，稳定化修复土壤pH值呈上升趋势，生物炭类材料(MBC、FBC1、FBC2)进一步降低了修复土壤中重金属的有效性，其中MBC对As、Cd稳定化效果分别提高14.2%和12.5%。总体上，芭蕉生物炭(MBC)适用于北方寒冷地区As、Cd复合污染土壤的稳定化修复。     

泥鳅对饲料中添加转融合基因Cry1Ab/Ac水稻花粉的响应

以转Cry1Ab/Ac抗虫水稻华恢1号(HH1)花粉为添加剂,配制4种不同花粉含量(1%、5%、10%、20%)的饲料,以非转基因亲本水稻明恢63(MH63)花粉为对照,常规泥鳅饲料(不添加花粉)为阴性对照,投喂100 d,通过泥鳅的生长指标和肝脏生理酶活性评价转Cry1Ab/Ac抗虫水稻HH1号花粉对泥鳅的安全性。结果表明,在饲料中分别添加相同比例的HH1与MH63花粉,两组泥鳅的增重率、脏体比和肝体比指数均无显著差异,同时对泥鳅的肝脏抗氧化保护酶SOD、CAT活性与解毒酶GST活性也均无显著影响。饲料中花粉含量为20%时,在饲养100 d后,转Cry1Ab/Ac水稻花粉对泥鳅的生长性能与肝脏生理酶代谢功能没有明显影响。因此,转Cry1Ab/Ac抗虫水稻HH1号花粉对泥鳅无明显的生态风险。     

饲料β-葡聚糖和灭活乳酸菌的添加对泥鳅幼鱼生长性能、肠脂肪酸组成及免疫性能的影响

为研究饲料中添加β-葡聚糖(BG)和热灭活乳酸菌(HK-LP)对泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)幼鱼生长性能、肠道脂肪酸组成及免疫功能的影响,采用2×3双因素设计,设2个BG (0和1%)和3个HK-LP (0.025%、0.05%和0.1%)水平,选择初始均重为(0.17±0.01) g的泥鳅幼鱼,分别投喂6种配合饲料,每种饲料3个重复,饲养期为80d。结果显示,在饲料中分别添加BG和HK-LP显著提高了泥鳅幼鱼的终末体重、增重率、特定成长率,显著降低了饲料系数。然而,2种添加剂的相互作用没有对这些生长指标产生影响。添加BG显著降低了肠道脂肪酸中C16:1n-7和C18:2n-6的比率,同时随着HK-LP添加显著降低了C22:1n-11的比率。BG、HK-LP及两因素的相互作用均显著影响了体表黏液中碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性,随着BG及HK-LP添加量的增加,溶菌酶(LZM)活性出现升高趋势。添加1%BG和0.05%HK-LP饲料,显著上调了热休克蛋白HSP70和HSP90α的表达水平,同时在BG未添加组,随着HK-LP添加的增加,上调了TLR1的表达水平。综上所述,饲料BG和HK-LP添加可以改善泥鳅幼鱼生长性能,其中BG 1%和HK-LP 0.1%的实验组对泥鳅幼鱼生长的促进作用最为显著。     

大鳞副泥鳅、泥鳅和北方泥鳅肉质比较分析

文章采用组织切片、生化组分分析以及实时荧光定量PCR等方法, 研究了大鳞副泥鳅(Paramisgurnus dabryanus)、泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)和北方泥鳅(Misgurnus bipartitus)肉质差异。结果显示: 大鳞副泥鳅、泥鳅和北方泥鳅的肌纤维横截面积分别为 (3589.17±2326.01)、(2809.7±1818.69) 和(2511.93±1949.03) μm2。粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量均是大鳞副泥鳅最高[分别为(17.07±0.31)%和(2.57±0.38)%], 依次为泥鳅[分别为(14.57±0.59)%和(1.37±0.12)%]和北方泥鳅[分别为(12.33±0.15%和0.57±0.06%]。必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)依次为泥鳅(74.38)、大鳞副泥鳅(65.11)和北方泥鳅(60.14); 呈味氨基酸含量依次为泥鳅(32.60±1.64)%、大鳞副泥鳅(27.75±2.13)%和北方泥鳅(24.86±1.00)%; 除亚油酸以外的总多不饱和脂肪酸含量依次为北方泥鳅(24.43±0.26)%、泥鳅(24.18±1.99)%和大鳞副泥鳅(7.86±0.24)%。大鳞副泥鳅的肌肉生长相关基因myod的表达量高, myog和mrf4的表达量低; 泥鳅和北方泥鳅的myog和mrf4的表达量高, myod的表达量低。elovl5等8个脂肪代谢相关基因的表达特征: 大鳞副泥鳅整体表达水平最高, 北方泥鳅次之, 泥鳅最低。结果表明, 大鳞副泥鳅肉质油润, 但是质地相对粗糙; 泥鳅营养价值高且鲜味程度高; 北方泥鳅肉质细嫩, 但是氨基酸营养价值不高, 鲜味程度较差。三种鳅的上述肉质差异可能与肌肉生长和脂肪代谢活动不同有关。     

NUTRIENT SEQUESTRATION,BIOMASS PRODUCTION BY MICROALGAE AND PHYTOREMEDIATION OF SEWAGE WATER

The present work was aimed at analysing the role of inoculated microalgae in nutrient dynamics, bioremediation and biomass production of sewage water. Preliminary microscopic analyses of sewage water revealed the presence of different algal groups, with predominance of Cyanophyta. Among the inoculated strains, Calothrix showed highest dry cell weight (916.67 mg L^?1), chlorophyll and carotenoid content in tap water + sewage water (1:1) treatment. Significant removal of NO₃-N ranging from 57–78% and PO₄-P (44–91%) was recorded in microalgae inoculated tap water + sewage water. The total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity of tap water + sewage water after incubation with Calothrix sp. decreased by 28.5 and 28.0%, accompanied by an increase in dissolved oxygen from 4.4 to 6.4 mg L^?1 on the 20th day. Our investigation revealed the robustness of Calothrix sp. in sequestering nutrients (N and P), improving water quality and proliferating in sewage water.     

Evaluation of microalgal consortia for treatment of primary treated sewage effluent and biomass production

The present investigation was aimed towards analyzing the potential of consortia of native filamentous microalgal strains (MC2), native unicellular microalgal strains (MC3), and selected microalgae from germplasm (MC1) in terms of nutrient removal, water quality improvement, and biomass production using primary treated sewage water. Highest NO₃-N (90 %) and PO₄-P (97.8 %) removal was obtained with MC2-inoculated sewage water. Highest decrease in total dissolved solids to 806 from 1,120 mg L^?1 and highest increase in dissolved oxygen of 9.0 from 0.4 mg L^?1 were obtained using MC2-inoculated sewage water on the sixth day. The biomass production was also highest in MC2 (1.07 g L^?1) followed by MC1 and MC3 (0.90 and 0.94 g L^?1, respectively) on the sixth day. The consortium of filamentous strains from native environment not only proved promising in nutrient removal efficiency but also led to enhanced biomass. The present study highlighted the utility of such a consortium for sewage wastewater treatment and the promise of sewage water as a growth medium for biomass production.     

连续可调式沉水植物网床对河道水质的修复

在太湖贡湖水源保护区陆域的一条长约200 m的污染河道内构建了一系列连续可调式沉水植物网床,形成了以菊花草、苦草、伊乐藻、轮叶黑藻和菹草等沉水植物构成的水生植物群落;跟踪监测了总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH4 +-N)、亚硝态氮(NO2--N)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、总磷(TP)和磷酸盐(PO43--P)等水质指标,分析沉水植物网床引导沉水植被恢复对污染河道的水质修复效果.结果表明:沉水植被网床构建后,水体透明度显著升高,由修复前的0.5m提高到1.7 ～1.8 m;在沉水植被网床构建后的第5天和第20天,TN和TP的削减率分别为35.6％、66.3％和29.4％、63.2％;5个月后,修复河道水体内NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N、TN、PO43--p和TP的浓度比对照组显著降低,削减率分别达到92.4％、76.8％、72.7％、73.9％、90.5％和92.0％.由连续可调式沉水植被网床引导恢复的水生植物群落可用于河道,特别是陆域浅水污染水体的生态修复.     

Changes in biomass, chemical composition and nutritive value of Spartina alterniflora due to organic pollution in the Itanhaém River Basin (SP, Brazil).

We compared the values of the biomass, chemical composition and nutritive value of the emergent aquatic macrophyte S. alterniflora in a river affected by the discharge of domestic sewage (Guaú River) and in an unpolluted river (Itanhaém River). S. alterniflora, water and sediment samples were obtained in the two rivers in November, 2001. The Guaú River presented the highest levels of Total-N and Total-P in the water (415 and 674 microg.L(-1), respectively) and in the sediment (0.25 e 0.20% of the Dry Mass, respectively), when compared to the water (TN = 105 microg.L(-1); TP = 20 microg.L(-1)) and the sediment (NT = 0.12% DM; PT = 0.05% DM) of the Itanhaém River. Aerial (316 g DM.m(-2)) and subterraneous (425 g DM.m(-2)) biomass of S. alterniflora were significantly higher in the Guaú River than in the Itanhaém River (146 and 115 g DM.m(-2), respectively). In addition, the values of TN, protein, TP, lipids and soluble carbohydrates were significantly higher in S. alterniflora biomass from the Guaú River. On the other hand, the values of the polyphenols and the cell wall fraction were significantly higher in the biomass of S. alterniflora from the Itanhaém River. We concluded that domestic sewage discharge in water bodies may increase the biomass and change the chemical composition of S. alterniflora. The high N and P availability in the water of the Guaú River is probably the cause of the higher biomass, TN, TP, protein, lipids and soluble carbohydrates measured in S. alterniflora in this river.     

富营养水体生物修复中浮游植物的群落特征

通过对生物修复中富营养小水体浮游植物群落的分析,探讨了生物修复对浮游植物的影响以及浮游植物对环境因子改变的响应。生物修复实施后的浮游植物种类数比实施前多;浮游植物细胞数和生物量却有明显的下降;而对于Shannon Weaver多样性指数,实施后较实施前有明显的上升;生物修复过程中美丽胶网藻水华得到控制,优势种的指示性由中污变为寡污,优势度也由极度的高优势变为中低度优势,水体治理的前期阶段浮游植物群落的种类组成和结构有明显的改变;浮游植物种类数分别与正磷酸盐和氮磷比呈显著负、正相关,正磷酸盐的浓度与氮磷比的大小对水体浮游植物的种群结构变化具有重要影响。       

香蒲铅锌废水净化塘藻类、菌类生境调查及抗性藻种筛选

香蒲铅锌废水净化塘藻类、菌类生境调查及抗性藻种筛选刘玉,麦志勤胡文凤（中山大学环境科学研究所,广州５１０２７５）（华南师范大学植保系,广州５１０６４２）ＨａｂｉｔａｔＩｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｏｆＡｌｇａｅａｎｄＢａｃｔｅｒｉａｉｎａＴｙｐｈａＰｕｒ...     

How does storage affect the quality and quantity of organic carbon in sewage for use in the bioremediation of acidic mine waters?

Pit lakes (abandoned flooded mine pits) represent a potentially valuable water resource. However, acid mine drainage (AMD) generation due to mining activities often results in pit lake waters with low pH, high sulphate and dissolved metal concentrations. Sulphate reduction-based bioremediation offers tremendous scope for removal of acidity and metals from pit lake water. In this study, the effect of storing sewage on its carbon quality for bioremediation of acidic pit lake water was studied. In addition, the effectiveness of labile organic carbon (lactic acid and ethanol) on SRB activity was tested. Bioremediation experiments were performed in controlled and replicated microcosms with acidic (pH 2.2) water from a pit lake by addition of stored (3 years at 4 °C) sewage for stimulation of sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) activity. This sewage had been previously used successfully in remediating to pH 7 water from this pit lake. The initial aim was to test the sewage at lower doses (18 and 28 g/L) and in a pulsed addition (over 5 weeks). Bioremediation efficacy was evaluated by measuring pit lake water pH increase, redox potential decrease, and acidity and sulphate removal. Though the stored sewage had retained a very similar high total organic carbon (TOC) equivalent to prior to storage, it failed to increase dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels in pit lake water. Microcosms amended with doubled doses of sewage and an extended remediation time still failed to demonstrate any substantial improvement in water quality, other than a small amount of sulphate reduction and direct neutralisation by the sewage. In order to determine if low DOC concentrations in sewage were the cause of the bioremediation failure, labile organic carbon (LOC), consisting of 50:50 (w/w) lactic acid and ethanol, was added to all microcosm treatments at concentrations of 3000, 6000 and 9000 mg/L. After LOC addition, water quality improved with effective removal of acidity, sulphate and metals in the lowest carbon concentration (3000 mg/L). However, 6000 and 9000 mg/L LOC concentrations showed a delay in response due to the increased acidity associated with the lactic acid addition. The experiments showed that pulsed dosing of carbon simply slowed the commencement of remediation but it was ultimately able to reach the same effectiveness as the equivalent quantity added all at once. Prolonged storage of sewage leads to loss of LOC. In situ pit lake remediations which aim to make use of sewage as the main carbon source will need to factor in the storage time required to obtain sufficient sewage for the treatment into the design. Pulsing may help reduce issues with storage or supplementation with LOC may need to be considered. Results highlight that LOC is a more useful indicator of material effectiveness compared to a simple measures of TOC.     

武汉东湖水网区底栖动物群落特征及其水质的生物学评价

2008年4-9月间三次对武汉东湖水网区15个水体的底栖动物进行调查,共采集到大型底栖动物50种,隶属于16科41属,其中严东湖底栖动物种数最多,有28种;北湖、青潭湖和杨春湖仅2-3种,其他水体介于以上两者之间。定量分析表明,在超富营养及富营养湖泊中,优势类群均为寡毛类和水生昆虫摇蚊科种类,只是所占比例有所差异;中营养湖泊严东湖,密度上水生昆虫占优势,为总量的59.1%,生物量上软体动物占优势,为总量的96.4%;青山港中,密度上寡毛类占优势,为总量的63.6%,生物量上软体动物占绝对优势,为总量的99.1%。采用Shannon-Weaver多样性指数(H)、Goodnight-Whitley指数(GI)及Biotic Index生物指数(BI)对东湖水网区水体及武汉周边的南北咀、肖四海的水质进行评价,结果显示BI的评价结果与湖泊现实情况基本相符,推荐Biotic Index生物指数作为东湖水网区底栖动物生物评价的指标。       

生活污水慢渗生态处理对土壤及杨树生长的影响

为了观测生活污水杨树林地处理对土壤和林木生长的影响,2008—2009年在郑州市龙湖镇,采用不同水力负荷(0、3、6、9、12、15cm/周),进行了污水慢渗生态处理试验。测定了污水处理期间杨树地上部分生长量,对表层(0—40cm)和下层(40—100cm)土壤理化性质进行了分析。选用土壤容重、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾作为土壤质量因子,运用土壤质量综合指标评价不同处理表层土壤质量,对下层土壤的理化性状的变化进行了研究。结果表明:在3—9cm/周水力负荷时,表层土壤质量综合指标值(QI值)和杨树地上部分生长量均随着水力负荷的增加而增加,在9cm/周水力负荷时达到最大;水力负荷大于9cm/周,QI值和杨树地上部分生长量随着水力负荷增加而降低。在水力负荷较低时,污水处理对下层土壤性状影响较小,水力负荷大于9cm/周,污水处理对下层土壤性状产生了不良影响。生活污水杨树林地处理比较适宜的水力负荷是6—9cm/周。